‘Alexander II’s reforms transformed Russia into a liberal state.

- Emancipation of the serfs

- Local government/Judiciary
1860 Commision under Milyutin
o Zemstvo establishment – district and provisional level
o Zemstvo’s powers were incredibly limited + dominated by the nobility
- Education
- Military

Liberal – maximise individual freedom from arbitrary action from the state, equality of
opportunity, checks and balances on the power of the state.