GOSEN pote Condensed InstructionsAdjusting your Gossen-PILOT. for the film of your choice Turn the plastic “crystal” until the ASA exposure index num- ber of your film in the right or left ASA window is lined up with the adjecent white tri- angular mark Your Gossen-PILOT is now ready for action. Measuring the light For most subjects, point your Gossen-PILOT, with diffuser retracted, towards the subject. (See suggestions at right for Reflected or In- cident light measuring.) Turn the knurled ring of the computer until the yellow ‘follow pointer’ stands exactly over the white indicator needle. The lower scales now give you the shutter speed and f/stop settings for your camera. The upper window indicates the setting for shutters calibrated in E.V. (Exposure Value.) incident light measuring Lever DOWN for reflected light measuringThe green figures on the lower scale indicate full seconds; all other figures (with a line on top) indicate fractions of seconds. Example: 60 = 1/60 sec. Numbers on the adjacent scale indi- cate the corresponding f/stops. If your camera has calibrations such as 3.5, 4.5, and 6.3, you will find these inter- mediate values marked as black dots on the f/stop scale. The numbers in the upper window of the Gossen-PILOT indicate the setting for shutter cali- brated in E. V. (Exposure Value). Reflected-light measuring This method accepts the light which is re- flected from the scene or subject to be taken. Retract the incident-light diffusor-blind and take care that the whole honeycomb cell is un- covered. Point your PILOT from the camera position towards the subject — or make a so- called "close-up" measurement by approach- ing the subject to approx. 20” and take readings of the most important details. Should these readings vary, arrive at a convenient average result. Be careful not to cast your own shadow on the subject to be photographed for such close-up readings. This method should be used always when taking landscapes or scenes which show no distinctive differences in illumination. Incident-light measuring This method serves to readings taken from the light which illuminates the scene or sub- ject. Contrary to the previously described "reflected method" pull the incident diffusor- blind in front of the honeycomb cell until it is completely covered. Point your PILOT from the subject to be photographed towards the actual camera position. Then read the var- ious time and f/stop combinations and set your camera accordingly. It is always useful to apply the “incident method" when taking dark sub- jects againstalight background, and vice versa.Movie cameras Use f/stop opposite red 30 on lower scale for standard speed (16 frames per sec.). For other speeds: Double the frames per second and take the result as fractions of a second — then read the corresponding f/stop. Example: 8 frames per second = 1/16 equal to 1/15 sec. exposure time approx. Zero-setting When the’ cell of your PILOT is com- pletely covered, the white indicator needle must stand at the white ad- justing point on the left-hand of the scale. If this is not the case, your me- ter can be adjusted by turning the zero-setting screw slightly. However, make sure that during this adjust- ment no light falls onto the cell. This adjustment is rarely necessary as your PILOT is virtually shockproof.Ever-ready case The newly-styled case opens easily by slightly pressing both sides. A screw at the bottom of this case allows the meter to be fastened to it for complete protection. Sole U.S. Distributor KLING PHOTO CORPORATION 25-20 Brooklyn-Queens Expressway West WOODSIDE (New York City), N. Y., 11377 Printed in West Germany 46722 aGOSSEN model 2Poeteoe Precision Exposure Meter el am ices) a and s reflected Me mre nhCongratulations on having bought a Gossen Precision exposure meter. You have shown excellent judgment in selecting this instrument in afield of dozens of competing meters, many of them lower priced. Your new exposure meter is a product of P. Gossen & Co., Erlangen, West Germany, the world’s largest manufacturer of ex- posure meters, one of the outstanding pio- neers in this field. Many millions of Gossen meters are in use all over the world and give their owners reliable service year in, year out. Well-known camera manufacturers have chosen Gossen exposure meters as com- ponents in their finest cameras. We know that you will be pleased with your Gossen meter and that it will help you towards better pictures for many years to come. Know Your GOSSEN Pilot Exposure Meter eli Ml ld cola dy eran Ipw bth ne PW) |G ee ee beer LL a ay eae P. Gossen & Co., manufacturer of precision electrical instruments since 1919, employs over 2,000 people in this modern West German plant.Condensed Instructions oo 8 86 8 86 86 Raised bars on plexiglass “crystal’’ for setting ASA value in window ASA index windows F/lens opening scale Indicator needle Eyelet for neck strap Exposure value scale Built-in incident light diffuser Lever for sliding diffuser, in and out of position Shutter speed scale. All figures are fractions of seconds except those in green which are full seconds Follow pointer, coupled to knurled computer ringDiffuser retracted for reflected light reading Point meter from camera position towards subject Diffuser in place for incident light reading _Point meter from subject towards camera 4 Adjustment for 0 setting. Do not touch unnecessarily Camera shoe (optional accessory) To use your GOSSEN Pilot just follow these simple steps: (1) Look up the ASA index of film in use (on film box or in film instruction sheet) and turn plexiglass disk until ASA num- ber is set in window. (2) From camera position aim meter towards subject with diffuser retracted (reflected light measurement). From subject position aim meter towards camera, with diffuser in place (incident light measurement). (3) Turn knurled ring of computer until follow pointer with yellow ‘‘V” is centered over needle. (4) You can now read (a) all applicable F/stop-shutter speed combinations, (b) E.V. (Exposure Value) also called LV (Light Value); (c) for movie cameras read F/stop opposite '/30 second (red figure).A more detailed explanation of the functions of the Pilot Exposure Meter There are four main factors which affect exposure: Prevailing light Sensitivity of film (expressed in ASA exposure index) Shutter speed F/stop (diaphragm) setting The last three are always under the control of the photographer. To determine prevailing light is the purpose of the exposure meter. How does the GOSSEN Pilot function? @ Honeycomb lens which ac- cepts only light rays from an area of the subject corre- sponding to what a normal camera lens sees. @ Selenium cell which converts light into electric current. The more light, the more current. © The Microgalvanometer con- sisting primarily of a magnet © and coil, measures the current by deflecting needle © in relation to scale @. A computer disc is provided to utilize this deflection and to translate it into exposure values or F/stop-shutter speed combinations.While the above principles apply to every photoelectric exposure meter, it is the precision, close tolerances, fine materials, and workmanship employed in manufacture which determine the accuracy, reliability and life of any exposure meter. Because these features cannot be seen and judged by the average layman, the man who lets price alone determine his choice of exposure meters may waste his entire invest- ment instead of saving money. For, a poor exposure meter is worse than no exposure’ meter. The ‘‘pilot’”’ like all Gossen exposure meters is built to higher quality standards in all respects. That the price is still reason- able has been accomplished through modern manufactur- ing methods and without cutting corners on quality. Let’s look again at the various features and see what you get in the “‘pilot.”’ The honeycomb lens is anti-reflection coated for maximum light transmission. The selenium cell is properly aged, carefully analyzed and tested before it is matched with the microgalvano- meter assembly. The galvanometer coil moves on jewel bearings which in turn are spring-loaded to make the instrument shock- and drop-resistant. A carefully calibrated incident diffuser is built into the instrument in an ingenious manner (U. S. Patent No. 2706428) which makes it easy to slide in and out of place. It cannot be lost or misplaced. Each Gossen exposure meter is carefully checked at many stages of subassembly and must pass a critical end test before it is packaged for shipment. Thus you are assured that your Gossen exposure meter will serve you reliably for many years to come. A simple explanation regarding reflected light and incident light measurements Incident versus reflected light measurement has been a much discussed topic during recent years. Since all Gossen exposure meters are equipped to do both, and in a most convenient and elegant way (U. S. Patent No. 2706 428), we can discuss the advantages and lim- itations of both methods in an objective manner. When reflected light is measured, the meter is pointed from the camera position towards the scene or object to be photographed. The acceptance angle of the meter with its honeycomb lenses is approximately the same as that of the normal camera lens, and the read- ing will be influenced only by the light reflected from the scene. But there is a catch. Let’s take this scene: A sunburned skier, in dark cloth- ing, is to be photographed against a sunny, snow- covered mountain slope. It is obvious that by taking a measurement from camera position the bright, snowy part of the scene will result in a reading which would expose only the snow correctly, but would render the skier underexposed, perhaps even reduce him to a sil- houette. Or let’s take a reflected reading of a white cat, sitting on a dark red sofa. The meter would indicate an exposure which would result in complete overexposure of the cat, so that it would look ‘‘washed out” and with- out details on the picture. The sofa would be correctly exposed.Other factors influencing exposures: Filters play an important part in black-and-white and color photography. Many filters absorb light, and the exposure meter reading must therefore be modified accordingly. The light absorption is expressed in “‘filter factor,” and this value is stated on the filter or on the instruction sheet supplied with it. Assuming a filter has a 2x factor, you must compensate for it either by opening the diaphragm by one stop (like f/8 to f/5.6) or increasing the exposure time by one step (like */100 to */so). If the same filter is used for an entire roll of film, the best method is to compensate for the filter by adjusting the film speed index setting (like setting ASA 100 film on ASA 50) and then using the meter reading in the regular way. Lens extensions: When the lens position is considerably extended (by bellows or extension tubes) for close-up photography, it requires an increase in exposure time, based on this formula: Vv Effective aperture = ri f Where V is the lens-to-film distance, f is the marked lens aperture, F is the focal length of the lens. Example A 6-inch lens is focused on an object 18 inches from the camera. The lens extension is found to be 9 inches. When the lens aperture is set at f/8, what is the effective aperture? 9 EA = —8=12 6 The effective aperture is therefore f/12, and the exposure must be figured accordingly. ei Technical Details The GOSSEN “Pilot”? Exposure Meter conforms to ASA specifications and is based on the following formulae: CA2 a 2 Incident Light T = Ss Reflected Light T = as AI EE T = exposure time in seconds A = F/stop S = exposure index B = scene brightness in candles per square foot for reflected light | = incident light in foot candtes K = ASA calibration standard for reflected light C = ASA calibration standard for incident lightService and Care Your Gossen “pilot” exposure meter incorporates all quality features known to modern science and has been manufactured with great skill and care. If not abused, it will serve you well for many years to come. Treat your “pilot” like the precision instrument it is and, particularly, take care not to store it in hot places (glove compartment of car in summertime, near room heater or radiator, etc.), as continued exposure to heat may affect the photoelectric cell. Each new “pilot”? meter is supplied with a Guarantee and Import Certificate. If your meter should become damaged, or fail to operate, it can be sent for adjust- ment or repair direct to us or through your dealer; it should be accompanied by the original Guarantee (which will be returned with the meter) and a brief description of the reason for sending the meter. A a Sole U.S. Distributor: KLING PHOTO CORPORATION 25-20 Brooklyn-Queens Expressway West WOODSIDE (New York City), N.Y., 11377 Representatives of Fine West German Photo Equipment Printed in Germany 86810 a