METALLIC

MATERIALS
SPECIFICATION
HANDBOOK
METALLIC
MATERIALS
SPECIFICATION
HANDBOOK
FOURTH EDITION

Robert B. Ross
Ross Materials Technology Ltd, East Kilbride, Glasgow
Volume I

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v.

First edition published in 1968 as Metallic Materials
Second edition 1972
Third edition 1980
Fourth edition 1992
© 1968, 1972, 1980, 1992 Robert B. Ross
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1992
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 4th edition 1992

Typeset by MFK Typesetting Limited, Hitchin, Hertfordshire

ISBN 978-0-412-36940-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-3482-2 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3482-2
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UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here
should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this
page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard
to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot
accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data available
Contents
Preface to the fourth edition xi

How to use this book xii

1 Aluminium AI 1
1.1 General notes on aluminium 1
1.2 Notes on specifications and trade names 1
1A Aluminium - commercially pure - wrought and cast 4
1B Aluminium-manganese wrought alloys 10
Ie Aluminium-silicon wrought and cast alloys 13
1D Aluminium-magnesium wrought alloys 19
IE Aluminium-magnesium-silicon wrought alloys 28
IF Aluminium-eopper wrought alloys 35
1G Aluminium-zinc wrought alloys 44
1H Aluminium alloys clad with aluminium 48
11 Aluminium-magnesium cast alloys 51
1K Aluminium-silicon-magnesium cast alloys 54
1L Aluminium-eopper cast alloys 57
1M Aluminium-magnesium-zinc cast alloys 64
IN Aluminium - miscellaneous alloys 66
2 Antimony Sb 68
2.1 General notes on antimony 68
3 Arsenic As 70
3.1 General notes on arsenic 70
4 Barium Ba 71
4.1 General notes on barium 71
5 Beryllium Be 72
5.1 General notes on beryllium 72
6 Bismuth Bi 74
6.1 General notes on bismuth 74
7 Boron B 76
7.1 General notes on boron 76
8 Cadmium Cd 77
8.1 General notes on cadmium 77
9 Caesium Cs (cesium) 79
9.1 General notes on caesium 79
10 Calcium Ca 80
10.1 General notes on calcium 80
VI CONTENTS

11 Cerium Ce 81
11.1 General notes on cerium 81
12 Chromium Cr 83
12.1 General notes on chromium 83
13 Cobalt Co 85
13.1 General notes on cobalt 85
13A Cobalt alloys - wrought and cast 86
Columbium Cb - see Niobium Nb
14 Copper Cu 94
14.1 General notes on copper 94
14.2 Notes on specifications and trade names 94
14A Copper - commercially pure - wrought and cast 96
14B Copper-zinc wrought alloys 106
14C Copper-zinc wrought and cast alloys 118
14D Copper-beryllium wrought and cast alloys 126
14E Copper-nickel wrought and cast alloys 129
14F Copper-nickel-zinc wrought and cast alloys 134
14G Copper-aluminium wrought and cast alloys 139
14H Copper alloys for brazing fillers and fuse materials 146
14J Copper sintered alloys 150
14K Copper-tin wrought and cast alloys 152
14L Copper-ehromium wrought and cast alloys 165
14M Copper-silicon wrought and cast alloys 167
14N Copper alloys - miscellaneous 169
15 Gallium Ga 171
15.1 General notes on gallium 171
16 Germanium Ge 172
16.1 General notes on germanium 172
17 Gold Au 173
17.1 General notes on gold 173
17A Hafnium 177
17A.1 General notes on hafnium 177
18 Indium In 178
18.1 General notes on indium 178
19 Iridium Ir 179
19.1 General notes on iridium 179
20 Iron Fe 181
20.1 General notes on iron 181
20A Iron - commercially pure 182
20B Iron - cast 184
20C Iron-nickel alloys - magnetic 197
 CONTENTS vii

21 Lead Pb 202
21.1 General notes on lead 202
22 Lithium Li 209
22.1 General notes on lithium 209
23 Magnesium Mg 211
23.1 General notes on magnesium 211
23A Magnesium - commercially pure - wrought and cast 213
23B Magnesium alloys 214
24 Manganese Mn 223
24.1 General notes on manganese 223
25 Mercury Hg 225
25.1 General notes on mercury 225
26 Molybdenum Mo 226
26.1 General notes on molybdenum 226
26A Molybdenum - all alloys 227
27 Nickel Ni 229
27.1 General notes on nickel 229
27.2 Nickel - notes on specifications 230
27A Nickel - commercially pure - wrought and cast 231
27B Nickel--ehromium wrought and cast non-ageing alloys 234
27C Nickel--ehromium wrought and cast ageing alloys 242
27D Nickel--eopper wrought and cast alloys 253
27E Nickel-iron alloys 256
27F Nickel - miscellaneous alloys 258
28 Niobium Nb 264
28.1 General notes on niobium (also called columbium, Cb) 264
29 Osmium Os 266
29.1 General notes on osmium 266
30 Palladium 267
30.1 General notes on palladium 267
31 Platinum Pt 269
31.1 General notes on platinum 269
32 Plutonium Pu 271
32.1 General notes on plutonium 271
33 Potassium K 272
33.1 General notes on potassium 272
34 Radium Ra 273
34.1 General notes on radium 273
35 The rare earth elements 274
viii CONTENTS

36 Rhenium Re 276
36.1 General notes on rhenium 276
37 Rhodium Rh 278
37.1 General notes on rhodium 278
38 Rubidium Rb 280
38.1 General notes on rubidium 280
39 Ruthenium Ru 281
39.1 General notes on ruthenium 281
40 Selenium Se 282
40.1 General notes on selenium 282
41 Silicon Si 284
41.1 General notes on silicon 284
42 Silver Ag 286
42.1 General notes on silver 286
43 Sodium Na 293
43.1 General notes on sodium 293
44 Steel 295
44.1 The thermal treatment of steel 295
44.2 Notes on specifications and trade names 297
44A1 Steel- plain carbon 0.05--0.2 per cent 300
44A2 Steel- plain carbon 0.25--0.45 per cent 338
44A3 Steel- plain carbon 0.5--0.8 per cent 356
44A4 Steel- plain carbon 0.8 per cent minimum 364
44B1 Steel - low carbon with silicon 369
44B2 Steel - medium carbon with silicon 371
44C Steel - low and medium carbon with boron 372
44D Steel-manganese alloys 373
44E1 Steel - low carbon with chromium 375
44E2 Steel- medium carbon with chromium 380
44E3 Steel - high carbon with chromium 384
44F1 Steel- low carbon with nickel 388
44F2 Steel- medium carbon with nickel 393
44F3 Steel-low carbon, high nickel- maraging 395
44G1 Steel - low carbon with molybdenum 397
44G2 Steel - medium and high carbon with molybdenum 403
44H Steel - all carbon contents with tungsten 404
441 Steel - all carbon contents with vanadium 406
44K1 Steel - low carbon alloys 409
44K2 Steel - medium carbon alloys 452
44K3 Steel - high carbon alloys 471
44L Steel-cobalt alloys 485
 CONTENTS ix

44Ml Steel- low and medium carbon, high chromium 496

44M2 Steel- high carbon, high chromium 518
44Nl Steel - chromium-nickel - austenitic wrought and cast 524
44N2 Steel- chromium-nickel- wrought and cast, age hardening 569
44N3 Steel - chromium-nickel 573
44P Steel - high manganese austenitic 578
45 Strontium Sr 582
45.1 General notes on strontium 582
46 Tantalum Ta 583
46.1 General notes on tantalum 583
47 Tellurium Te 585
47.1 General notes on tellurium 585
48 Thallium Tl 586
48.1 General notes on thallium 586
49 Thorium Th 587
49.1 General notes on thorium 587
50 Tin Sn 588
50.1 General notes on tin 588
50A Tin alloys 590
51 Titanium Ti 594
51.1 General notes on titanium 594
51A Titanium - commercially pure 595
51B Titanium alloys - not solution treated 598
51C Titanium alloys - solution treated 602
52 Tungsten W 606
52.1 General notes on tungsten 606
53 Uranium U 610
53.1 General notes on uranium 610
54 Vanadium V 612
54.1 General notes on vanadium 612
55 Zinc Zn 614
55.1 General notes on zinc 614
55A Zinc alloys 615
56 Zirconium Zr 618
56.1 General notes on zirconium 618
Appendix I Names and addresses of firms and organizations 621
Appendix II Conversion tables 626
Appendix IIA Temperature conversion table 626
Appendix IIB Strength conversion table 628
Appendix IIC Impact data conversion table 630
x . CONTENTS

Appendix lID Hardness and tensile values approximate conver-

sion table for steel 631
Appendix lIE Thickness conversion table - approximate 633
Appendix III List of elements with their symbols 634
Index 635
Preface to the fourth edition
It is now ten years since the third edition of Metallic Materials, and over twenty since the first
edition. Over this period the work has been extensively used as a comprehensive sourcebook
by all those concerned with the use of engineering materials.
Since the third edition, there have been a number of basic changes in the methods of
specifying materials. Probably the most important of which is the introduction of the Unified
Numbering System (UNS). These codes are issued in agreement between the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),
and reflect the acknowledgement of a need for a numbering system with some logic. The
UNS codes have been issued to cover all the trade names, codes and specifications used in
the US, and cognizance has been taken of codes used in other areas. The codes have a letter
prefix - A for aluminium, C for copper, etc. - followed by a 5 figure code. This refers to a
basic analysis and lists US specifications and trade names covered by this analysis. This
edition of Metallic Materials lists approximately 4,000 UNS codes and refers the reader
either to the basic analysis for this code, or to one of the existing specifications or trade
names covered by the code.
In this edition steps have been taken to update the trade names and specifications, to
eliminate mistakes, and to supply as much contemporary information as possible. The extent
of the additions has made it necessary to examine the way that some of the specifications are
known under various designations, and the implications of this examination are explained in
the 'How to use this book' section.
The information in this book should not be used as an authority to use any material in lieu
of a designer's specification. The information supplied is basic, and may constitute only the
first step in identifying a possible, similar material. Further information will very often be
required.
In any book of this type there will be errors of omission and commission. I hope that
readers who find any will contact either myself or the publishers, in order that the next
edition may be corrected.
Robert B. Ross
How to use this book
There are three reasons for using this book:
1. to identify the chemical constituents and other properties of a trade name, speci-
fication or symbol applied to a metal or alloy;
2. to obtain information on similar materials;
3. to obtain a specification, trade name or symbol, for a material for which mechanical
and other properties have been identified.
Set out below is an explanation of each of these three methods of access.

How to find a metal or alloy

The book is divided into 118 sections according to the primary constituent of the material
concerned. At the back of the book the index lists the names of materials in numero-
alphabetical order, i.e. with numbers taking precedence over letters. Thus, entry 0.0671
appears before entry 15 Cr Mo 6, and this before entry A 32 STEEL, etc.
If the material is included in the book it will be found in the index. Where there is more
than one specification identification in common use, there will only be one entry in the
appropriate section, with two or more entries in the index.
To save space in this edition, use has been made of the basic 'designation' used by the
British Standard (BS) for a specific steel. The full title of a material might, therefore, be BS
970817 M40. Under BS 970 the index will say 'see designation', and the reader should then
refer to index entry 817 M40 (the designation), which, in this case, will refer to Section
44K2. Once within the relevant section, the reader will find the composition and properties
of the material in question, listed against the material's trade name or symbol.
With ASTM specifications the reader who has information on the designation alone will
be referred to the full specification and the section identity. Thus for a material of full
specification ASTM A757 A1Q, the reader with the designation A1Q alone will find
themselves referred to ASTM A757 and then to Section 44A2.
Similarly, with DIN (German) and other national specifications such as 1IS (Japanese)
and GOST (Russian), the designations alone may be found in the index referring the reader
to the full specification and the section number.
With the UNS (Unified Numbering System) codes the reader will be referred to a 5-figure
number with letter prefix. Having found this in the index, they will be referred to a
designation and then a section.
Thus the following types of entry will be found:
UNS S 30300 see designation
S 30300 see 303
303 Section 44N1

How to obtain information on similar materials

The 118 sections group materials by their chemical constituents. Thus, once a given material
has been found, the reader will be able to identify other metallic materials having similar
 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK . xiii

composition and mechanical properties, by looking at other entries within the same section.
In this edition the constituent elements have been sorted to appear in the same order.
It must be emphasized that this book does not attempt to give equivalent specifications,
but allows the reader to identify trade names and specifications where descriptive infor-
mation can be obtained. It must be appreciated that where alloys exist, there may be an
overlap between sections, and the reader should also look at adjacent sections. This occurs
particularly with Sections 44P, 44N2 and 44N3, where the overlap in analysis and the
information from the supplier can result in apparently similar materials appearing in
different sections.

How to obtain a specification

Each of the 118 sections begins with a list of information on the physical properties of the
main constituent of the materials in the group (specific gravity, conductivity, expansion,
etc.).
Along with the trade names and symbols, listed by section there is information on the
mechanical properties and chemical analysis of alloys in the groups. This information
enables the reader to identify a trade name, symbol or specification in line with the
properties required. Conversion tables and factors for all the common physical properties
listed can be found in the Appendices.
It should be noted that many trade names and specifications in the book are no longer
current, and the reader should therefore contact a reputable material supplier to ensure that
the specification or trade name chosen is stilI in fact available. Appendix I lists the names
and addresses of suppliers and associations mentioned in the book.