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Govpub C13
Govpub C13
T?.e-jer Chuang
February 1985
Prepared for
Department of Energy
AR&TD Fossil Energy Materials Program
Washington, DC
a no
Air Force
_
:s of Scientific Research
100 hington, DC
,1156
35-2997
1985
NATIONAL BUBF.ATT
OF STANDARD?
LIBRARY
NBSIR 85-2997 a) 3s
r\ -
(J-bfOb
ESTIMATION OF POWER-LAW CREEP
PARAMETERS FROM BEND TEST DATA
Tze-jer Chuang
m?r
February 1 985
Prepared for
Department of Energy
AR&TD Fossil Energy Materials Program
Washington, DC
and
by
Tze-jer Chuang
Center for Materials Science
National Bureau of Standards
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
ABSTRACT
cavitation, it is now well recognized that this premise may not always be
valid. The present paper presents an analysis which takes the differences
into account. Governing equations are first derived for the location of
the neutral axis of a beam under bending which does not in general pass
through the centroid of the cross section and for the creep response in
are obtained for any given set of material constants over a wide range of
test data.
1 . Introduction
(see for example [1-2]). This practice can be attributed to the fact that
issue that must be resolved for a given set of data produced from crept
bend bars is: how can one, if possible, accurately estimate the uniaxial
stress is given? Since bending data contain both tensile and compressive
a prior i
form £3 = A a
n where A is pre-exponent constant depending only on test
,
2
may not depend on stress. Hollenberg, et al. [4] presented the first
analysis in which stresses and strains in the crept beam specimens can be
calculated from the bend test data provided tensile power-law creep
closed forms as the neutral axis location in this case always coincides
with the center line of the beam height regardless of the magnitude of the
applied loads.
material even tested under identical environments (see for example [5-6]).
a damage theory for beams under pure bending in order to justify that
the compression behavior remains linearly elastic obeying Hook's law. More
lower effective Young's modulus and elastic-perf ectly plastic while once
within the arena of power-law creep, Finnie [9] was the first to recognize
3
respectively. Talty and Dirks [10] extended the analysis of the same
n = N).
c
requires that the transient stage be short-lived and thus can be ignored,
become important [11-12] when a well-defined steady state does not develop
[131.
relate separately the position of neutral axis and the applied moment to
for an arbitrary set of power law constants. Graphic solutions are also
used from which curves can be produced from the computer programs to match
the discrete data points which are dictated by creep bend tests. Once
available at once from the well-fitted curve. Fcr the sake of demonstra-
tion of how to use the theory, an example is given to estimate the four
power-law constants from a set of six bend test data on debased alumina
are able to make some recommendations from the present analysis for those
who prefer using the four-point bend test method to characterize power-law
2. Analysis
n
e = A (a/a ) , a in compression (la)
oC C O
and
5
n
t
£ = A ( o/o ) , o in tension (1b)
St t o
where e
s j. s steady-state creep strain rate; A and n are materials
Fig. 2.
The derivation that follows adopts the conventional simple beam theory
that planar sections remain plane during bending when creep is taking
place so that no warping will occur (because of the. need for geometric
Y, the distance away from the neutral axis where t = 0 and the curvature
e = K Y
and the stress distribution over the cross section of the beam is highly
, Y K.l/n
o(Y) o 1 j (2)
o A
6
regardless of the sign of stress. Equilibrium requirements then dictate
that the total force acting on the compression side of the cross-sect ion
r
c r
z
or B o dY = B J
0 o dY where B is the beam width and H (=H C + H t ) is
the beam height (see Fig. 1). By integrating a using Eqs. (2) and (1),
finally reduces to
n.
t
- n
c
n
t
n
t
(
v 1)
1 s.
k
n
c
(n +
t
1
r
n (n
c
n (n
t
+ D
V 1
)
h
n (n +1)
c t
* h - 1 (3)
t c c o
^ •
physical location of the neutral axis. Since both C and n are positive
it can be proved from the form of this nonlinear algebraic equation that a
unique solution for x always exists in the range 0 < x < 1 beyond which no
7
H H
M = /
o
C
+ /oYBdY
o
2n +1 2n +1
U c
(1-h ) (4)
m = 0
1/n. 2n +1 2n +1
u V-/ c
R
o
Q = 1 MPa for simplicity.
the two unknowns h and k, while the remaining parameters such as the
Q
applied moment m and the materials parameters A's and n’s are being
form cannot be obtained because they are highly nonlinear and coupled in
8
k. Accordingly, a numerical approach is the practical way to tackle this
that initially an overshoot outside the range (0,1) for h Q may arise
a
variable k, to Eq. (4) for the computation of m. At the end, a total of
a
three one-dimensional arrays were generated, namely m, k and h c . This
9
expressed analytically in case of equal n. This special case will be
a more broader base, we found that when m lies between 0.25 and 0.4 the
as expected.
scale for five values of n and fixing n c = 4 and R = 1000. Two important
fc
observations can be made here: (1) the curves appear linear with, of
course, always positive slopes when n 's are in the neighborhood of n c but
t
when the gap between the values of n^ and n widens, the curves become
c
10
demonstrates the solutions of k upon variation of R under fixed values of
n
t = 1 and n c = 5. Again, owing to big differences between the values of
n
t
and n c , concave upward curves are obtained. Another interesting
straight curve as the applied moment exceeds 15. This means that applying
Lower loads (much less than m = 15) are thus recommended. If, on the
As can be seen from the preceding section, during steady state creep
the neutral axis is displaced from the centroid and the stress
that the outer fibre stresses, both at the tensile side as well as at the
compression side must in general differ from the initial elastic stress
levels. In terms of the applied bending moment M, the outer fibre elastic
the beam is
1/n
c
o o (k h )
c o c
x 1 /n
o /o
1
_ (k h )
C
. (5)
c e 6m c
1/n,
i_
[k (1-h )/R] ( 6 )
o 6m c
e
Examination of these two equations indicates that the outer fibre creep
applied moment, but also dependent on the neutral axis location and the
for several n are plotted in Fig. 9, according to Eq. (5) for typical
t
MPa. On the other hand, the maximum tensile stresses at the outer fibre,
as plotted in Fig. 10 from Eq. (6), show a unique feature, namely for a
fixed applied load, in the practical range (1 - 600 MPa) low values of n^.
yield higher tensile creep stresses. Note that in both cases, as shown in
12
Figs. 9 and 10, in the case of n Q = n t , the outer fibre stresses are
independent of the applied moment and as will be shown later in Sec. 2.3
" •
measure the response of creep for a bend bar under the constant applied
A
can be solved numerically by integration of k along the beam length x with
linear moment distribution in the outer span and a constant maximum moment
in the inner span. Here, it is assumed that shear effects on the beam
deflection y are negligible and the slopes of the deformed beam shape are
small (dy/dx << 1). The differential equation that needs to be solved is
then d 2 y/dx 2 = k(x) = f(m) with R = f(m) given in Sec. 2.2.2. Setting the
origin of the coordinate system at the mid span of the deformed beam, the
After the deformed shapes y = y(x) are solved, the load-point displacement
major and minor spans respectively. Typical solutions are plotted in Fig.
13
11 for nondimensional load-point displacement rate, defined as dp/HA c as a
R = 1000, L = 42, and H/2, = 1/2. Similarities between Fig. 6 and 11 are
curve owing to the fact that the relationship between K D and Apis linear
=
4(N+2)
K
p ( L-2, ) [L+ ( N+1 ) 2, ] p
This is the case considered by Talty and Dirks [10] and Cohrt et al.
[12] . For this case, Eq. 3 describing the location of neutral axis takes
1
(7)
1 /(N+1
1 + R
can be described by
J
k * C m‘ ( 3)
N
( 2N + 1 )/N
C (9)
2N+1 2N+1
,1/N
N + (1-h ) N
c
a
R. If n
Q = n t = N, the bend test data in terms of k vs m ought to be
can then be extracted from this curve. Figs. 12 and 13 can then be used
determined.
This case has already been considered by Hollenberg et al. [4]. The
neutral axis in this case always coincides with the centroid (i.e.
• .»
a
Constitutive equation 8 describing the relations between k and m is of
course still valid but the intercept C now takes the simple form:
15
N
2N + 1
C (N) = 2 ( 10 )
N/2
first step to check whether the material has uniform properties in creep
2.4 Application
1100°C in a four-point bend configuration with major and minor. spans set
all cases within 40 hour duration. Table I lists the pertinent data of
measurements. After data were taken, the first step is- to plot A versus
p
solutions presented in Sec. 2.3 can be used to check whether special cases
the data points. It was finally found that a special curve as shown in
16
Thus the steady-state tension creep behavior
can be described by
e_ t = 4.25 x 10
dV
£
sc = 0.885 x
10-3 o
4
also performed which yield the same order of magnitude as predicted by the
Detailed microstructures of these post crept beam specimens are also being
and/or cavitation in the tension region may be responsible for the unequal
stress exponents.
17
In contrast, the conventional method assumes R = 1 and n^ = n c = N so
that the outer fibre creep rate can be computed from the load-point
2(N+2)HA
'
= E
ss ( L-S, ) [ L+ ( N+1 ) 2, ]
Table II lists the resulting outer fiber creep rates and stresses computed
from the same set of load point displacement data tabulated in Table I. A
plot of £
ss versus oe on logarithmic scales by least squares method as
-1 =
shown in Fig. 15 leads to a prediction of A = 1.71 x 1 s~"' and N
3. Discussion
from bend test data. Several main features in the analysis are
noteworthy: (1) the neutral axis of the beam cross-section is, in general
not located at the centroid, the location is not only a function of the
over 50 percent of the beam cross section, suggesting the neutral axis has
18
migrated towards the compressive side. (2) If a plot of data on R vs m
difference between n c and n^. (3) There exists an applied load for all
to n's suggesting that this load level is not useful in the test program.
then the results given in Sec. 2.3 can be first used to ascertain whether
assumed to take a power-law equation form with the distinction being made
and STEM have showed that in a general ceramic system, cracks and cavities
19
scheme may be developed to handle this case. Finally the problem of creep
presented here are assumed to be valid irrespective of how high the loads
failure due to void growth and flaw linkage. The prediction of rupture
that at 1/5 of the beam depth from the tension edge, the stress there is
compression, the results given by the present analysis did not show this
compression.
least two orders of magnitude in loads (e.g. 5 - 600 MPa) are recommended.
20
(2) In case that higher moments cannot be achieved owing to premature
Acknowledgments
the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research under the agreement
References
2. S.U. Din and P.S. Nicholson, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 58 (1975) 500.
4. G.W. Hollenberg, G.R. Terwilliger and R.S. Gordon, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
54 (1 971 ) 1 96.
21
8. A. R . Rosenfield, D.K. Shetty and W.H. Duckworth, to appear in
J. Mater. Sci.
13* R.M. Arons and J.K. Tien, J. Mater Sci. 15 (1980) 2046.
15. S.M. Wiederhorn, B.J. Hockey, R.F. Krause and K. Jakus, submitted to
J. Mater. Sci.
16. W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen and D.R. Uhlmann, "Introduction to Ceramics"
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1976) p. 757.
22
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5. AUTHOR(S)
Tze-jer Chuang
6. PE RFORMING ORGAN Z ATI ON
1
(If joint or other than N BS, see instructions) c
fc -TO^6t5T?06799
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS AFOSR-ISSA-84-OOOl
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234
9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State, ZIP)
U.S. Department of Energy AR&TD Fossil Energy Materials Program, Washington, DC 20545
U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Bldg. 410, Bolling AFB ,
Washington, DC
20332
Power-law creep parameters or brittle ceramic materials are commonly deduced from
load-point displacement data generated by four-point bend experiment, under the
assumption that tensile and compressive behaviors obey the same constitutive law.
However, thanks to different roles played by microcracking and cavitation, it is
now well recognized that this premise on occasions may not be valid. The present
paper undertakes an analysis which takes the differences into account. Governing
equations are first derived for the locations of neutral axis of a beam under
bending and for the creep responses in terms of both curvature rate and load point
displacement rate as functions of the applied moment and power-law creep parame-
ters. Numerical solutions are obtained for any given set of materials constants
over a wide range of applied moments. It was shown from the plots of creep
response versus applied moment on logarithmic scales that nonlinear curves concave
upward signify profound difference in stress exponent between tension and compres-
sion. An example of applying of the present analysis to a set of load-point
displacement data on glass-alumina beam specimens crept at 1100°C is given. The
results show that the conventional method over/underestimates the creep rates ir.
compression/tension by two orders of magnitude, indicating a need of undertaking -
creep analysis; creep of glass alumina; creep of ceramics; creep bend test; four-:
bend test; power-law creep
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