sarna018 Project 25- Wikipedia WIKIPEDIA Project 25 Project 25 (P25 or APCO-25) i a suite of standards for digital mobile radio communications designed for use by public safety organizations in North America. P25 radios are a direct replacement for analog UHF ( example FM) radios but add the ability to transfer data as well as voice, allowing for a more natural implementation of encryption or messaging. P25 radios are commonly implemented by dispatch organizations, such as police, fire, Ambulance and Emergency Rescue Service, using vehicle-mounted radios combined with walkie-talkie handheld use. Starting around 2012, products became available with the newer phase 2 modulation protocol, the older protocol known as Pas became P2s phase 1. P25 phase 2 products use the more advanced AMBE2+ vocoder, which allows audio to pass through a more compressed bitstream and provides two TDMA voice channels in the same RF bandwidth (12.5 kllz) that phase 1 can only provide one voice channel. The two protocols are not compatible. However, P25 Phase 2 infrastructure can provide a “dynamic transcoder” feature that translates between Phase 1 and Phase 2 as needed. In addition to this, phase 2 radios are backwards compatible with phase 1 modulation and analog FM modulation, per the standard. On the other hand, EU area created the standard for Terrestrial Trunked Radio similar to Project 25. as fills a similar role as TETRA or DMR protocols. Contents Suite of standards overview History Introduction P25 open interfaces P25 phases Phase 1 Phase 2 Beyond Phase 2 Conventional implementation Adoption Naming of P25 technology in regions Security flaws. (OP25 Project—Eneryption flaws in DES-OFB and ADP ciphers University of Pennsylvania research Eneryption lapses Jamming vulnerability Traffic analysis and active tracking Comparison between P25 and TETRA See also Notes External links Suite of standards overview itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 atorara0%8 Proc 25- Wipe History Public safety radios have been upgraded from analog FM to digital since the 1990s because of an increased use of data on radio systems for such features as GPS location, trunking, text messaging, metering, and encryption. Various user protocols and different public safety radio spectrum made it difficult for Public Safety agencies to achieve interoperability and widespread acceptance. However, lessons learned during disasters the United States faced in the past decades have forced agencies to assess their requirements during a disaster when basie infrastructure has failed. To meet the growing demands of public safety digital radio communication, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) at the direction of the United States Congress initiated 2 1988 inquiry for recommendations from users and manufacturers to improve existing communication systems.!"!2! Based on the recommendations, to find solutions that best serve the needs of public safety management, in October 1989 APCO Project 25 came into existence in a coalition 18) * Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-Intemational (APCO) + National Association of State Tolecommunications Directors (NASTD)! + National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) = National Communications System (NCS) * National Security Agency (NSA) = Department of Defense (DoD) A steering committee consisting of representatives from the above-mentioned agencies along with FPIC (Department of Homeland Security Federal Partnership for Interoperable Communication), Coast Guard and the Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Office of Law Enforcement Standards was established to decide the priorities and scope of technical development of P25,! Introduction Interoperable emergency communication is integral to initial response, public health, community safety, national security and economic stability. Of all the problems experienced during disaster events, one of the most serious, is poor communication due to lack of appropriate and efficient means to collect, process and timely transmit important information. In some cases, radio communication systems are incompatible and inoperable not just within a jurisdiction but within departments or agencies in the same community] Non-operability occurs due to use of outdated equipment, limited availability of radio frequencies, isolated or independent planning, lack of coordination, and Several hand-held Project 25 radios used around cooperation, between agencies, community priorities competing the World. for resources, funding and ownership, and control of communications systems. Recognizing and understanding this need, Project 25 (P25) was initiated collaboratively by public safety agencies and manufacturers to address the issue with emergency communication systems. Pas is a collaborative project to ensure that two-way radios are interoperable. The goal of P25 is to enable public safety responders to communicate with each other and, thus, achieve enhanced coordination, timely response, and efficient and effective use of communications equipment. itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 20sarna018 Project 25- Wikipedia P25 was established to address the need for common digital public safety radio communications standards for first= responders and homeland security/emergency response professionals. The Telecommunications Industry Association's TR-8 (http;//tiaonline.org/all-standards/committees/tr-8) engineering committee facilitates such work through its role as an ANSI-aceredited standards development organization (SDO) and has published the P25 suite of standards as the TIA-102 series of documents, which now include 49 separate parts on Land Mobile Radio and TDMA implementations of the technology for publie safety.®1 66 Project 25 (P25) is a set of standards produced through the joint efforts of the Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International (APCO), the National Association of State Telecommunications Directors (NASTD), selected federal agencies and the National Communications System (NCS), and standardized under the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)... The P25 suite of standards involves digital Land Mobile Radio (LMR) services for local, state/provincial and national (federal) public safety organizations and agencies. P25 is applicable to LMR equipment authorized or licensed, regulations. the U.S., under NTIA or FCC rules and Although developed primarily for North American public safety services, P25 technology and products are not limited to public safety alone and have also been selected and deployed in other private system application, worldwide.!°) ” P25-compliant systems are being increasingly adopted and deployed. Radios can communicate in analog mode with legacy ital or analog mode with other P25 radios. Additionally, the deployment of P25-compliant systems radios, and in either di will allow for a high degree of equipment interoperability and compatibility. P25 standards use the proprietary Improved Multi-Band Excitation (IMBE) and Advanced Multi-Band Excitation (AMBE+2) voice codecs which were designed by Digital Voice Systems, Inc. to encode/decode the analog audio signals. It is rumored that the licensing cost forthe voice-codecs that are used in Pas standard devices is the main reason that the cost of Pag compatible devices is so high." P25 may be used in "talk around" mode without any intervening equipment between two radios, in conventional mode where two radios communicate through a repeater or base station without trunking or in a trunked mode where traffic is automatically assigned to one or more voice channels by a Repeater or Base Station. The protocol supports the use of Data Encryption Standard (DES) encryption (56 bit), 2-key Triple-DES encryption, three- key Triple-DES encryption, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption at up to 256 bits keylength, RC4 (4o bits, sold by Motorola as Advanced Digital Privacy), or no encryption. ‘The protocol also supports the ACCORDION 1.3, BATON, Firefly, MA\ LY and SAVILLE Type 1 ciphers. P25 open interfaces 25's Suite of Standards specify eight open interfaces between the various components of a land mobile radio system. These interfaces are: = Common Air Interface (CAl) ~ standard specifies the type and content of signals transmitted by compliant radios. One radio using CAI should be able to communicate with any other CAl radio, regardless of manufacturer = Subscriber Data Peripheral Interface — standard specifies the port through which mobiles and portables can connect to laptops or data networks * Fixed Station Interface ~ standard specifies a set of mandatory messages supporting digital voice, data, encryption and telephone interconnect necessary for communication between a Fixed Station and P25 RF Subsysiem itpsion wikipedia orgwikiProjoct_25 sitosarna018 Project 25- Wikipedia = Console Subsystem Interface — standard specifies the basic messaging to interface a console subsystem to a P25 RF ‘Subsystem = Network Management Interface - standard specifies a single network management scheme which will allow all network elements of the RF subsystem to be managed = Data Network Interface — standard specifies the RF Subsystem's connections to computers, data networks, or external data sources + Telephone Interconnect Interface — standard specifies the interface to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) supporting both analog and ISDN telephone interfaces. ‘Inter RF Subsystem Interface (ISSI) - standard specifies the interface between RF subsystems which will allow them to be connected into wide area networks P25 phases P25-compliant technology has been deployed over two main phases with future phases yet to be finalized. Phase 1 Phase 1 radio systems operate in 12.5 kHz digital mode using FDMA access method. Phase 1 radios use Continuous 4 level FM (C4FM) modulation—a special type of 4FSK modulation!""—for digital transmissions at 4,800 baud and 2 bits per symbol, yielding 9,600 bits per second total channel throughput. Of this 9,600, 4,400 is voice data generated by the IMBE codec, 2,800 is forward error correction, and 2,400 is signalling and other control functions. Receivers designed for the C4FM standard can also demodulate the "Compatible quadrature phase shift keying" (CQPSK) standard, as the parameters of the CQPSK signal were A hand-held Project 25 radio chosen to yield the same signal deviation at symbol time as C4FM. Phase 1 uses Sed in US systems the IMBE voice codec These systems involve standardized service and facility specifications, ensuring that any manufacturers’ compliant subscriber radio has access to the services described in such specifications, Abilities include backward compatibility and interoperability with other systems, across system boundaries, and regardless of system infrastructure, In addition, the Pag suite of standards provides an open interface to the radio frequency (RF) subsystem to facilitate interlinking of different vendors’ systems. Phase 2 To improve spectrum use, P25 Phase 2 was developed for trunking systems using a 2-slot TDMA scheme and is now required for all new trunking systems in the 700 MHz band.(" Phase 2 uses the AMBE+2 voice codec to reduce the needed bitrate so that one voice channel will only require 6,000 bits per second (including error correction and signalling). Phase 2 is not backwards compatible with Phase 1 (due to the TDMA vs FDMA operation), although TDMA radios and systems are capable of operating in Phase 1 DMA when required. A subscriber radio cannot use TDMA transmissions without a time source, therefore direct radio to radio communications (talkaround) resorts to FDMA. And subseriber radios ean also resort to narrow-band FM being the least common denominator between almost any two way radio. This could make analog narrow-band FM the de facto “interoperability” mode for some time. Originally the implementation of Phase 2 was planned to use 6.25 kHz of bandwidth per frequency allocation, or FDMA. However it proved more advantageous to use existing 12.5 kHz frequency allocations in TDMA mode for a number of, reasons. First it eliminated a huge administrative process of reallocating frequency assignments at the FOC for existing itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 4n0sarna018 Project 25- Wikipedia Phase 1 users. Second it reduced the amount of base station transmitters as only one transmitter is needed to broadcast two voice slots. And third it allowed subscriber radios to save battery life by only transmitting half the time which also yields the ability for the subscriber radio to listen and respond to system requests between transmissions. Phase 2 is what is known as 6.25 kHz "bandwidth equivalent" which satisfies an FCC requirement for voice transmissions to occupy less bandwidth. Voice traffic on a Phase 2 system transmits with the full 12.5 kHz per frequency allocation, as a Phase 1 system does, however it does so at a faster data rate of 12 kbit/s allowing two simultaneous voice transmissions. As such subscriber radios also transmit with the full 12.5 kHz, but in an on/off repeating fashion resulting in half the transmission and thus an equivalent of 6.25 kilz per each radio. This is accomplished using the AMBE voice coder that uses half the rate of the Phase 1 IMBE voice coders. Boyond Phase 2 From 2000 to 2009, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSD and TIA were working collaboratively on the Public Safety Partnership Project or Project MESA (Mobility for Emergency and Safety Applications),"9) which sought to define a unified set of requirements for a next-generation aeronautical and terrestrial digital wideband/broadband radio standard that could be used to transmit and receive voiee, video, and high-speed data in wide- area, multiple-agency networks deployed by public safety agencies. ‘The final functional and technical requirements have been released by ETSI("4l and were expected to shape the next phases of American Project 25 and European DMR, dPMR, and TETRA, but no interest from the industry followed, since the requirements could not be met by available commercial off-the-shelf technology, and the project was closed in 2010. During the United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction, the FCC allocated 20 MIlz of the 700 MIIz UIIF radio band spectrum freed in the digital TV transition to public safety networks. The FCC expects providers to employ LTE for high- speed data and video applications.!"51 Conventional implementation P25 systems do not have to resort to using in band signaling such as Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System (CTCSS) tone or Digital-Coded Squelch (DCS) codes for access control. Instead they use what is called a Network Access Code (NAC) which is included outside of the digital voice frame. This is a 12 bit code that prefixes every packet of data sent, including those carrying voice transmissions. ‘The NAC is a feature similar to CTCSS or DCS for analog radios. That is, radios can be programmed to only pass audio when receiving the correct NAC. NACs are programmed as a three-hexadecimal-digit code that is transmitted along with the digital signal being transmitted Since the NAC is a three-hexadecimal-digit number (12 bits), there are 4,096 possible NACs for programming, far more than all analog methods combined. Three of the possible NACs have special functions: = 0x293 ($293) — the default NAC = Oxf7e (SF7E)— a receiver set for this NAC will pass audio on any decoded signal received ‘= Oxf7f (SF7F) — a repeater receiver set for this NAC will allow all incoming decoded signals and the repeater transmitter will retransmit the received NAC. Adoption itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 sitosarranote Project 25- Wikipedia Adoption of these standards has been slowed by budget problems in the US; however, funding for communications upgrades from the Department of Homeland Security usually requires migrating to Project 25. It is also being used in other countries worldwide including Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, India and Russia!"®1 As of mid-2004 there were 660 networks with P25 deployed in 54 countries."9) At the same time, in 2005, the European Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) was deployed in sixty countries, and it is the preferred choice in Europe, China, and other countries." This was largely based on TETRA systems being many times cheaper than P25 systems ($900 vs $6,000 for a radio)!" at the time. However P25 radio prices are rapidly approaching parity with TETRA radio prices through increased competition in the P25 market. The majority of P25 networks are based in Northern America where it has the advantage that a Pa5 system has the same coverage and frequency bandwidth as the earlier analog systems that were in use so that channels can be easily upgraded one by one."6] Some Pa5 networks also allow intelligent migration from the analog radios to digital radios operating within the same network. Both P25 and TETRA can offer varying degrees of funetionali depending on available radio spectrum, terrain and project budget. While interoperability is a major goal of P25, many P25 features present interoperability challenges. In theory, all P25 compliant equipment is interoperable. In practice, interoperable communications isn't achievable without effective governance, standardized operating procedures, effective training and exercises, and inter-jurisdietional coordination. The difficulties inherent in developing P25 networks using features such as digital voice, encryption, or trunking sometimes result in feature-backlash and organizational retreat to minimal "feature-free” P25 implementations which fulfill the letter of any Project 25 migration requirement without realizing the benefits thereof. Additionally, while not a technical issue per se, frictions often result from the unwieldy bureaucratic inter-agency processes that tend to develop in order to coordinate interoperability decisions. Naming of P25 technology in regions «= In Australia, P25 Technology was deployed to the public safety officers by the name of GRN(Government radio networks) (in NSW, South Australia), GWN(Government wireless networks) (in QLD).71"2) Melbourne Metropolitan Radio (MMR) and Rural Mobile Radio (RMR) (in Victorian Government Radio Networks) [81201 Security flaws OP25 Project—Encryption flaws in DES-OFB and ADP ciphers At the Securecomm 2011 conference in London, security researcher Steve Glass presented a paper, written by himself and co-author Matt Ames, that explained how DES-OFB and Motorola's proprietary ADP (RC4 based) ciphers were vulnerable to brute force key recovery." This research was the result of the OP25 project!”2l which uses GNU Radio and the Ettus Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP)?4 to implement an open source P25 packet sniffer and analyzer. The OP25 project was founded by Steve Glass in early 2008 while he was performing research into wireless networks as part of his PHD thesis. ‘The paper is available for download from the NICTA website,!2 Univer ity of Pennsylvania research In 2011, the Wall Street Journal published an article describing research into security flaws of the system, including a user interface that makes it difficult for users to recognize when transceivers are operating in secure mode.5] According to the article, "(Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania overheard conversations that included descriptions of undercover agents and confidential informants, plans for forthcoming arrests and information on the technology used in itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 w10sarranote Project 25 - Wikipedia surveillance operations." The researchers found that the messages sent over the radios are sent in segments, and blocking just a portion of these segments can result in the entire message being jammed. "Their research also shows that the radios, can be effectively jammed (single radio, short range) using a highly modified pink electronic child's toy and that the standard used by the radios ‘provides a convenient means for an attacker’ to continuously track the location of a radio's user, With other systems, jammers have to expend a lot of power to block communications, but the P25 radios allow jamming at relatively low power, enabling the researchers to prevent reception using a $30 toy pager designed for pre- teens." ‘The report was presented at the 20th Usenix Security Symposium in San Francisco in August 2011.71 The report noted a number of security flaws in the Project fem, some specific to the way it has been implemented and some inherent in the security design. Encryption lapses The report did not find any breaks in the Pas encryption; however, they observed large amounts of sensitive traffic being sent in the clear due to implementations problems. They found switch markings for secure and clear modes difficult to distinguish (0 vs. 0). This is exacerbated by the fact that P25 radios when set to secure mode continue to operate without issuing a warning if another party switches to clear mode. In addition, the report authors said many P2s systems change keys too often, increasing the risk that an individual radio on a net may not be properly keyed, forcing all users on the net to transmit in the clear to maintain communications with that radio. Jamming vulnerability One design choice was to 1 lower levels of error correction for portions of the encoded voice data that is deemed less critical for intelligibility. As a result, bit errors may be expected in typical transmissions, and while harmless for voice communication, the presence of such errors force the use of stream ciphers, which can tolerate bit errors, and prevents the use of a standard technique, message authentication codes (MACs), to protect message integrity from stream cipher attacks. The varying levels of error correction are implemented by breaking P25 message frames into subframes. This allows an attacker to jam entire messages by transmitting only during certain short subframes that are critical to reception of the entire frame. As a result, an attacker can effectively jam Project 25 signals with average power levels much lower that the power levels used for communication. Such attacks can be targeted at encrypted transmissions only, forcing users to transmit in the clear. Because Project 25 radios are designed to work in existing two-way radio frequency channels, they cannot use spread spectrum modulation, which is inherently jam-resistant. An optimal spread spectrum system ean require an effective jammer to use 1,000 times as much power (30 dB more) as the individual communicators. According to the report, a P25, jammer could effectively operate at 1/25th the power (14 dB less) than the communicating radios. The authors developed a proof-of-concept jammer using a Texas Instruments C10 single chip radio, found in an inexpensive toy.271 Traffic analysis and active tracking Certain metadata fields in the Project 25 protocol are not encrypted, allowing an attacker to perform traffic analysis to identify users. Because Project 25 radios respond to bad data packets addressed to them with a retransmission request, an attacker can deliberately send bad packets forcing a specific radio to transmit even if the user is attempting to maintain radio silence, Such tracking by authorized users is considered a feature of P25, referred to as "presence".!28) itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 m0sarna018 Project 25- Wikipedia The report's authors concluded by saying "It is reasonable to wonder why this protocol, which was developed over many years and is used for sensitive and critical applications, is so difficult to use and so vulnerable to attack." The authors separately issued a set of recommendations for P25 users to mitigate some of the problems found.%! These include disabling the secure/clear switch, using Network Access Codes to segregate clear and encrypted traffic, and compensating for the unreliability of P25 ov -the-air rekeying by extending key life Comparison between P25 and TETRA TRA are used for the public safety and Private Sector Radio network worldwide however, it has some (30 (311 92) P25 and differences in technical features and capacities. + TETRA: tis optimized for high population density areas, with spectral efficiency (4 time slots in 25 kHz: four communications channels per 25 kHz channel, an efficient use of spectrum). Itis suitable for high population density areas and Supports full duplex voice and data and messaging. but, itis unavailable for simulcast, VHS band + P25: it as optimized for wider area coverage with low population density, and support for simulcast. however, itis Iimited to data support. (Phase 1 P25 radio systems operate in a 12.5 ktlz analogue, digital or mixed mode, and P25 Phase II will use a 2-imeslot TOMA structure in 12.5 kHz channels. Currently, P25 and TETRA deployed to more than 53 countries. See also = APCO-16, another standard that was not as widely accepted, dealing with trunking formats = NXDN, a two-way digital radio standard with similar characteristics + Terrestrial Trunked Radio, TETRA, the European(EU) standard equivalent to P25 Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital terrestrial television + Government radio networks in Australia, examples deployment of P25 technology Notes 4. "Project 25 Technology Interest Group - Content - General - What is Project 252" (hitps:/iveb archive. orghweb/200902 410120900/htto://www.project25.orgimodules, php?name=Content&fle=viewarticle&id=2), project25.org. Project 25 Technology Interest Group. Archived from the original (hitp:/www.project25.org/modules.php?name=Content&file=vie warticle&id=2) on 2009-02-10, Retrieved 2014-06-06. 2. "What is P25?" (https://web.archive.orgiweb/20140607000408/http:l/project25.orgicomponenticontentarticle/29-conte nl-articles/49-whalis-p25). Project25.org. Project 25 Technology Interest Group. Archived from the original (http://proj ec125.orgicomponenticontentartcle/29-content-articles/49-what-is-p25) on 2014-06-07. Retrieved 2014-06-06. 3. "Spectrum Management" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120212013100/http:/Awww.apcointl.orglfrequency/project25/i nformation,htm)). Apcointl.org. 2013-09-30, Archived from the original (http:wmw.apcoint.org/frequencyiproject2Siint cormation himl) on February 12, 2012. Retrioved 2014-06-06 4, Home - National Association of State Technology Directors (http:/Awnw.nastd.org/Home!) 5, "SOR.book" (http:/mw.safecomprogram. goviNRitdonlyres/3FFFBFBA-DC53-440E-B2EF-ABD391F 13075/0/SAFEC (OM_Statement_of Requirements_v1.paf) (PDF). Retrieved 2010-09-26. 6. Why Can't We Talk? (http:/www.ncjrs.govipdfiles/ni/204348. pdf) "A Google Company" (htips:/www.motorola.com/staticfles/Business/Solutions/Business%20Solutions/Mission%20Cri {ical%20Communications/ASTRO%2025%20Trunked%20Solutions/_ DocumentProject%2025%20Whitepaper, pd 710 6-06, itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 anosarna018 Project 25- Wikipedia 8. Search Results | IHS Standards Store (hitp://global.ihs.com/search_res.cfm?currency_code=USD&customer_id=212 ‘5402A4E0A&oshid=2125402A4COARshopping_cart_id=202558332D4820484B5B3D5B220A8country_code=US&lan q_code=ENGL) 8. Daniels Electronics LTD., P25 Radio Systems (http:!www.danelec.com/pdfs/P25%20Training%20Guide.pdf) Training Guide 10. "p2Sexpence' (htip:/Horums. radioreference.comigeneral-scanning-discussion/146947-why-digital-scanners-so-expen sive.htm)). Retrieved 5 October 2016. ‘1, "Aeroflex: Application Note - Understanding P25 Modulation Fidelity” (https:/iweb.archive.orgiweb/20120320083432/h {toviwww.aeroflex.com/ats/products/prodfiles/appnotes/Understanding%20P25%20Modulation’20Fidelityiss1.pdf) (PDF), Archived from the original (ntp:/;www.aeroflex.com/ats/products/prodfiles/appnotes/Understanding%20P25%2 OModulation®%20Fidelityiss1 pdf) (POF) on 2012-03-20, Retrieved 2012-03-26. 12, "P25 Phase 2" (hitp:/iwww.p25phase2.com/p25-phase-2). Retrieved 9 December 2016. 13, "Mobile Broadband for Public Safety - Home Page" (hitp:/www.projectmesa.orgl). Project MESA. Retrieved 2014-06-06. 14. wwm.projectmesa.org -itp/Specifications!(hitp:/www-projectmesa.orgitp/Specifications/) Archived (https:/web.archi ve.orgiweb/20100613000949/http:/hwww.projectmesa.org/fip/Specifications/) 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machi 15, 700 Miz Spectrum | FCC.gov (hitp:/iwww.fec.govlencyclopedia/700-mhz-spectrum) 16, [s this finaly P25's year? (http:/urgentcomm.com/magjracio_finally_ps_year), Interview with Don Pfohl of Project 25, and Bill Belt of Telocommunications Industry Association's wireless division, 1. May 2005 417. hiip:tsmmartcom, motorolasolutions.comigld-projects-recognised-gwn-and-g20/ 18, http:wmw.mingara.net.au/projectiaid-gwn 19. hilp:iwww.esta.vic-gov.au/None/MMR 20. “Australian Trunking Systems” (http:/iwww radioreference.com/appsidb/?stid=152) 21. "Archived copy” (https:iweb.archive.orgiweb/20120203173219ttp:/securecomm.org/2011/paperiist.shtml), Archived from the original (http://securecomm,org/20‘1/paperiist shtml) on 2012-02-03, Retrieved 2012-05-15, 2011 22, hitp:/lop25.osmocom org OP 25 Project homepage 23, http:lignuradio.org GNU Radio 24, hitp:fettus,com Ettus USRP 25, hitp:/www.nicta.com.aulpub?doc=5076 Insecurity in Public-Safety Communications: APCO Project 25 26, Valentino-DeVries, Jennifer (2071-08-10), "Security Flaws in Feds’ Radios Make for Easy Eavesdropping” (https://blog s.wsj.com/digits/2011/08/10/security-flaws-in-feds-radios-make-for-easy-eavesdropping/). Wall Street Journal Retrieved 2011-08-10, 27. ‘Why (Special Agent) Johnny (Siil) Can't Encrypt: A Security Analysis of the APCO Project 25 Two-Way Radio system,” (https://online.wsj.com/publiciresourcesidocuments/p25sec08102011 pdf) S. Clark, T Goodspeed, P. Metzger, Z. Wasserman, K. Xu, M. Blaze, Proceedings of the 20th Usenix Security Symposium, 2011 28, Design Issues for P25 Digitall National Interop (hitp:/iwww.nationalinterop.com/solutions_p2S.html) jecurecomm, 29, P25 security mitigation guide (hitp:/Amww.net-security orglarticle php?id=1617), M. Blaze, et al 30, https:iwww_powertrunk.comidocs/Pros_and_Cons_of_P25_vs_TETRA.pdf 31. htlps:/ipsc.apcointl.org/2012/05/03/p25-and-tetra-technology-roundtable/ 32, hilps:/itandeca.com/fm_file/dubaid6swancomparison-pat! External links * htlpv/www project25.org/ Project 25 Technology Interest Group (PTIG) home page = P25 Overview (https://web.archive.orghweb/20111019223730/http:/iwww.tiaonline,org/standardsitechnology/project_2 Slindex.cfm) TIA Standards Development Activities for Public Safety itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 annosarranote Project 25- Wikipedia + https:lweb.archive.orgiweb/20110223005820ihttp:/www-apco91 1 org/frequency/project25.php APCO International Project 25 page + httpsiwwwapco.cal APCO Canada = http:/www.dvsine.com/papersip25_training_uide.pdf Daniels! P25 Radio System Training Guide += hllp:vlurgenteomm.com/magiradio_oil_water! Some ways of avoiding P25 interoperability challenges += https://web.archive.org/web/20170709195455ihttps://valid8.com/P25_ISS|_%26_CSS|.html P25 Compliance Test Tools for ISSI + https:web.archive.orgiweb/20111009095647 nttp:/imww.etherstack.convnetworks. htm P25 Protocol Stack Software + httpsi/iweb.archive. orgiweb/201107 10160611 Intp:/Amww.dvsinc.comiprj25.htm DVSI P25 Vocoder Software and Hardware = Sandy Clark et al, Security Weaknesses in the Apco Project 25 Two-Way Radio System University of Pennsylvania, 2010, retrieved 2071 Aug 12 (hitp:/irepository.upenn edu/cgiviewoontent.cgi7article=1990&context=cis_reports) += http:swww.p26phase2.com Radio users and experts discuss P25 Phase 2 Retrieved from “https://en. wikipedia. org/wlindex.php?tille=Project_25&oldi 171263647" This page was last edited on 29 November 2018, at 22:44 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc,, a non-profit organization. itpsion wikipedia orgwiktProjoct_25 ron0