Antennas and Propagation Laboratory file no.

Name and surname: Chira Carmen Group: 442 G Date: 23/11/2021

UNIFORM N ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY

1. The influence of the number of elements on the radiation pattern for antenna
arrays
f = 300 MHz , λ= 1 m, l = λ/2 = 0.5 m, 𝒅𝒅 =0.7

* d  represents the distance between the elements

Add the radiation pattern obtained (for each antenna array separately) from the Geometry
window and from the Pattern window for the two horizontal and vertical planes (both to be
on the same graph) at Theta = 90 degrees and Phi = 0 degree!

Answer the following question:

a) How does the number of element influence the radiation pattern?

A: On the o-z plane, we can see that the 3-segment antenna has a higher gain of 9.15 dB
than the 2-segment antenna, which has a gain of 6.96 dB. The sidelobes are likewise less
prominent. We can see that the two-element array antenna's radiation pattern has two lobes,
but the three-element array antenna's radiation pattern has three lobes.
b) What gain did you get for the two-element array in the direction Ɵ = 90° and Φ = 0°
in the vertical plane?
Gain = 8.84
c) What gain did you get for the three-element array in the direction Ɵ = 0° and Φ = 0°
in the vertical plane?
Gain = 11.4
Antennas and Propagation Laboratory file no.4

2. Optimizing the length of an element in a two-element system for Ɵ = [0,-180] and

Φ = [0,0]

Length λ/4 λ/2 λ 2λ 4λ

Value [m] 0.25 0.5 1 2 4

Add graph with radiation pattern in 2D vertical plane for the lengths of the calculated
elements!

λ/4 λ/2

λ 2λ
Antennas and Propagation Laboratory file no.4

4λ

Answer the following question:

a) How does the length of the element affect the directivity of the antenna and the
radiation pattern of the antenna?
A: We can deduce from the above radiation patterns that the change in length affects the
directivity of both the main and side lobes. The antenna's radiation pattern remains
constant, but it shrinks as the length approaches 2.1 and grows as the length approaches 4.

b) What happens when the default length of element antenna is doubled? Explain in
terms of radiation patterns and gain.
A: On the o-z axis, the gain at length = 2 (2.125m) is = -23 dB.
On the o-z axis, the gain at length = 1 m is = 8.84 dB.
Between the two lengths, there is a huge variation in gain. The increase is substantially
smaller at 2m..

c) What happens when the default length of element antenna is reduced to half or
less? Explain in terms of radiation patterns and gain.
A: On the o-z axis, the gain at length = 1 m is = 8.84 dB.
On the o-z axis, the gain at length = 0.5 (0.625m) is = 7.26dB.
For a leg length of 1m, the gain is greater.

d) Determine the gain from the Pattern window in vertical plane for the following
lengths of the element: 0.25 m, 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m and 4 m for Φ=0°. At what length of
the element of an antenna is the maximum gain of the antenna array obtained?
A: At len = 0.25m, gain = 6.61 dB.
At len = 0.5m, gain = 7.26 dB. (0.625m)
At len = 1m, gain = 8.84 dB.
At len = 2m, gain = -23 dB. (2.125m)
At len = 4m, gain = -7 dB.
The gain increases from 0.25 to 1m. The maximum gain is at 1 m.

e) For which length(s) of the element(s) is the value of the reflective coefficient
minimal?
Antennas and Propagation Laboratory file no.4

The reflective
coefficient is minimal at 2.5
length

3. Analytical calculation
For the two-element array in (3.1.) calculate analytically nulls of the AF, maximum of
the AF, HPBW for the maximum radiation direction of the antenna array. Verify the
results with those displayed on the Pattern window.

Add the analytical calculations performed for each parameter!

Antennas and Propagation Laboratory file no.4
Antennas and Propagation Laboratory file no.4

Answer: We obtained a null at 90 degrees using analytical methods that does not exist in our
radiation software prediction. The values of the other two nulls received, which are around
44.4 degrees, are quite close to the nulls displayed in our pattern. We've also had fewer nulls
than the radiation pattern would indicate. We only received one maxima at 90 degrees,
however the radiation patterns had multiple maximas.
Antennas and Propagation Laboratory file no.4

4. Current amplitudes and phase

For a three element array (𝑰𝑰𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟑 A, 𝜷𝜷𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒°, 𝑰𝑰𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟒 A, 𝜷𝜷𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒° and 𝑰𝑰𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟓 A,
𝜷𝜷𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗° ) determine analytically the array factor and the directivity of the array.
Determine analytically the current amplitudes and phase of the dipoles such as the
maximum gain is in the direction 𝜽𝜽 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°, 𝜱𝜱 = 𝟎𝟎°, d = 0.7 λ.

Add the analytical calculations performed for each parameter!