Performance Analysis of Cooling Device Made by NICKEL-TITANIUM MEMORY WIRE

A Report on
Project
“Performance Analysis of Cooling Device Made By

Nickel-Titanium Memory Wire ”
Submitted By,
Ms. Gauri H.Jadhav. Mr. Sachin S.Kesgire

(Exam Seat no:.B150910868) (Exam Seat no:.B150910878)
Ms. Kasturi K.Mukherjee Mr. Ayush A.Rai
(Exam Seat no:.B150910897) (Exam Seat no:.B150910920)
Under guidance of
Prof. N.D.More
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of Mechanical Engineering
D Y Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology,Ambi,Pune.

[2020-21]
D Y Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Ambi, Pune.
[2020-21]
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar titled “Performance Analysis of Cooling Device
Made By Nickel-Titanium Memory Wire” has been completed in the academic year
2020-21 by Ms.Gauri Jadhav,Ms.Kasturi Mukherjee,Mr.Sachin Kesgire,Mr.Ayush Rai
of BE Mechanical Group no 6 in partial fulfillment of the Degree in the Mechanical as
prescribed by the University of Pune.
Date:
Place:
Guide Examiner
Prof. N.D.More.
HOD Principal
Dr.K.C.More Dr.L.V.Kamble
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is matter of great pleasure for us to submit this report on “Performance
Analysis of Cooling Device Made By Nickel-Titanium Memory Wire”, as a part of
curriculum during the course of Mechanical Engineering, Semester-VII
We heartily thankful to Prof.Dr.L.V.Kamble (Principal), Prof. Dr.K.C.More ( Head of
Mechanical Dept.) ,Prof.A.H.Raut For providing an invaluable opportunity to work on this
project. We are also thankful to Prof.N.D.MORE for their invaluable guidance, keep interest
and constant encouragement throughout this work. we take this opportunity to express our
deep sense of gratitude towards those, who have helped us in various ways, for preparing
our project.
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. Name Of Figure Pg.

No. No.
1.
Multistage elastocaloric refrigerator 9
2.
Optimization of processing of nitinol 10
wire
3.
Assembly ` 13
4.
Frame of assembly 14
5
Drafting 14
6.
Bearing 15
7.
Motor 15
8.
Spring 15
9.
Holder 15
10.
V-Belt 15
11.
Shaft 15
12.
Pulley 16
13.
Battery 16
14.
Cooling Fan 16
15.
Temperature Gauge 16
D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)
1
16.
Nitinol Wire 16
17.
Process Flowchart diagram 18
18.
Frames 19
19.
Frames 19
20.
Pedestal Bearings 20
21.
Battery 21
22.
Lead-acid battery 22
23.
Types of Belts & pulley 25
24.
Open belt drive 28
25.
Cross belt 29
26.
Law of bending 29
27.
Leather belts 30
28.
Nitinol structure 31
29.
Cutting operation 34
30.
Welding operation 36
31.
Drilling operation 37
32.
Drilling tool 38
33.
Finishing operation 39
34.
Polishing operation 41
35.
Abrasive cutting machine 42
36.
Spray paint 43
37.
Integration of design, material & 45
processing to produce a product
2
38. Process flow diagram of product design 45
39. Mild steel C-45 53
40. Design of pulley 54
41. Design of Shaft 55
42. Design of bearing 55
43. Design of transverse fillet welded joint 59
44. Result graph 71
3
CONTENT
Sr. No. Name Of Topics Page

No.
1. Title Page
2. Certificate
3. Acknowledgment
4. List of Figures 1
5. Abstract 5
6. Introduction 6
7. Objectives 8
8. Methodology 9
9. Literature Review 11
10. Hydraulically/Tractor Operated Auger 14
11. Construction 15
12. Modelling 15
13. Parts Description 20
14. Calculations 44
c Cost Estimation 60
15.
16. Plan of Proposed Work 68
17. Results & Discussions 70
18. Conclusion 72
19. References 73
4
1. ABSTRACT
The name Nitinol is an acronym derived from the elements, which comprises the
alloy (nitinol) Ni-Nickel Ti- titanium Nol-Naval Ordinance Laboratory. This alloy
had unique properties, it was non corrosive and had the ability to change crystalline
form with changes inform with changes in temperature. A heating/cooling system
that first stresses and then releases Nitinol wires to create heated and cooled air at
twice the efficiency of a heat pump. The device is based on the fact that Nitinol
wires absorb significant amounts of heat when bent out of shape, and then they
release that heat when allowed to revert to normal shape. The temperature
difference between the loaded wire and the released wire can be as much as 20°C
(36°F). Researchers claim that "the heating or cooling power of the system is up to
thirty times greater than the mechanical power required to load and unload the alloy
wire bundles," depending on the specific alloy. They say that this makes the new
system more than twice as good as a conventional heat pump, and three times as
good as a conventional refrigerator. The device also uses no refrigerant gases,
meaning it's a much more environmentally friendly way to heat or cool a space.
5
2. INTRODUCTION
The name Nitinol is an acronym derived from the elements, which comprises the alloy (nitinol)
Ni-Nickel Ti- titanium Nol-Naval Ordinance Laboratory. This alloy had unique properties, it was
non corrosive and had the ability to change crystalline form with changes inform with changes in
temperature.A heating/cooling system that first stresses and then releases Nitinol wires to create
heated and cooled air at twice the efficiency of a heat pump.The device is based on the fact that
Nitinol wires absorb significant amounts of heat when bent out of shape, and then they release
that heat when allowed to revert to normal shape. The temperature difference between the loaded
wire and the released wire can be as much as 20°C (36°F).Researchers claim that "the heating or
cooling power of the system is up to thirty times greater than the mechanical power required to
load and unload the alloy wire bundles," depending on the specific alloy. They say that this
makes the new system more than twice as good as a conventional heat pump, and three times as
good as a conventional refrigerator.The device also uses no refrigerant gases, meaning it's a much
more environmentally friendly way to heat or cool a space. The underlying principle is simple
and essentially involves subjecting a particular shape-memory alloy, in this case nickel-titanium.
to controlled loading/unloading cycles. ―The resulting phase transitions that occur in the alloy‘s
crystal lattice release or absorb latent heat, depending on which part of the cycle the material is
in,‖ The research has found that when pre-stressed nitinol wires are unloaded at room
temperature, they cool down by as much as 20º. When the wires are mechanically loaded they
heat up by a similar amount, so that the process can also be used as a heat pump.The cooling
device is thus quite simple in concept. It consists of a rotating cylinder covered with Nitinol wire
bundles. The wires are bent as they pass through one side, sucking heat out of the air and storing
it. Then as they rotate past the other side, they snap back into shape, dumping the heat on the
second side. Air is blown through chambers on each side, enabling one feed of heated air and
another feed of cool air.
6
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
About 20% of all electricity used in buildings today is spent on air conditioning, and the
global demand for space cooling is projected to triple by 2050 due to the increasing
populations and standards of living in countries with high cooling degree days such as
India, Indonesia, and China.Elastocaloric refrigerators are a promising alternative to the
vapor compression cycle because they do not require refrigerants with high global
warming potential. However, these coolers have yet to achieve temperatures low
enough to — for example — be used as standard household refrigerators. What about
metal fatigue? How long will those alloy wires last in these variable temperature
environments before they get brittle and break off? Well, that's one area where nitinol is
very different from other metals. Indeed, it's most famous for its use in medical devices,
particularly implantable ones such as stents, where its remarkable flexibility allows a
stent to bend, crush, stretch and twist with the artery as the body moves.
7
4. OBJECTIVES:
The desired goal is to create a cooling device that produces cold air at three times the
efficiency on air conditioner without the emission of chlorofluorocarbons in the
environment. The use of excess refrigerants in order to increase the efficiency results into
higher emission of chlorofluorocarbons. So to make such a cooling device we have
proposed the use of Nitinol memory wires as they have properties of super elasticity and
shape memory. Also it has the property of absorbing significant amounts of heat when bent
out of shape and then gets cool down when allowed to revert to its normal shape.
 Low cost machine as compare to existing refrigerator
 A Machine with less noise and more efficient.
 To Improve and optimize the present procedure.
 To improve simplicity.
 To improve work efficiency.
 Transportable
 Cost-effective
 Functional requirement of proposed system
8
5. METHODOLOGY:
The underlying principle is simple and essentially involves subjecting a particular

shape-memory alloy, in this case nickel-titanium. to controlled loading/unloading
cycles. The resulting phase transitions that occur in the alloy‘s crystal lattice release or
absorb latent heat, depending on which part of the cycle the material is in,‖ The
research has found that when pre-stressed nitinol wires are unloaded at room
temperature, they cool down by as much as 20º. When the wires are mechanically
loaded they heat up by a similar amount, so that the process can also be used as a heat
pump. The cooling device is thus quite simple in concept. It consists of a rotating
cylinder covered with Nitinol wire bundles. The wires are bent as they pass through
one side, sucking heat out of the air and storing it. Then as they rotate past the other
side, they snap back into shape, dumping the heat on the second side. Air is blown
through chambers on each side, enabling one feed of heated air and another feed of
cool air.
Methodology for proposed work
 To conduct research on projects worked till today‘s time.
 Creating a schematic diagram of the cooling system as to be modified.
 To construct working drawing of assembly by computer aided design procedure.
 Calculations of the machine.
 Selection of materials.
 Assembly and fabrication of refrigerator.
 To analyze the results obtained.
9
6. NEED OF PROJECT:
The need of this model is, today the environmental impact of harmful refrigerant
CFC is very much in focus and the demands to the refrigeration industry is
increasing. Elastocaloric refrigerators are a promising alternative to the vapor
compression cycle because they do not require refrigerants with high global
warming potential. The vapor compression cycle has remained the primary
refrigeration method since its invention almost 200 years ago. Although many
take reliable refrigeration for granted today, there are many reasons to consider
alternative cooling technologies. First, any alternative with improved mechanical
efficiency would be of great importance, as an extraordinary amount of energy is
spent on cooling every year. The 1974 discovery5 that chlorofluorocarbons and
hydro chlorofluorocarbons were depleting the ozone layer led to the phase-down
of those refrigerants, and the high global warming potential of today‘s
refrigerants is leading to their phase-down as well. The use of HFCs
(hydrofluorocarbons) is to be dramatically reduced by 2045 according to the
ratified Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. These concerns have
motivated research in more-efficient, lower-GWP refrigerants as well as research
in complete alternative methods to the vapour compression cycle
10
7. LITERATURE REVIEW:
 Design and Implementation of Experimental Set-up for Property Assessment

of NiTiNol Shape Memory Actuator Springs.
Ascic, Maida & Akkus, Nihat & Yuce, Huseyin. International Journal of Engineering
Research. 8. 62-66. 10.9790/9622-0807056266.
Findings: -
An experimental set-up to make property assessment of NiTiNol (Nickel Titanium

base alloy) Shape Memory Actuator Springs. NiTiNol spring undergoes deformation
with weight effect and it returns to original shape by heating with electrical current.
The effect of the current data and different geometrical properties of springs used in
experiment on the heating time, displacement. Properties such as wire diameter, spring
diameter and number of turn of the spring have been obtained experimentally and
numerically during heating and cooling processes.
Fig 1.A multistage elastocaloric refrigerator and heat pump with 28 K

temperature span.
Ryan Snodgrass & David Erickson. Sci Rep 9, 18532 (2019).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54411-8
Findings: -
Here they have done a detailed research on Multistage versus single-stage performance,
Temperature/volume measurement and COP calculation, Nitinol training, Staging methodology
11
and experimental replicates, Material fatigue & NiTi materials. Electrocaloric refrigerators are a
promising alternative to the vapor compression cycle because they do not require refrigerants
with high global warming potential. They have built one-stage, two-stage, and three-stage
electrocaloric cooling systems to determine if staging of the electrocaloric effect could
significantly expand temperature span. There three-stage system achieved 1.5 times the
maximum temperature span of our single-stage system, and produced the highest temperature
span of any electrocaloric device to-date at 28.3 °C. where previously the record was 19.9 °C.
They have found that multistage systems can achieve equivalent temperature spans but at higher
coefficient of performance compared to similarly-constructed single-stage systems.
Fig 2. Optimization of processing of medical-grade Nitinol wire.
Pelton Alan & Dicello J. & Miyazaki Shuichi. (2009). Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied
Technologies. 9. 107-118. 10.3109/13645700009063057.
Findings: -
The purpose of this paper is to review the current processing and resultant properties of standard
Nitinol wire for guide-wire applications. Optimised Ti-50.8 at %Ni wire was manufactured
according to industry standards by precise control of the composition, cold work and continuous
strain-age annealing. Mechanical properties of this wire are reported from -100°C to 200°C to
demonstrate the effects of test temperature. Within the ‗super elastic window‘ the plateau stresses
are linearly related to test temperature. Additional ageing treatments can be used as a tool to fine-
tune transformation temperatures and mechanical properties. A review of the fatigue properties
of thermo mechanically-treated Nitinol wire shows that they are affected by test temperature,
12
stress and strain.
 Design and control of a Nitinol wire actuated rotary servo.
G Song. 2007. Smart Mater. Struct.16 1796.
Findings: -
This paper presents the design and control of a rotary servo actuated by a shape memory alloy
(SMA) wire. A new rotary servo device using Nitinol type of SMA wire is designed and
fabricated in this study. Experimental results confirm the functionality of the Nitinol wire
actuated rotary servo and show this device can be precisely controlled using the sliding-mode
based robust control approach.
13
8. STUDY: -
The underlying principle is simple and essentially involves subjecting a particular shape-memory
alloy, in this case nickel-titanium. to controlled loading/unloading cycles. The resulting phase
transitions that occur in the alloy‘s crystal lattice release or absorb latent heat, depending on which
part of the cycle the material is in,‖ The research has found that when pre-stressed nitinol wires are
unloaded at room temperature, they cool down by as much as 20º. When the wires are mechanically
loaded they heat up by a similar amount, so that the process can also be used as a heat pump. The
cooling device is thus quite simple in concept. It consists of a rotating cylinder covered with Nitinol
wire bundles. The wires are bent as they pass through one side, sucking heat out of the air and
storing it. Then as they rotate past the other side, they snap back into shape, dumping the heat on the
second side. Air is blown through chambers on each side, enabling one feed of heated air and another
feed of cool air.
14
9. CONSTRUCTION:
CAD MODEL
Procedure
 The entire model has been designed with the help of designing software solid works.
 With the help of colour feature the colours are given to the entire model.
FIGURE- CAD MODEL OF THE ASSEMBLED PROJECT, DESIGNED ON

SOLIDWORKS
SOLID MODELING
The entire model has been designed with the help of designing software solid works.
Fig 3.ASSEMBLY
15
Fig 4.FRAME
Fig 5.DRAFTING
16
Fig 6.BEARING Fig 7.MOTOR
Fig 8.SPRING Fig 9. HOLDER
Fig 10.V-BELT Fig 11.SHAFT
17
Fig 12. PULLEY Fig 13.BATTERY
Fig 14.COOLING FAN Fig 15.TEMPERATURE GAUGE
Fig 16.NITINOL WIRE
18
10.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: -
This work deals with the design and development of the refrigerator. The theory will be used for the
design analysis. Due to the large number of parameters, a choice of some parameters along with a
group of dimensionless independent variables will be used.
From the flow chart, this project started with the objective of the project. The objective of the
project must follow the title. The objective must fulfill the title Then follow up with design review
about folding table and then study a lot of investigation about folding table. This is including study
about several of stage, type of stage, types of material which suitable to make a stage. These tasks
have been done through study on internet, books and others resources. After all information had been
collected and gathered, the project continued with the design process. All the knowledge and lessons
had been applied to make a suitable design for the project. After several design sketched, design
consideration have been made and one of the design have been chosen by using Pugh‘s concept
selection. The solid modeling and engineering drawing by using solid works software the fabrication
process progress use drawing as a reference. The process consist fabrication to all parts that have
been designed by the dimension using various type of manufacturing process. The manufacturing
process includes welding, drilling, bending, cutting and etc. During the fabrication process, if there
have error occur, such as fabrication error, so the process need to modification the process need to go
back to the previous step and the process flow again, until no error occur the process can been
continued smoothly until the final product finished. Then, the draft report need to be submitted to the
supervisor for double checking if there had an error.
19
LITERATURE SURVEY
PROBLEM DEFINATION
OBJECTIVE
DESIGN OF PHYSICAL MODEL
MATERIAL SELECTION AND

MEASUREMENTS
OPTIMIZATION
FABRICATION
CONFIRMATION TEST
CONCLUSION
Fig 17.Process Flowchart diagram
11.Part Description:
Frame
The proper selection of material for the different part of a machine is the main objective in the
fabrication of machine. For a design engineer it is must that he be familiar with the effect,
which h the manufacturing process and heat treatment have on the properties of materials.
Basic Frame: The hollow square pipes of material of mild steel are selected for the frame. The pipes
are cut into required size by cutting machine. The end of the pipes cut into 45 degree(angle) to form
rectangular frame. After cutting, the end of the square pipes is grinded so that it became smooth and
convenient for welding. The square pipes are welded together to form a rectangular basic frame.
20
Fig 18.Frames
Basic Frame The ms angles of material of mild steel are selected for the frame legs. The ms angles
are cut into required size by cutting machine. The end of the ms angles cut into 90 degree(angle) to
form rectangular frame. After cutting, the end of the ms angles is grinded so that it became smooth
and convenient for welding. The ms angles are welded together to form a rectangular basic frame.
Fig 19.Frames
Pedestal bearings: A pillow block is a pedestal used to provide support for a rotating shaft with the
help of compatible bearings & various accessories. Housing material for a pillow block is typically
made of cast iron or cast steel. A pillow block usually refers to a housing with an included anti-
friction bearing. A pillow block refers to any mounted bearing wherein the mounted shaft is in a
parallel plane to the mounting surface, and perpendicular to the center line of the mounting holes, as
contrasted with various types of flange blocks or flange units. A pillow block may contain a bearing
with one of several types of rolling elements, including ball, cylindrical roller, spherical roller,
tapered roller, or metallic or synthetic bushing. The type of rolling element defines the type of pillow
21
block. These differ from "plummer blocks" which are bearing housings supplied without any
bearings and are usually meant for higher load ratings and a separately installed bearing.
The fundamental application of both types is the same, which is to mount a bearing safely enabling
its outer ring to be stationary while allowing rotation of the inner ring.
The housing is bolted to a foundation through the holes in the base. Bearing housings may be either
split type or solid type. Split type housings are usually two-piece housings where the cap and base
may be detached, while others may be single-piece housings. Various sealing arrangements may be
provided to prevent dust and other contaminants from entering the housing. Thus the housing
provides a clean environment for the environmentally sensitive bearing to rotate free from
contaminants while also retaining lubrication, either oil or grease, hence increasing its performance
and duty cycle.
Fig 20.Pedestal Bearings

Bearing housings are usually made of grey cast iron. However, various grades of metals can be used
to manufacture the same, including ductile iron, steel, stainless steel, and various types of
thermoplastics and polyethylene-based plastics. The bearing element may be manufactured from
52100 chromium steel alloy (the most common), stainless steel, plastic, or bushing materials such as
SAE660 cast bronze, or SAE841 oil impregnated sintered bronze, or synthetic materials.
ISO 113 specifies internationally accepted dimensions for plummer blocks.
SPRING ARRANGEMENT:
Springs are flexible machine elements used for controlled application of force (or torque) or for
storing and release of mechanical energy. Flexibility (elastic deformation) is enabled due to cleverly
designed geometry or by using of flexible material.
TOGGLE SWITCH:
22
For use in many applications from automobiles to industrial machinery, toggle switches are a fairly
simple Electrical device. Electric toggle switches control the current to power equipment. From basic
toggle switches to industrial toggle switches, an electrical toggle switch can be a simple single-pole
single-throw (SPST) device, or a more involved double-pole double-throw (DPDT) configuration. It
might help to learn toggle switches basics in order to know what type of electric toggle switch you
need for your particular equipment. You'll soon find you can choose anything from an electronic
switch to lighted electrical toggle switches.
Fasteners (NUT AND BOLT):

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with a
mating bolt to fasten two or more parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination
of their threads' friction, a slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held
together.
Bolts use a wide variety of head designs, as do screws. These are designed to engage with the tool
used to tighten them. Some bolt heads instead lock the bolt in place, so that it does not move and a
tool is only needed for the nut end.
The first bolts had square heads, formed by forging. These are still found, although much more
common today is the hexagonal head. These are held and turned by a spanner or wrench, of which
there are many forms. Most are held from the side, some from in-line with the bolt.
Battery
The battery is an electrochemical converting chemical energy
into electrical energy. The main purpose of the battery is to
provide a supply of current for operating the cranking motor
and other electrical units.
Specification,
1. Voltage 6 v, 3 qty
2. Current 2.5 Ah Fig 21. Battery
23
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smart phones,
and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the
cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of
electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an
external device. When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to
move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate
terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions
within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. The term
"battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has
evolved additionally to include devices composed of a single cell.
Fig 22. Lead-acid battery
Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a group of plates
welded to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the electrolyte[50-56], consisting of
8 parts of water to 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is a grid or framework,
made of a lead-antimony alloy. This construction enables the active material, which is lead
oxide, to be pasted into the grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming charge produces the
positive and negative electrodes. In the forming process, the active material in the positive
plate is changed to lead peroxide (PbO2). The negative electrode is spongy lead (Pb).
Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The electrolyte is put in
24
at the time of installation, and then the battery is charged to from the plates. With
maintenance-free batteries, little or no water need be added in normal service. Some types
are sealed, except for a pressure vent, without provision for adding water.
PMDC GEAR MOTOR: two speed geared single reduction PMDC gear motor is
used. It is an economically priced compact, but rugged right angle worm gear motor for
those applications requiring a moderate duty gear motor in a compact size. It is a
conservatively designed workhorse. This tough face mounted gear motor is available
with a left or right handed configuration as well as double output shafts and will handle
many applications, such as sirens, wheel chair lifts, broom drives, pumps, mixers, etc.
The driven load can be connected by coupling, sprocket, pulley or gears. The gear
motor design incorporates integral motors directly mounted to the gear case. Other
design features include forged bronze worm wheel, hardened steel worm shaft, high
tensile strength die cast aluminium alloy gear case, ball and needle bearing construction
with double lipped oil seals on the input and output shafts. When you have special
requirements, these gear motors will accept many modifications required for difficult
applications.
CONSTRUCTION: - The construction of a single speed motor is shown in The
armature with 8-slots is mounted on self-lubricating sintered bushes. Two carbon
brushes, set 180 degrees apart, rub on an 8 segment commutator generally installed at the
driving end. Two strong permanent magnets are bonded to the steel yoke using an
adhesive, which is sometimes coated externally with non-ferrous metal to protect it
against corrosion. A steel worm, formed on the end of the armature, drives a plastic
worm wheel at a speed of about l/10th the speed of the armature. The motor has the
output drive through a pinion gears, driven directly by the worm wheel. At the joint
faces of the motor, rubber seals are fitted to protect it from moisture. The wiper motors
now in use are mostly of permanent magnet three brush types, which are driven through
a worm gear to increase torque and reduce speed. The three brushes permit two speed
operations. The normal speed is achieved through two brushes placed in the usual
position opposite to each other. For a fast speed the third brush is installed closer to the
earth brush. This design reduces the number of armature windings between them, which
reduces resistance and consequently increases current and hence speed.
25
Shaft
A shaft is rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to
another. The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant
torque (or twisting moment) set up within the shaft a set up within the shaft permits the
power to various machines linked up to the shaft. In order to transfer the power from
one shaft to another, the various members such as pulleys, gears etc., are mounted on it.
These members along with the forces exerted upon them causes the shaft to bending. In
other words, we may say that a shaft is used for the transmission of torque and bending
moment. The various members are mounted on the shaft by means of keys or splines.
The shafts are usually cylindrical, but may be square or cross-shaped in section. They
are solid in cross section but sometimes hollow shafts are also used.
 Material used for shafts
The material used for shaft should have the following properties:
a It should have high strength.
b It should have good machinability.
c It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
d It should have good heat treatment properties.
e It should have high wear resistant properties.
The material commonly adopted for an ordinary shaft is mild steel. The materials used
for ordinary shafts are carbon steel of grades 40C8, 45C8, 50C4 and 50C12. When a
shaft of high strength is required, then alloy steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or
chrome-vanadium steel is used. Shafts are generally formed by hot rolling and finished
to size by cold drawing or turning and grinding. Shafts of large diameter are usually
forged and then machined.
 Types of Shafts
The following two types of shafts are important from the subject point of view:
i. Transmission shafts: These shafts transmit power between the source and the machines
absorbing power. The counter shafts, line shafts, overhead shafts and all factory shafts
are transmission shafts. Since these shafts carry machine parts such as pulleys, gears
etc., therefore they are subjected to bending in addition to twisting.
ii. Machine shafts: These shafts from an integral part of the machine itself. The crank
26
shaft is an example of machine shaft.
iii. Spindle: A spindle is a short rotating shaft. The common example of a spindle is a
machine shaft which forms an integral part of the machine itself, like lathe spindle.
iv. Axle: Another machine part which is shaft like in appearance is an axle. An axle is a
non-rotating member which does not transmit torque and is used to support rotating
elements like: wheels, pulleys, etc. It is subjected to bending moment and/or axial force.
Belt Drive
Power transmission devices are very commonly used to transmit power from one shaft to
another. Belts, chains and gears are used for this purpose. When the distance between the shafts is
large, belts or ropes are used and for intermediate distance chains can be used. For belt drive distance
can be maximum but this should not be more than ten meters for good results. Gear drive is used for
short distances.
 Belts
In case of belts, friction between the belt and pulley is used to transmit power. In practice,
there is always some amount of slip between belt and pulleys, therefore, exact velocity ratio cannot
be obtained. That is why; belt drive is not a positive drive. Therefore, the belt drive is used where
exact velocity ratio is not required. The following types of belts shown in Figure 2 are most
commonly used.
(a) Flat Belt and Pulley (b) V-belt and Pulley (c) Circular Belt Pulley
Fig 23.Types of Belt and Pulley
(a) The flat belt is rectangular in cross-section as shown in Figure 2(a). The pulley for this belt is
slightly crowned to prevent slip of the belt to one side. It utilises the friction between the flat
surface of the belt and pulley.
27
(b) The V-belt is trapezoidal in section as shown in Figure 2(b). It utilizes the force of friction
between the inclined sides of the belt and pulley. They are preferred when distance is
comparative shorter. Several V-belts can also be used together if power transmitted is more.
(c) The circular belt or rope is circular in section as shown in Figure 2(c). Several ropes also can be
used together to transmit more power.
The belt drives are of the following types:

i. Open belt drive, and
ii. Cross belt drive
i. Open Belt Drive
Open belt drive is used when sense of rotation of both the pulleys is same. It is desirable to keep
the tight side of the belt on the lower side and slack side at the Power Transmission Devices
Fig 24. Open belt derive

ii. Cross belt drive
In case of cross belt drive, the pulleys rotate in the opposite direction. The angle of contact of
belt on both the pulleys is equal. This drive is shown in Figure 4. As shown in the figure, the belt has
to bend in two different planes. As a result of this, belt wears very fast and therefore, this type of
drive is not preferred for power transmission. This can be used for transmission of speed at low
power.
28
Fig 25.Cross Belt Drive
Since power transmitted by a belt drive is due to the friction, belt drive is subjected to slip and creep
Idler Pulley.
 Law of Belting
The law of belting states that the center line of the belt as it approaches the pulley must lies in
plane perpendicular to the axis of the pulley in the mid plane of the pulley otherwise the belt will run
off the pulley. However, the point at which the belt leaves the other pulley must lie in the plane of a
pulley.
-The Figure shows the belt drives in which two pulleys are at right angle to each other. It can
be seen that the center line of the belt approaching larger or smaller pulley lies in its plane. The point
at which the belt leaves is contained in the plane of the other pulley. If motion of the belt is reversed,
the law of the belting will be violated. Therefore, motion is possible in one direction in case of non-
parallel shafts.
Fig 26. Law of Belting
 Material used for Belts

The material used for belts and ropes must be strong, flexible, and durable. It must have a
high coefficient of friction. The belts, according to the material used, are classified as follows:
29
i. Leather belts- The most important material for flat belt is leather. The best leather belts are
made from 1.2 meters to 1.5 meters long strips cut from either side of the back bone of the top
grade steer hides. This gives a more intimate contact between belt and pulley and places the
greatest tensile strength of the belt section on the outside, where the tension is maximum when
the belt passes over the pulley. The leather may be either oak-tanned or mineral salt-tanned e.g.
chrome-tanned. The leather belts must be periodically cleaned and dressed or treated with a
compound or dressing containing neats foot or other suitable oils so that the belt will remain soft
and flexible.
Fig 27. Leather belts

ii. Cotton or fabric belts- Most of the fabric belts are made by folding convass or cotton duck to
three or more layers (depending upon the thickness desired) and stitching together. The cotton
belts are cheaper and suitable in warm climates, in damp atmospheres and in exposed positions.
Since the cotton belts require little attention, therefore these belts are mostly used in farm
machinery, belt conveyor etc.
iii. Rubber belt- The rubber belts are made of layers of fabric impregnated with rubber
composition and has a thin layer of rubber on the faces. These belts are very flexible but are
quickly destroyed if allowed to come into contact with heat, oil or grease. One of the principle
advantages of these belts is that they may be easily made endless. These belts are found suitable
for saw mills, paper mills where they are exposed to moisture.
iv. Balata belts- These belts are similar to rubber belts except that balata gum is used in place of
rubber. These belts are acid proof and water proof and it is not affected by animal oils or alkalis.
The balata belts should not be at temperatures above 40°C because at this temperature the balata
begins to soften and becomes sticky. The strength of balata belts is 25 per cent higher than
rubber belts.
Nitinol wire:
30
Product description. Nitinol Memory Wire is a Shaped Memory Effect (SME). The alloy can be
made to remember a particular shape. Once a shape has been remembered the alloy may be bent
out of shape. Then returned to its original shape by heating the alloy about it transition
temperature. It is a nickel- titanium metal alloy with some unique properties. It is also known as
Nickel titanium. This alloy exhibits the super elasticity or pseudo elasticity and the shape
memory properties. It means this unique metal can remember its original shape and shows great
elasticity under stress.
Nitinol Composition
This metal alloy is composed of nickel and titanium. It contains these two elements at
approximately equal atomic percentages. Nickel is a known allergen and it might also have
carcinogen properties. Due to this reason the nickel content of this alloy has raised great
concerns about its usefulness in the medical industry. The formula for this alloy is NiTi.
Nitinol Production
Extremely tight compositional control is required for making this alloy. Due to this reason it is
very difficult to prepare this alloy. The extraordinary reactivity of titanium is another obstacle in
its preparation. Two primary melting methods are presently used for this purpose:
Vacuum Arc Re-melting: In this method, an electrical arc is struck between a water cooled
copper strike-plate and the raw materials. Water cooled copper mold is used for melting the
constituents in high vacuum to prevent carbon introduction.
Vacuum Induction Melting: The raw materials are heated in a carbon crucible using alternating
magnetic fields. This is also accomplished in high vacuum; however, carbon is introduced in this
process.
Fig 28.Nitinol structure

There are no considerable amounts of data showing the product of one method to be better than
the other. Both these methods have different advantages to offer. Other methods like induction
skull melting, plasma arc melting, and e-beam melting are also used for this purpose on a
boutique scale. Physical vapor deposition process is also used in laboratories.
31
Physical Properties
Appearance: this is a bright silvery metal.
Density: The density of this alloy is 6.45 gm/ cm3
Melting Point: Its melting point is around 1310 °C.
Resistivity: It has a resistivity of 82 ohm-cm in higher temperatures and 76 ohm-cm in lower
temperatures.
Thermal Conductivity: The thermal conductivity of this metal is 0.1 W/ cm-°C.
Heat Capacity: Its heat capacity is 0.077 cal/ gm-°C.
Latent Heat: this material has a latent heat of 5.78 cal/ gm.
Magnetic Susceptibility: Its magnetic susceptibility is 3.8 emu- gm in high temperatures and
2.5 in low temperatures.
Mechanical Properties
Ultimate Tensile Strength: The ultimate tensile strength of this material ranges between 754
and 960 MPa.
Typical Elongation to Fracture: 15.5 percent
Typical Yield Strength: 560 MPa in high temperature; 100 MPa in low temperature
Approximate Elastic Modulus: 75 GPa in high temperature; 28 GPa in low temperature
Approximate Poisson’s Ratio: 0.3
Industrial Uses
 Nitinol wires are used in model heat engines made for demonstration purposes.
 This material is used in temperature controls. Its shape changing properties can be used for
activating a variable resistor or a switch for controlling the temperature.
 This metal is often used in mechanical watch springs.
 It is used as microphone boom or a retractable antenna in cell phone technology for its
mechanical and flexible memory nature.
 Nitinol spring is used in various industries for the purpose of utilizing the superelastic
properties of this metal.
 Nitinol sheets are used for punching, stamping and deep drawing.
PSU fan:
While the power supply (PSU) contains a fan with few exceptions, it is not to be used for case
ventilation. The hotter the PSU's intake air is, the hotter the PSU gets. As the PSU temperature rises,
the conductivity of its internal components decrease. Decreased conductivity means that the PSU
will convert more of the input electric energy into thermal energy (heat). This cycle of increasing
32
temperature and decreased efficiency continues until the PSU either overheats, or its cooling fan is
spinning fast enough to keep the PSU adequately supplied with comparatively cool air. The PSU is
mainly bottom-mounted in modern PCs, having its own dedicated intake and exhaust vents,
preferably with a dust filter in its intake vent.
Acrylic Tube:
Acrylic tubing is very versatile and can be used for a variety of applications. Polymershapes stocks
Acrylic Tube in the following outside diameter range: Outside Diameter: .250″ – 12″. We can also
custom cut Acrylic Tube to size. This material is durable and long lasting and comes in the following
colors: Clear, White, Black, Gray, Bronze, and Sign Colors. Some in the plastics community refer to
Acrylic as Plexieglass. Extruded Acrylic Tubing is just one popular type of Acrylic tubing that you
can order.
Acrylic Tube is made of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), which is a broad range use
thermoplastic. This is the material to choose if you need excellent optical clarity (signage), and
would like to fabricate by adding glue, polish, or thermoforming.
Oftentimes, Acrylic Tube is used in merchandising, scientific settings (equipment), however this
material can be used in virtually any setting where it‘s properties meet the desired requirements.
33
11.THE VARIOUS MACHINING OPERATIONS CONDUCTED AFTER
MATERIAL SELECTION ARE AS FOLLOWS
PROCESS SHEET:
Following operations were while fabricate the project
Cutting: -
Cutting is the separation or opening of a physical object, into two or more portions, through
the application of an acutely directed force.
Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in medicine and science the
scalpel and microtome. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it has a
hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient force.
Even liquids can be used to cut things when applied with sufficient force (see water jet
cutter).
The material as our required size. The machine used for this operation is power chop saw. A
power chop saw, also known as a drop saw, is a power tool used to make a quick, accurate
crosscut in a work piece at a selected angle. Common uses include framing operations and the
cutting of moulding. Most chop saws are relatively small and portable, with common blade
sizes ranging from eight to twelve inches.
Fig 29. Cutting Operation

34
The chop saw makes cuts by pulling a spinning circular saw blade down onto a work piece in
a short, controlled motion. The work piece is typically held against a fence, which provides
a precise cutting angle between the plane of the blade and the plane of the longest work piece
edge. In standard position, this angle is fixed at 90°. A primary distinguishing feature of the
mitre saw is the mitre index that allows the angle of the blade to be changed relative to the
fence. While most mitre saws enable precise one-degree incremental changes to the mitre
index, many also provide "stops" that allow the miter index to be quickly set to common
angles (such as 15°, 22.5°, 30°, and 45°).
Welding: -
Welding is a ((fabrication or sculptural ((process that joins materials, usually metals or

thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool
causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as
brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.
In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a
pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on weld
configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base material (parent
metal). Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld.
Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being
contaminated or oxidized.
Square pipes of different lengths to make frame. The machine used for this operation is
electric arc welding. Electrical arc welding is the procedure used to join two metal parts,
taking advantage of the heat developed by the electric arc that forms between an electrode
(metal filler) and the material to be welded. The welding arc may be powered by an
alternating current generator machine (welder). This welding machine is basically a single-
phase static transformer Suitable for melting RUTILE (sliding) acid electrodes. Alkaline
electrodes may also be melted by alternating current.
35
Fig 30. Welding operation
The welding current is continuously regulated (magnetic dispersion) by turning the hand
wheel on the outside of the machine, which makes it possible to select the current value,
indicated on a special graded scale, with the utmost precision. To prevent the service
capacities from being exceeded, all of our machines are fitted with an automatic overload
protection which cuts of the power supply (intermittent use) in the event of an overload. The
operator must then wait for a few minutes before returning to work. This welding machine
must be used only for the purpose described in this manual. Read the entire contents of this
manual before installing, using or servicing the equipment, paying special attention to the
chapter on safety precautions. Contact your distributor if you do not fully understand these
instructions. The time required for this operation is 120 minutes.
Drilling: -
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular ((cross-section in solid
materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary ((cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed
against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per
minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the
hole as it is drilled.
In ((rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion, though the
bit is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole
with quickly repeated short movements. The hammering action can be performed from
36
outside the hole ((top-hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-hole drill, DTH). Drills
used for horizontal drilling are called drifter drills.
In rare cases, specially-shaped bits are used to cut holes of non-circular cross-section; a
((square cross-section is possible.
Fig 31. Drilling Operation
Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge on the entrance side and the presence of
((burrs on the exit side (unless they have been removed). Also, the inside of the hole usually
has helical feed marks.
Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the work piece by creating low residual
stresses around the hole opening and a very thin layer of highly ((stressed and disturbed
material on the newly formed surface. This causes the work piece to become more
susceptible to corrosion and crack propagation at the stressed surface. A finish operation may
be done to avoid these detrimental conditions.
For ((fluted drill bits, any chips are removed via the flutes. Chips may form long spirals or
small flakes, depending on the material, and process parameters. The type of chips formed
can be an indicator of the machinability of the material, with long chips suggesting good
material machinability.
37
Fig 32. Drilling Tool
Finishing: -
Finishing is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a manufactured item
to achieve a certain property. Finishing processes may be employed to: improve appearance,
adhesion or wettability, solder ability, corrosion resistance, tarnish resistance, chemical
resistance, wear resistance, hardness, modify electrical conductivity, remove burrs and other
surface flaws, and control the surface friction. In limited cases some of these techniques can
be used to restore original dimensions to salvage or repair an item.
An unfinished surface is often called mill finish.
The edges with grinder using grinding wheel. The machine used for this operation is
hand grinder. An angle grinder, also known as a side grinder or disc grinder, is a handheld
power tool used for cutting, grinding and polishing. Angle grinders can be powered by an
electric motor, petrol engine or compressed air.
The motor drives a geared head at a right-angle on which is mounted an abrasive disc
or a thinner cut-off disc, either of which can be replaced when worn. Angle grinders typically
38
have an adjustable guard and a side-handle for two-handed operation. Certain angle grinders,
depending on their speed range, can be used as sanders, employing a sanding disc with a
backing pad or disc. The backing system is typically made of hard plastic, phenolic resin, or
medium-hard rubber depending on the amount of flexibility desired. The time required for
this operation is 20 minutes.
Fig 33. Finishing Operation
Polishing: -
Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a
chemical action, leaving a surface with a significant specular reflection (still limited by the
index of refraction of the material according to the Fresnel equations.) In some materials
(such as metals, glasses, black or transparent stones), polishing is also able to reduce diffuse
reflection to minimal values. When an unpolished surface is magnified thousands of times, it
usually looks like mountains and valleys. By repeated abrasion, those "mountains" are worn
39
down until they are flat or just small "hills." The process of polishing with abrasives starts
with coarse ones and graduates to fine ones.
The welded joints with hand grinder using grinding wheel. The machine used for this
operation is hand grinder. With refinement, grinding becomes polishing, either in preparing
metal surfaces for subsequent buffing or in the actual preparation of a surface finish, such as
a No. 4 polish in which the grit lines are clearly visible. Generally speaking, those operations
which serve mainly to remove metal rapidly are considered as grinding, while those in which
the emphasis is centred on attaining smoothness are classified as polishing. Grinding employs
the coarser grits as a rule while most polishing operations are conducted with grits of 80 and
finer. If polishing is required, start with as fine a grit as possible to reduce finishing steps.
There is a wide range of grinding and polishing tools on the market and advice is available
from ASSDA members to assist in particular applications. Polishing operations are conducted
with the abrasive mounted either on made-up shaped wheels or belts which provide a resilient
backing. The base material may be in either a smooth rolled or a previously ground condition.
If the former, the starting grit size may be selected in a range of 80 to 100. If the latter, the
initial grit should be one of sufficient coarseness to remove or smooth out any residual
cutting lines or other surface imperfections left over from grinding. In either case, the
treatment with the initial grit should be continued until a good, clean, uniform, blemish-free
surface texture is obtained. The initial grit size to use on a pre-ground surface may be set at
about 20 numbers finer than the last grit used in grinding, and changed, if necessary, after
inspection. Upon completion of the initial stage of polishing, wheels or belts are changed to
provide finer grits. Polishing speeds are generally somewhat higher than those used in
grinding. A typical speed for wheel operation is 2500 meters per minute. The time required
for this operation is 20 minutes.
40
Fig 34. Polishing Operation
6.Safety Precautions:
The following points should be considered for the safe operation of machine
and to avoid accidents: -
 All the parts of the machine should be checked to be in perfect alignment.

 All the nuts and bolts should be perfectly tightened.
 The operating switch should be located at convenient distance from the operator so as
to control the machine easily.
 The inspection and maintenance of the machine should be done from time to time.
ABRASIVE SAW-
An abrasive saw, also known as a cut-off saw or metal chop saw, is a power tool which is
typically used to cut hard materials, such as metals. The cutting action is performed by an
abrasive disc, similar to a thin grinding wheel. Technically speaking this is not a saw, as it
does not use regularly shaped edges (teeth) for cutting. The abrasive saw generally has a
41
built-in vise or other clamping arrangement, and has the cutting wheel and motor mounted on
a pivoting arm attached to a fixed base plate.
Fig 35.Abrassive Cutting Machine
They typically use composite friction disk blades to abrasively cut through the steel.
The disks are consumable items as they wear throughout the cut. The abrasive disks for
these saws are typically 14 in (360 mm) in diameter and 7⁄64 in (2.8 mm) thick. Larger
saws use 410 mm (16 in) diameter blades. Disks are available for steel and stainless
steel. Since their introduction, portable metal cutoff saws have made many building site
jobs easier. With these saws, lightweight steel fabrication previously performed in
workshops using stationary power band saws or cold saws can be done on-site.
Abrasive saws have replaced more expensive and hazardous acetylene torches in many
applications, such as cutting rebar
SPRAY PAINT-
Aerosol paint can. Propellant in the top of the can pressures down on the paint propellant mixture in
the bottom. The paint mixture is pushed up through the dip tube when the valve is opened.
42
Fig 36.Spray Paint
Spray paint (scientific name aerosol paint) is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized
container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button. Spray paint leaves a
smooth, evenly coated surface, unlike many rolled or brushed paints. Standard sized cans are
portable, inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol primer can be applied directly to bare metal and
many plastics.
43
12.CALCULATIONS: -
CALCULATION
INTRODUCTION
SELECTION OF MATERIAL
Selection of Material for Machine Structure

_ __________________________________________________________
Material section is a main step in designing process to select the appropriate materials for
each element of the machine so that they can sustain all the forces and at the same time they have
least possible cost.
3.1 Relation of Materials Selection to Design
An incorrectly chosen material can lead not only to failure of the part but also to excessive life-cycle
cost. Selecting the best material for a part involves more than choosing both a material that has the
properties to provide the necessary performance in service and the processing methods used to create
the finished part as in Fig 3.1. A poorly chosen material can add to manufacturing cost. Properties of
the material can be enhanced or diminished by processing, and that may affect the service
performance of the part.
In the large number of combinations of materials and processes from which to choose, the materials
selection task can only be done effectively by applying simplification and systemization. As design
proceeds from concept design, to configuration and parametric design embodiment design, and to
detail design, the material and process selection becomes more detailed. Fig 3.2 compares the design
methods and tools used at each design stage with materials and processes selection. At the concept
level of design, essentially all materials and processes are considered in broad detail.(E. Kushnir et
al. 2001)
44
Design
Service conditions
Function
Cost
Materials Processing
Properties Equipment selection
Availability Influence on properties
Cost Cost
Fig 37.Integrations of design, material & processing to produce a product
Market need
Material Process
Design tools Design Methods
Selecton selection
Function Concept All All
synthesiser Clarify task materials - processes -
Function low low
modeler Develop precision resolution
3D solid function data
modeler structure Subset of
Embodiment Subset of
materials- processes-
Simulation Develop higher
layout higher
precision resolution
optimization data
methods Optimize
component shapes Detail
modeleling One One
material- process-
(FEM) Optimize highest higher
manufacturi precision resolution
DFM/DFA ng data
Product
Fig 38. Process flow diagram of product design. (Dieter G. 2008)

With over 100,000 engineering materials, material selection is a very complex process that requires
concurrent iterations with the design process itself. Not only must the material be able to handle the
chemical, mechanical and thermal loads, but parts must be economically produced from the material.
45
As such, not only is a thorough understanding of the required properties necessary, but so is a good
knowledge of various manufacturing processes. And ultimately, availability of the material may be
the deciding factor in the decision.
Machine design is an iterative process involving an ever improving level of definition to geometry
and material. At the early stages of design, only conceptual ideas are developed. For example, the
conceptual design may require identifying viable methods of transmitting mechanical power. Various
concepts should be considered such as gears, pulleys, chains, hydraulics, etc. At this stage, a very
general understanding of thermal and mechanical limitations of materials is all that is required. The
next stage of design is Configuration Design. At this stage, the basic layout of the design is
determined. The basic elements should be defined and their respective location known. For example,
if the down select for a method of transmitting power transmission was to use gears, then the key
components should be identified (gears, shafts, bearings, etc.). At this stage, the general type of
material should be chosen. Using charts such as those developed by Ashby can help identify the
general type of material best suited to specific design criteria. The general category can be aluminum
alloys, or steel, or thermoplastic, etc. This level of detail is usually sufficient for the Configuration
Design stage. By knowing the general material category, material properties of stiffness, thermal
stability, approximate strength, etc., should be sufficiently well known.
During the configuration design stage, the engineer should make a comprehensive list of the material
requirements:
When choosing materials for the structures and especially the motion-related components on
a machine or a piece of assembly equipment, the physical properties of those materials are vitally
important to the overall life of the end product. The primary considerations when selecting materials
must include refer Table 3.1
Table 3.1: Considerations for properties in material selection (G. Dieter. 2008)
Sr.no. Properties Questionnaire for selecting material
Will the material selected withstands the impact, torque and

1 Strength
friction forces placed on it?
If the part is to be impacted on a repetitive scale, will it

2 Brittleness
crack/shatter?
46
3 Hardness If pressure is applied to the surface, how much will it deform?
How much will the part weigh, if made from a certain

4 Weight material, and will that weight create problems in other areas
of the machine‘s design?
How difficult is the material under consideration to machine,

5 Machinability
as this will effect manufacturing and build times?
How well does the material react to various types of welding

6 Weldability
and what impact will welding have on the resulting structure?
How expensive is the material under consideration and is it

7 Price
available from local sources?
8 Ferrous Is the material magnetic?
Does the material conduct electricity or is it subject to static

9 Conductivity
electricity?
When subjected to repeated forces over time, how well does

Wear
10 the material under consideration resist wear and what surface
Resistance
finishes might be considered?
11 Temperature How much time to take melt and solidify?
a) General Criteria for Selection

Materials are selected on the basis of four general criteria:
• Performance characteristics (properties)
• Processing (manufacturing) characteristics
• Environmental profile
• Business considerations
47
We have selected the material considering the above factors and also as per the availability of the
material. The materials which covers most of the above properties are: -
1) MILD STEEL :-
Composition :- Carbon→ 0.20 % - 0.30%
Manganese→ 0.30% - o.60%
Properties :- Tensile strength 44.54 kgf/mm²
Yield stress 28 kgf/mm²
Hardness 170 BHN
Uses :- General purpose steels for low stressed components.
2) BEARING METALS :-
They may be classified into:
I) Copper base bearing metals.
II) Tin base bearing metals
III) Lead base bearing metals.
IV) Cadmium base bearing metals.
Copper has metals are used for application of heavier pressures.
Tin base, lead base and cadmium base metal are also known as white metal alloys. Tin base metals
are used for application of high pressure and loan. Lead base metals are used for light loads and
pressure.
Cadmium base metals have more compressive strength as compared to the base metals used for
elevated temperature.
The application of cast iron & steel may be specified as follows:

1. Steel should be preferred for simple heavily loaded structure, which are to be manufactured
in small numbers; this is due to the factor that in lightly loaded structures the higher mechanical
properties of steel cannot be fully exploited.
2. Cast iron should be preferred for complex structures subjected to normal loading. When these
structures are to be made in large numbers.
3. Lately, combined welded and cast structures are becoming popular. They are generally used
where a steel structure is economically suitable but is difficult to manufacture wing to the complexity
of some portions; these complex portions are separately cast & welded to the main structures. An
example is that of cast bearing housings that are welded into the feed box.
48
The subject of MACHINE DESIGN deals with the art of designing machine of structure. A
machine is a combination of resistance bodies with successfully constrained relative motions which
is used for transforming other forms of energy into mechanical energy or transmitting and modifying
available design is to create new and better machines or structures and improving the existing ones
such that it will convert and control motions either with or without transmitting power. It is the
practical application of machinery to the design and construction of machine and structure. In order
to design simple component satisfactorily, a sound knowledge of applied science is essential. In
addition, strength and properties of materials including some metrological are of prime importance.
Knowledge of theory of machine and other branch of applied mechanics is also required in order to
know the velocity. Acceleration and inertia force of the various links in motion, mechanics of
machinery involve the design.
CONCEPT IN M.D.P.
Consideration in Machine Design
When a machine is to be designed the following points to be considered: -
i) Types of load and stresses caused by the load.
ii) Motion of the parts and kinematics of machine. This deals with the
iii) Type of motion i.e. reciprocating. Rotary and oscillatory.
iii) Selection of material & factors like strength, durability, weight, corrosion resistant, weld
ability, machine ability is considered.
iv) Form and size of the components.
v) Frictional resistances and ease of lubrication.
vi) Convenience and economy in operation.
vii) Use of standard parts.
viii) Facilities available for manufacturing.
ix) Cost of making the machine.

49
x) Number of machine or product to be manufactured.
GENERAL PROCEDURE IN MACHINE DESIGN

The general steps to be followed in designing the machine are as followed.
i) Preparation of a statement of the problem indicating the purpose of
the machine.
ii) Selection of groups of mechanism for the desire motion.
iii) Calculation of the force and energy on each machine member.
iv) Selection of material.
v) Determining the size of component drawing and sending for
manufacture.
vi) Preparation of component drawing and sending for manufacture.
vii) Manufacturing and assembling the machine.
viii) Testing of the machine and for functioning.
EN 10083 C45 steel carbon steel
C45 steel sheet Physico-chemical testing items for products of the plant include tensile test ,hardness
test ,impact test ,flattening test ,and chemical composition analysis ,etc .C20,C45 steel pipes are
manufactured by cold drawn process.
C45 is a medium carbon steel is used when greater strength and hardness is desired than in the "as
rolled" condition. Extreme size accuracy, straightness and concentricity combine to minimize wear
in high speed applications. Turned, ground and polished.
Soft Annealing
Heat to 680-710oC, cool slowly in furnace. This will produce a maximum Brinell hardness of 207.
Normalizing
Normalizing temperature: 840-880oC/air.
50
Hardening
Harden from a temperature of 820-860oC followed by water or oil quenching.
Tempering
Tempering temperature: 550-660oC/air.
C45 steel plate, EN 10083 C45 steel plate, under EN 10083 standard, we can regard C45 steel plate
as high carbon steel.
C45 steel plate is one mainly of high carbon steel,EN 10083 C45 steel plate is for quenching and
tempering. Technical delivery conditions for non alloy steels,these steels are for general engineering
purposes
Comparision of steel grades
JIS G 4051 S 45 C
C45 DIN 17200 C 45
EN 10083-2 NFA 33-101 AF65-C 45
Number:1.0503 UNI 7846 C 45
BS 970 070 M 46
UNE 36011 C 45 k
SAE J 403-AISI 1042/1045
Chemical Composition of EN C45 steel
Grade C(%)mi Si(%)min- Mn(%)mi P(%)ma S(%)ma Cr(%)mi
51
n-max max n-max x x n-max
C45 0.42- 0.15-0.35 0.50-0.80 0.025 0.025 0.20-

0.50 0.40
Mechanical Properties of EN C45 steel
Grade Condition Yield Tensile Elon- Hardne Quenc Benda- Nominal

Strength Strength ss hing Thickness,t
gation bility
R°(Mpa) Rm HRC Temp 1.95mm≤t≤10.
A5(%
eratur 0mm
(Mpa) )
e
R Annealed
(C) o
l
l
e
d
Rolled 460 750 18 58 820 Min.reco 2 1.0×t

- .
Annealed 330 540 30 55 860
mmende 0
C45 Water- 2270 d
×
quenched
1980 Bending t
Oil radius
quenched
(≤90°)
Properties of steel C45 (1.0503) Properties of steel C45 (1.0503)
52
Weldability: Due to the medium-high carbon content it can be welded with some precautions.
Hardenability: It has a low hardenability in water or oil; fit for surface hardening that gives this steel
grade a high hardness of the hardened shell.
Fig 39.Mild Steel C-45
Why Mild Steel C-45 is selected in our project.
1. Easily available in all sections.

2. Welding ability
3. Machinability
4. Cutting ability
5. Cheapest in all other metals.
Material = C 45 (mild steel)
Take fos= 2
σt = σb = 540/fos = 270 N/mm2
53
σs = 0.5 σt
= 0.5 x 270
= 135 N/mm2
Design of motor
Power of motor(max) = 30 N- m /s
Rpm of motor(max) = 100 rpm at motor pulley
CALCULATION FO FINAL SPEED & TORQUE
T = 2.86 N-m
T = 2864.4 N-mm
Now, pulley of 50 and 85 diameters is mounted.
Fig 40.Design of Pulley

So, ratio: 1:0.58
T2 = 4869 N-mm
N2 = 58.82 rpm
Now here according to our requirement we can increase or decrease the torque and rpm by changing
the motor voltage since we are using 3 batteries of 6v each
Design of shaft
Now, T2 is the maximum torque among all shafts, so we will check shaft for failure here.
54
Fig 40.Design of Shaft
T = π/16 x 135 x d3
d =5.6 mm
But we are using 20 mm shaft, so our design is safe.
Bearing selection from design data book
For 20mm Shaft diameter we take standard breaking no. P204
Fig 42.Design of Bearings

P=pedestal bearing
2=spherical ball or deep groove ball bearing
=04=5 × 4 = 20mm
55
Bore diameter of bearing
Design of V- belt:
NUMBER OF V-BELTS
We know that the power transmitted per belt
P = (T1-T2) x V
As we know maximum torque on shaft = Tmax = T = 4869 N-mm
Where,
T1 = Tension in tight side
T2 = Tension in slack side
O1, O2 = center distance between two shaft
From fig.
Sin  = R1 - R2
O1O2
Sin  = 42.5 - 25
230
Sin  = 0.07
 = 4.36
TO FIND 
 = (180 –2 ) x 3.14/180
 = (180 –2*0) x 3.14/180
 =2.98 rad
56
we know that,
T1/T2 = e Cosec β
T1/T2 = e0.25 x 2.98 cosec 20
T1 = 8.89 T2
We have,
T = (T1 – T2) X R
4869 = (8.89T2 – T2) X 42.5
T2 = 14.51 N
T1 = 129 N
So tension in tight side = T1= 129 N
V= DN/60
= 3.142 x 0.085 x 100/60
0.445 m/sec. 7060 mm/sec
P = (129 –14.51) x 0.445
P = 52.09 W (N-m/s)
Number of V-Belts:
Total Power transmitted
N=
Power transmitted per belt
= (power = 30 watts )
57
= 0.58
Say 1 belt
So 1 belt is sufficient for transmission of power
CALCULATION OF LENGTH OF BELT: -
We know that radius of pulley on shaft
r1 = d1/2 = 85 /2 = 42.5 mm
Radius of pulley on motor shaft
r2 = d2/2 = 50/2 = 25 mm
Center distance between two pulleys = 230 mm
We know length of belt
L = П (r2+r1) + 2 x X + (r2-r1)2/x
= П (42.5 + 25) + (2 x230) + (42.5 – 25)2/230
L = 630 mm = 25 inch
So, standard A-25 belt is used
58
Fig 43.Design of transverse fillet welded joint.
h=25 mm
Hence, selecting weld rod size = 3.2mm

b= 5 mm
Area of Weld = 0.707 x Weld Size x L
= 0.707 x 3.2 x 25
= 56.56 mm2
Force exerted = ---N
Stress induced = Force Exerted / Area of Weld
21 = F / 56.56
F= 1187.76 N = 121.07 kg
Maximum Allowable Stress for Welded Joints = 21 N/mm2
59
13.COST ESTIMATION
Cost estimation may be defined as the process of forecasting the expenses that must be
incurred to manufacture a product. These expenses take into a consideration all expenditure involved in a
design and manufacturing with all related services facilities such as pattern making, tool, making as well
as a portion of the general administrative and selling costs.
PURPOSE OF COST ESTIMATING:
1. To determine the selling price of a product for a quotation or contract so as to ensure a reasonable
profit to the company.
2. Check the quotation supplied by vendors.
3. Determine the most economical process or material to manufacture the product.
4. To determine standards of production performance that may be used to control the cost.
BASICALLY THE BUDGET ESTIMATION IS OF TWO TYRES:
1. material cost
2. Machining cost
MATERIAL COST ESTIMATION:
Material cost estimation gives the total amount required to collect the raw material which has to be
processed or fabricated to desired size and functioning of the components.
These materials are divided into two categories.
1. Material for fabrication:
In this the material in obtained in raw condition and is manufactured or processed to finished size for
proper functioning of the component.
1. Standard purchased parts:
This includes the parts which was readily available in the market like Allen screws etc. A list is forecast
by the estimation stating the quality, size and standard parts, the weight of raw material and cost per kg.
For the fabricated parts.
60
MACHINING COST ESTIMATION:
This cost estimation is an attempt to forecast the total expenses that may include to manufacture apart
from material cost. Cost estimation of manufactured parts can be considered as judgment on and after
careful consideration which includes labour, material and factory services required to produce the
required part.
PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF MATERIAL COST:
The general procedure for calculation of material cost estimation is
1. After designing a project, a bill of material is prepared which is divided into two categories.
a. Fabricated components
b. Standard purchased components
2. The rates of all standard items are taken and added up.
3. Cost of raw material purchased taken and added up.
LABOUR COST:
It is the cost of remuneration (wages, salaries, commission, bonus etc.) of the employees of a concern or
enterprise.
Labour cost is classifies as:
a. Direct labour cost
b. Indirect labour cost
Direct labour cost:
The direct labour cost is the cost of labour that can be identified directly with the manufacture of the
product and allocated to cost centers or cost units. The direct labour is one who counters the direct
material into saleable product; the wages etc. of such employees constitute direct labour cost. Direct
labour cost may be apportioned to the unit cost of job or either on the basis of time spend by a worker on
the job or as a price for some physical measurement of product.
Indirect labour cost:
61
It is that labour cost which cannot be allocated but which can be apportioned to or absorbed by cost
centers or cost units. This is the cost of labour that doesn‘t alters the construction, confirmation,
composition or condition of direct material but is necessary for the progressive movement and handling
of product to the point of dispatch e.g. maintenance, men, helpers, machine setters, supervisors and
foremen etc.
EXPENSES
The expenses are also mainly divided into direct and indirect labour expenses.
1) Direct expenses
The expenses which can be directly cragged on cost of particular product are called direct expenses.
2) indirect expenses
The expenses that cannot be charged directly on the cost of particular product are called indirect
expenses
PROCEDURE OF COSTING
Actual expenditure incurred in various departments for costing collects different items. The expenditure
is categorized under the following main heads. All the expenses made by an industry may be group into
various components of cost.
The various components of cost are under:
It should be noted that it is cumulative as shown. This system is used in most of modern industries
irrespective of their size. It is because this type of classification is very helpful in analyzing cost
compounds according to modern management techniques.
(a) Prime cost
it is also referred as direct cost and is comprised of the direct material cost, direct labour cost and direct
expenses incurred on the manufacturing of product.
Prime cost =Direct material cost + Direct labour cost + Direct expenses
(b) Factory cost
it is also referred as works cost and is comprised works overhead.
62
Factory cost = Prime cost + Factory over head
(c) Office cost
it is also referred as production cost of manufacturing, cost is comprised of factory cost and
administrative over heads or office on cost.
Office cost = Factory cost + Administrative over heads
(d) Total cost
it is also referred as ultimate cost or gross cost and is comprised of the Office cost and selling and
distribution overhead
total cost = Office cost + Selling and distribution overhead
(e) Selling price
When profit or loss of organization is added / subtracted to the total cost of the product we get selling
price.
selling price = Total cost + Profit or loss
(f) Market price
it is also referred as catalogue price or list price some percentage of discounts is always allowed to the
distributors, when this discount to the distribution is added to the selling price we get market price.
market price = Selling price + Discount to the distributors
Machines & equipment’s required
Required machine tools

 Lathe machine
 Welding machine
 Hacksaw machine
 Grinding machine
 Drilling machine
 Slotting machine
Required tools /equipment’s

63
 Hacksaw blade
 Spanner set
 Hammer
 Drill bit
 Fasteners
 Welding electrodes
 Center punch
 Measure tape
 Chisel
 Single point cutting tool
 Steel rule
 Rough, smooth file
Required fixture
 Bench vice
 Anvil
 C-clamp
 Drill machine vice
Other requirement
 Lubricating oil
 Cutting fluid
 Coolant
 Paint
The total labour cost is calculated on the basis of wages paid to the labour for 8 hours per day.
Cost estimation is done as under
Cost of project = (A) material cost + (B) Machining cost + (C) labour cost
(A) Material cost is calculated as under: -
64
i) Raw material cost
ii) Finished product cost
i) Raw material cost: -
It includes the material in the form of the Material supplied by the ―Steel authority of India limited‖ and
‗Indian aluminium co.,‘ as the round bars, angles, square rods, plates along with the strip material form.
We have to search for the suitable available material as per the requirement of designed safe values. We
have searched the material as follows: -
Hence the cost of the raw material is as follows: -
COSTING
SR NO PART NAME MAT QTY
(Rs)
1 18 V 2 SPEED DC GEAR MOTOR STD 1 NO 1800
2 SPRING SS 1 NO 140
3 SHAFT DIA 20 MM MS 5 KG 475
4 NITINOL WIRE NiTiNol 4 ft 2500
5 EXHAUST FAN STD 1 NO 1000
6 BATTERY 6 V LEAD ACID 3 NOS
7 SPRING SUPPORT MS 1 NO 100
ACRAYLIC REFRIGERATION
8 ACRLIC 2 NOS 200
SPACE
9 WIRES CU 1M 200
10 NUT BOLT WASHER M 10 MS 20 NOS 30
11 BASE FRAME MS 1 NO 500
12 TEMPERATURE GAUGE STD 2 NOS 400
13 MISCELLINOUS - - 6160
65
B) DIRECT LABOUR COST:-
RATE /
SR. NO. OPERATION HOURS AMOUNT
LABOUR
1. Turning 5 150 750
2. Drilling 7 100 700
3. Welding 16 175 2800
4. Grinding 3 60 180
5. Tapping 3 40 120
6. Cutting 8 40 320
7. Assembly 2 100 200
8. Painting 2 100 200
TOTAL 5270/-
INDIRECT COST
Transportation cost = 500/-
Coolent & lubricant = 100/-
Drawing cost = 500/-
Project report cost = 2000/-
TOTAL INDIRECT COST = 2100/-
66
TOTAL COST
Raw Material Cost + STD Parts Cost + Direct Labour Cost +Indirect Cost
Total cost of project is done in table
TOTAL COST AMOUNT
A 6160
B 5270
C 2100
Total cost of project 13530
67
14.PLAN OF PROPOSED WORK:
Sr. Activity/mont July Au Sep Oc No Dec Jan Fe Mar April May

No h g t t v b
1 Search of
topic
2 Selection of
topic and
research
papers
3 Finalising of
sponsored
project
4 Literature
review
5 Basic
diagram and
study of
components
6 Cad diagram
and starting
the
calculation of
components
7 Calculations
8 Finalizing
the
calculations
and
preparing
the final cad
68
diagram with
dimensions
9 Starting
manufacturi
ng
10 Buying the
standard
components
from market
11 Testing of
model
12 Rough draft
of report
13 Final report
14 Final
implementati
ons on model
15 Final testing
And results
69
15. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:
The following experimentation schedule has followed:
Experiments will be conducted three times during a day: during morning, during afternoon, and
during evening.
Three specimen readings for each time slot will be recorded. This reading was obtained by
repeating the experiments for three days.
For each reading, the Nitinol refrigeration system will be kept idle for at least fifteen minutes. In
all the cases, steady state will be reached before this time limit. The Nitinol refrigeration system
will be kept idle until steady state will be reached. The detection of steady state was based on the
non-changing reading of the probe for a sufficient period of time.
The hall chosen for experimentation will be sufficiently large to provide a reliable source of non-
altering ambient conditions.
The machine is provided with 3 batteries of 6 volts each.
The geared motor is used there with two speed wiring connection that means 6 different speed
can be taken for experiment.
The RPM on every speed is noted in the table
The temperature achieved on every RPM is shown in the table and appropriate graph will be
generated for that.
70
Atmospheric temperature was 30 0C
SR Number of rotation Hot Cold

NO. (in RPM) Temperature Temperature
(C) (C)
1 12 30.2 29.6
2 24 30.5 29.4
3 36 30.9 29.0
4 24 31.2 29.3
5 45 31.4 29.7
6 60 32.3 28.5
Nitinol Refrigeration
33
Temperature (in C)
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
12 24 36 24 45 60
No. of Rotations (in RPM)
Hot temperature Cold temperature
Fig 44. Result Graph
71
 Conclusion: -
At this point the planning and designing of project work is successfully

completed
Mathematical calculations required of safe design of project is done
The material required for making project is properly identified and all
components are purchased for the market
Hence we can understand that NiTinol based Cooling Device is the

most advanced way to increase the efficiency while curbing the
emission of CFCs.
The working cost and time is reduced.
72
References
[1] Optimization of processing of medical-grade Nitinol wire. Pelton Alan & Dicello J. &
Miyazaki Shuichi. (2009). Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies. 9. 107-118.
10.3109/13645700009063057.
[2] Design and control of a Nitinol wire actuated rotary servo. G Song. 2007. Smart Mater.
Struct.16 1796.
[3] Optimization of processing of medical-grade Nitinol wire. Pelton Alan & Dicello J. &
Miyazaki Shuichi. (2009). Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies. 9. 107-118.
10.3109/13645700009063057.
[4] Baz A, Chen T and Ro J 1994 Shape control of NITINOL-reinforced composite beams Proc.
SPIE 2190 436-53
[5] Hunter JG, Sackier JM. In: Hunter JG, Sackier JM,editors. Minimally invasive surgery. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1993: 3.
[6] Stockel D. Nitinol medical devices and implants. Minlnvasive Ther Allied Technol 2000; 9:
[7] Funakubo H, ed. Shape memory alloys, New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers,
1984.
[8] Duerig TW, Melton KN, Stockel D, Wayman CM, editors. Engineering aspects of shape
memory alloys. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990
[9] Design and Implementation of Experimental Set-up for PropertyAssessment of NiTiNol

Shape Memory Actuator SpringsMaida Ascic, Nihat Akkus, Huseyin Yuce
73
[10]A. Rao, A.R. Srinivasa, J.N. Reddy, Design ofShape Memory Alloy (SMA) Actuator,
TexasA&M University, TX, USA
[11]F. Butera, 2008, Shape Memory Actuators forAutomotive Applications, SAES Getters
S.p.A.,Milano, Italy.
[12] Funakudo, H, 1987 , Shape Memory Alloys, Postoffice Box 768 , New York
74

Performance Analysis of Cooling Device Made by NICKEL-TITANIUM MEMORY WIRE

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Performance Analysis of Cooling Device Made by NICKEL-TITANIUM MEMORY WIRE

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A Report on

“Performance Analysis of Cooling Device Made By

Ms. Gauri H.Jadhav. Mr. Sachin S.Kesgire

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

D Y Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology,Ambi,Pune.

It is matter of great pleasure for us to submit this report on “Performance

Analysis of Cooling Device Made By Nickel-Titanium Memory Wire”, as a part of

curriculum during the course of Mechanical Engineering, Semester-VII

We heartily thankful to Prof.Dr.L.V.Kamble (Principal), Prof. Dr.K.C.More ( Head of

Mechanical Dept.) ,Prof.A.H.Raut For providing an invaluable opportunity to work on this

Fig. Name Of Figure Pg.

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

39. Mild steel C-45 53

40. Design of pulley 54

41. Design of Shaft 55

42. Design of bearing 55

43. Design of transverse fillet welded joint 59

44. Result graph 71

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

Sr. No. Name Of Topics Page

10. Hydraulically/Tractor Operated Auger 14

13. Parts Description 20

16. Plan of Proposed Work 68

17. Results & Discussions 70

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

 A Machine with less noise and more efficient.

 To Improve and optimize the present procedure.

 To improve work efficiency.

 Functional requirement of proposed system

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

The underlying principle is simple and essentially involves subjecting a particular

Methodology for proposed work

 To conduct research on projects worked till today‘s time.

 Creating a schematic diagram of the cooling system as to be modified.

 To construct working drawing of assembly by computer aided design procedure.

 Calculations of the machine.

 Assembly and fabrication of refrigerator.

 To analyze the results obtained.

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

 Design and Implementation of Experimental Set-up for Property Assessment

An experimental set-up to make property assessment of NiTiNol (Nickel Titanium

Fig 1.A multistage elastocaloric refrigerator and heat pump with 28 K

Ryan Snodgrass & David Erickson. Sci Rep 9, 18532 (2019).

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

Fig 2. Optimization of processing of medical-grade Nitinol wire.

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

FIGURE- CAD MODEL OF THE ASSEMBLED PROJECT, DESIGNED ON

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

Fig 8.SPRING Fig 9. HOLDER

Fig 10.V-BELT Fig 11.SHAFT

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

Fig 14.COOLING FAN Fig 15.TEMPERATURE GAUGE

Fig 16.NITINOL WIRE

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)

DESIGN OF PHYSICAL MODEL

MATERIAL SELECTION AND

Fig 17.Process Flowchart diagram

D Y PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMBI, B.E.(MECHANICAL)