‫بسم

الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫اللجنة العلمية الدائمة لترقية أساتذه جامعة األزھر‬
‫التخصص‪ :‬الھندسة الكھربية‬

‫استمارة تمأل بواسطة المتقدم‬

‫لبيان دوره فى البحث معتمدا من باقى الباحثين‬
‫ولو اشترك مع أخرين فى غير تخصصه‬

‫بحث رقم‪ :‬األول‬

‫عنون البحث‪:‬‬

‫تحسين كفاءة نظام القوى الھجين من الخاليا الفولطية وطاقة الرياح‬

‫‪Efficiency Improvement for A Hybrid PV-Wind Energy System‬‬

‫الدور‬
‫توقيع‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫التخصص‬ ‫اسماء المشتركين في‬
‫المشتركين‬ ‫كتابة البحث‬ ‫تحليل النتائج‬ ‫اجراء البحث‬ ‫الدقيق‬ ‫البحث‬
‫وبروتكول‬
‫واعداده للنشر‬ ‫ومناقشتھا‬ ‫وتنفيذه‬
‫البحث‬
‫اآلت‬
‫‪%70‬‬ ‫‪%70‬‬ ‫‪%70‬‬ ‫‪%70‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬عمرو رفقى‬
‫كھربية‬
‫اآلت‬
‫‪%20‬‬ ‫‪%20‬‬ ‫‪%20‬‬ ‫‪%20‬‬ ‫أ‪.‬د‪.‬م‪.‬حمدى عبدالحليم‬
‫كھربية‬
‫اآلت‬
‫‪%10‬‬ ‫‪%10‬‬ ‫‪%10‬‬ ‫‪%10‬‬ ‫م‪.‬ھناء الشربينى‬
‫كھربية‬

‫اسم المتقدم‪ :‬عمرو رفقى على عبدالوھاب‬

‫التوقيع‪:‬‬
 ‫الملخص العربى للبحث‬
‫عنون البحث‪ :‬تحسين كفاءة نظام القوى الھجين من الخاليا الفولطية وطاقة الرياح‬
‫يھتم ھذ البحث باألداء العالى لتوليد القوى الكھربية من نظام ھجين مكون من الخاليا الشمسية الضوئية‬
‫مع طاقة الرياح المنتجة بواسطة المولدات الحثية مزدوجة التغذية )‪ (DFIG‬ذات القدرات العالية‪.‬‬
‫يعتمد المقترح المقدم فى البحث على ربط القدرة المولدة من الخاليا الشمسية الضوئية مع تلك المولدة‬
‫من العضو الدوار للمولد الحثى من خالل موحد تيار وربطھا مع الشبكة باستخدام محوالت الطاقة فى‬
‫كال الجانبين)جانب الشبكة وجانب العضو الدوار(‪ .‬يقدم المقترح تكامل ذكى وإقتصادى للربط بين‬
‫الخاليا الشمسية الضوئية وجزء من طاقة الرياح المولدة‪ .‬كما يحقق المقترح الھجين تتبع نقطة القوى‬
‫العظمى )‪ (MPPT‬للخاليا الشمسية مع التحكم فى جھد عمود التوصيل للتيار المستمر للحصول على‬
‫توليد مثالى للطاقة من الخاليا الشمسية باستخدام خورزميات المالحظة والتتبع‪ .‬كما يعنى البحث‬
‫بالتحكم فى تربينة الرياح لتحقيق أعلى معدل توليد باإلقتران مع التحكم فى اتجاة ريش التربينة لتجنب‬
‫الزيادة فى الحمل فى حالة زيادة سرعة الرياح عن السرعات المققنة‪ .‬يتم التحكم فى محول الطاقة جھة‬
‫العضو الدوار لفصل التحكم فى سرعة المولد والتحكم فى القدرة غير الفعالة‪ .‬كما يتم التحكم فى جھد‬
‫عمود التوصيل ذى التيار المستمر عن طريق محول الطاقة جانب الشبكة‪ .‬تم نمذجة ومحاكاة النظام‬
‫بالكامل فى بيئة سيميولينك‪-‬متالب كما تم دراسة النتائج لتحليل وتقدير أداء النظام تحت شروط تشغيل‬
‫متغييرة‪ .‬من أھم النتائج التى توصل اليھا ھذا البحث ھو بناء ناجح لمحاكى نظام توليد طاقة ھجين من‬
‫الخاليا الشمسية الضوئية وطاقة الرياح بواسطة مولد حثى تناثى التغذية لتجنب مساوئ مصادر الطاقة‬
‫القائمة على المصادر المنفصلة‪ .‬فقد ضمن ھذا النظام استمرارية التوليد مع تحسين جودة القدرة‬
‫المولدة‪ .‬يعرض البحث كيفية تصميم تحكم متكامل ل ‪ GCS‬و ‪ RSC‬للحصول على أعلى قدرة مولدة‬
‫كذا التحكم فى جھد عمود التوصيل للتيار المستمر وكذا التحكم فى القدرة الفعالة والغير فعالة‪ .‬كما‬
‫أوضحت النتائج ان القدرة الفعالة المولدة من العضو الدوار تتغير بتغير سرعة الرياح‪ .‬ففى وضع‬
‫التشغيل تحت التزامنى فإن العضو الدوار يستھلك جزءا من القدرة الفعالة من الشبكة مباشرة أو من تلك‬
‫المولدة بواسطة الخاليا الشمسية الضوئية‪ .‬وفى وضع التشغيل األعلى من التزامنى فإن الجزء الدوار‬
‫يغذى الشبكة بالقدرة الفعالة المولدة فى ملفاته‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
Untitled Document http://www.curresweb.com/csi/csi_July-Sept-2016.html

www.curresweb.com

July-Sep, 2016

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Injectable Vesicles

Hussein O. Ammar, Magdy Ibrahim, Azza A. Mahmoud, Rehab N. Shamma and Nada M. El Hoffy

[231-235]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ambition Level of University Students under the Current Community Problems: Afield
Study of the Agricultural College Students, Zagazig University

Huda A. A. El-Deeb

[236-255]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Efficiency Improvement for A Hybrid PV-Wind Energy System

H. Elsherbiny, Hamdy A. M. Shatla and Amr Refky

[256-265]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Production of Some Healthy Snacks for Children

Mona E. Youssef

[266-275]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Validation of Multiresidue Method for Determination of 200 Pesticide Residues in Fresh

Pepper using GC–MSMS

Emad R. Attallah

[276-285]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Complementary Effect of Neem and Mirazid on Mice Experimentally Infected with S. mansoni

Hanan Taher, Fayez Shaldoum and Wafaa Fayez

[286-298]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Plasma Micronutrients; Leptin and Lipid Profile in Obese Egyptian Adolescents:

A Case Control Study

Shawkia S. Abd El-Halim and Lobna M. El-Hadidy

[299-306]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 of 2 8/22/2017 7:56 PM
Untitled Document http://www.curresweb.com/csi/csi_July-Sept-2016.html

Determination of the Elements Concentration in Egyptian Black Sand Using the

Neutron Activation Analysis Technique

Eman Salem

[307-313]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FT-IR, molecular structure, first order hyperpolarizability, HOMO and LUMO energy gap, NLO and MEP analyses of
4-cyanopyranoquinoline-2-one (CPQ)

El-Mansy M. A. M., M. Ibrahim, H. S. Soliman and S. M. Atef

[314-324]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Efficiency of Chrysoperia carnea (Stephens) to suppress Myzus persicae (Sulzer) infesting potato plants in the field

Abd El-Hameed Neama A., Afaf Abd El-Wahab, Horia A. Abd El-Wahab and Marwa M. Mousa

[325-327]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Some Agriculture Waste as A Functional Food in Meat Technology

Nassar A. G., N. EL-Badry and A. M. Sulaiman

[328-339]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Role of AC Current-Iontophoresis in Enhancing Transport of Insulin through Different Membranes

Mervat A. Mohamed, Taha I. Hewala and Mohamed E. Hegazy

[340-348]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 of 2 8/22/2017 7:56 PM
Current Science International Volume : 05 | Issue : 03 | July- Sept. |2016
ISSN: 2077-4435 Pages: 256-265

Efficiency Improvement for A Hybrid PV-Wind Energy System

H. Elsherbiny, Hamdy A. M. Shatla and Amr Refky

Electrical Engineering Department, El-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Received: 29 June 2016 / Accepted: 27 July 2016 / Publication date: 05 August 2016

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a high performance power generation of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) with a large
capacity doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy system. The proposed scheme injects PV
power into the grid using both the grid and rotor-side power converters of DFIG. This proposed scheme
provides an elegant and economic integration of PV source and DFIG-based wind energy source. The proposed
hybrid system realizes maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV installation in conjunction with the dc
bus voltage control to extract optimum power from the PV source by using Perturb and Observe Algorithm. The
wind turbine is controlled to achieve the maximum power extracted from the wind in conjunction with pitch
control to avoid overloading in case of high wind velocity over the rated value. The rotor side converter (RSC)
is controlled for decoupled control of machine rotor speed and stator reactive power. Also the dc voltage is
controlled by the grid side converter (GSC). The complete system is modelled and simulated using Matlab
Simulink environment. A series of results are obtained in order to analyze the system performance under
variable operating conditions.

Keywords: Hybrid, PV, MPPT, DFIG, RSC, GSC, Matlab.

Introduction
Nowadays, with aggravating energy crisis and environmental pollution, Increasing industrialization, and the
mankind’s craving for more and more comfort this resulted in a consistent rise in the demand for electricity.
Renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV), wind, fuel cell stack, biomass, tidal energy, etc.,
have gained world-wide attention as an environment-friendly and share more and more proportions of power
demands globally (Xu et al., 2012). The PV power is another promising clean energy source since it is global
and can be harnessed without using rotating generators. PV generator is composed of a various number of solar
cells connected like series and parallels. However, the PV performance depends on irradiation and temperature
(Krismadinata et al., 2013).
Wind power generation based on DFIG has gained increasing popularity due to several advantages,
including smaller converters rating around 30% of the generator rating, variable speed and four-quadrant active
and reactive power operation capabilities, lower converter cost, and power losses compared with the fixed-speed
induction generators or synchronous generators with full-sized converters (Nian and Song, 2014). In addition,
the connection of wind energy conversion system (WECS) to the grid through two voltages source converters
(RSC & GSC) to make variable speed operation possible.
The integration of renewable energy sources to form a hybrid system is an excellent option for distributed
energy production despite their unpredictability and weather dependency (Emad, 2013). The hybrid renewable
energies systems (HRES) are popular thanks to progress in technologies of renewable energies and the rise of oil
price. A HRES is composed of two or more renewable energy sources with appropriate energy conversion
technology connected together to feed power to local load or grid. Multi-source hybrid renewable energy
sources overcome, to some extent, the intermittency, uncertainty, and low availability of single-source
renewable energy systems, which has made the power supply more reliable (Daniel and Gounden, 2004). There
are various types of HRES such as PV-Wind, PV-diesel, wind-hydro and wind-diesel. The combination of PV-
Wind is preferable because PV and wind powers are complementary, as sunny days generally have very low
wind while cloudy days and night times are more likely to have strong wind (Ashraf, 2010). Therefore, hybrid
PV-Wind systems have higher availability and reliability than systems based on individual PV or wind sources.
Therefore, this study is orientated towards grid-connected PV-Wind systems.

Grid-Connected Hybrid PV-Wind System Topologies

The hybrid PV-Wind energy generation system overcomes several drawbacks of the individual PV and
wind energy sources. An inherent advantage of hybrid solar PV-Wind energy system is the reduction in the
overall variation in the power output. There are various connection of PV-Wind energy generation systems.
First option is to connect the source to a dc bus bar. Subsequently, an inverter will be used to supply the
load and connect to the grid. Solar PV will be connected to the dc link through converter as shown in Fig.1 (a).
The second option is to connect the sources to the grid via an AC bus bar, using an inverter for every
Corresponding Author: H. Elsherbiny, Electrical Engineering Department, El-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: hanaa.sherbiny@yahoo.com
256
Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

source as shown in Fig.1(b). This will increase the redundancy of the system, as every source can work
independently from the other sources. In addition, this will increase the overall system cost. In order to
overcome these problems, Fig.1(c) shows the proposed scheme, the RSC and GSC associated with DFIG are
also used to inject the generated PV power into the grid.

Proposed system description

The detailed connection of the proposed hybrid PV-Wind energy system is shown in Fig.2. The PV is
connected to the dc-link between the RSG and the GSC. The RSG is connected to the terminals of DFIG for the
MPPT. The GSC is connected to the stator terminals of DFIG and the grid through a delta-star transformer. It
operates as a shunt active power filter for compensating harmonics.
Thus, the proposed configuration and control scheme provide an elegant and economic integration of PV
source and DFIG-based wind energy source. The proposed hybrid system offers the following advantages:
 Minimized variation of the injected grid power over a day.
 Reduced overall cost due to the elimination of one VSI (that is used to inject the PV power in conventional
interface) and its control circuit.
 Optimal utilization of power converters (RSC & GSC).
 Reduced losses due to the reduction of the circulating power flow in the DFIG during low speed operation and
high solar radiation.
 Improved efficiency as the generated PV power is injected through the DFIG power converter.
 Extraction of the PV maximum power in conjunction with the dc bus voltage control. It also realizes the
maximum power extraction from the wind in conjunction with pitch control to avoid overloading in case of
high wind velocity.
 Enhanced power quality and reliability using energy storage system.
 Controlled PV power to tackle the worest environmental conditions (both high radiation and wind velocity).

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in PV System

The PV cell can be considered as a current generator connected in parallel with one diode or two diodes. Its
equivalent circuit and modeling is discussed briefly in Nordin and Omar, (2011); Villalva et al., (2009); Islam et
al., (2013). The amount of energy generated by PV array varies with change in environmental condition such as
insolation and temperature. Solar cells have a nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V)
characteristics, both of them vary with the solar irradiation and the temperature of the cell (Mohammed, 2011).
On I-V or P-V curve there is a unique point called MPP at which the efficiency of PV system becomes
Maximum and PV system produces its maximum output power. The location of the MPP is not known, but can
be located, either through calculation models or by search algorithms (Gomathy et al., 2012). To deliver the
highest possible power to the load continuously especially when these variations occur; the MPPT technique
must be used(Chafle et al., 2013) .
The Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm is widely used because of its less hardware complexity,
less formula intense and ease of implementation. It is also economic for small-scaled PV plants. With P&O
technique, the operating voltage is measured and controlled to change in the required direction of the maximum
power (Chafle et al., 2013). The entire process of P&O flow chart is shown in Fig. 3. To calculate the MPP, it is
necessary to use DC-DC converter which connected to the photovoltaic system. The duty cycle of the DC-DC
converter is controlled to regulate the voltage of PV. The voltage regulation affects the current of PV and
consequently the PV power. The PV power is controlled in the direction of reaching the maximum power point
(Tripathi et al., 2013).

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.1 (a, b): Block diagram of the conventional PV-Wind hybrid systems (c) Proposed PV-Wind hybrid system.

257
 Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

Fig. 2: Proposed solar PV-Wind energy system based DFIG.

Fig.3: Flow Chart of P&O Control Technique

Modeling of DFIG
The DFIG dynamics is represented in synchronous rotating reference frame (d-q frame) as given in (1)-(4)
(Xu et al., 2009).
…………………………………………………………………………… (1)
…………………………………………………………………………….. (2)
…………………………………………………………………….. (3)
……………………………………………………………………… (4)
where , are the d-q axes stator and rotor voltages respectively. And , , , are the d-q
axes stator and rotor currents respectively. Meanwhile, , , , are the d-q axes stator and rotor

258
Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

fluxes, respectively. is the angular velocity of the synchronous rotating reference frame, is rotor angular
velocity, and are the stator and rotor resistances, respectively.
The flux linkage equations are given by:
……………………………………………………………………………………… (5)
………………………………………………………………………………… (6)
…………………………………………………………………………………… (7)
…………………………………………………………………………………… (8)
where , and are the stator self, rotor self, and mutual inductance respectively.
and ; being the stator leakage-inductance, and being the rotor leakage
inductance.
Solving (5)-(8) in terms of current equations
………………………………………………………………………………… (9)

……………………………………………………………………………… (10)

………………………………………………………………………………... (11)

……………………………………………………………………………….. (12)
where leakage coefficient
……………………………………………………………………………………………... (13)
The expressions of the torque, stator and the rotor powers can be rewritten as follows:
………………………………………………………………………………..(14)
……………………………………………………………………………………. (15)
…………………………………………………………………………… ........ (16)
…………………………………………………………………………………... (17)
……………………………………………………………………………………..(18)

Rotor-Side Converter Control

The control objective of RSC is to allow the DFIG wind turbine for decoupled control of machine rotor
speed and stator reactive power. This facilitates high flexibility which enables the turbine to capture maximum
energy from wind and at the same time to provide reactive power support to the grid (Li et al., 2012). The
stator-flux oriented reference frame is the most commonly used one. Under the stator flux control scheme, all
the stator and rotor variables are needed to be converted to the synchronously rotating stator flux reference
frame. In the stator-flux oriented reference frame, the d-axis is aligned with the stator flux linkage vector ,
namely, and . This gives the following relationships (Qiao, 2009):
…………………………………………………………………………………….. (19)
……………………………………………………………………………………………. (20)
………………………………………………………………………………………………. (21)
where, is the magnetizing current of DFIG.
………………… ………………………………………………………………….. (22)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….... (23)
……………………………………………………………. (24)
………………………………………………... (25)
The q-axis of the rotating reference frame is aligned to the stator voltage i.e. and .The
develop torque, stator active and reactive power can be expressed as:
………………………………………………………………………… (26)
……………………………………………………………………………… (27)
……………………………………………………………………. … (28)

259
Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

The control signals for the RSC can be developed and written as follows:
…………………………………………………………………………. (29)
…………………………………………………………… (30)
………………………………………………………………... (31)
………………………………………………………………... (32)
Figure 4 shows the vector control scheme for the rotor-side PWM voltage source converter.
Grid side converter and PV Power Control
Starting with space vector equation in synchronous rotating reference frame (Wandhare et al., 2015), the
GSC current model, after converting the components into d-q axis is represented by
………………………………………………………….. (33)

…………………………………………………………... (34)

where and are the modulation indices.

In this case, d-axis of reference frame is aligned with the voltage vector, i.e, . New variables and
can be introduced in (33) and (34) to obtain the transfer function, to enable the design of the inner
current loops as follows:
………………………………………………………………………….… (35)

From (33) and (34), the modulation indices and can be expressed as follows to incorporate
decoupling and feed forward compensation:
………………………………………………………………………... (36)
……………………………………………………………………………….… (37)
The PI compensator for the inner current control loop of GSC can be designed as in Wandhare et al.,
(2015). Thus, proportional ( ) and integral ( ) parameters of the PI controllers are
……………………………………………………………………………….… (38)
where is the time constant. The closed-loop transfer function of the current control loop ( ) can be
reduced to first order with unity gain as follows:
…………………………………………………………………………………………..... (39)
is assumed to be a constant for the design of inner current control. In the proposed scheme, PV power is
controlled by regulating and ensuring that the operation does not shift to the over modulation range.
Figure 3 shows the proposed flow chart for the control of PV power. This flow chart incorporates MPPT for
optimum power. Plant model for the PV terminal (dc link) voltage control can be determined from the power
balance condition across the dc and ac ports of GSC as follows
………………………………………………………………………. (40)
Assuming the inner current control loop of GSC to be considerably faster ( is small), the reference,
is used as the controlling parameter for dc-bus voltage regulation. is state as well as an output variable
while is the control variable and input to the inner current control loop. Using a new variable , the
transfer function can be written as follows:
…………………………………………………………………………………... (41)
where is related to as follows:
…………………………………………………………………………..… (42)
The measured rotor power ) and PV-power may be provided for feed-forward compensation to
improve dynamic response against disturbances. The loss component of the converter and that of dc-link cannot
be measured. Therefore, the integral term is added with a lead compensator to achieve zero steady-state error
and sufficient phase margin. A phase boost ( ) at the required cut-off frequency ( ) of the gain plot can
be designed such that ≈0.1 to 0.3×1/Tcig(Wandhare et al., 2015). Thus, has the following form:
………………………………………………………………………………………… (43)

260
Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

where , and is adjusted such that the gain plot cuts the frequency axis at .
The GSC control strategy is shown in Fig. 5; the parameters of the hybrid system and the final form of
controllers determined from the previous procedure are presented in appendix.

(  S   r ) r L r i qr

L2m Vdc
(S  r ) ims   r Lr idr
LS

Q S* I dr*

PS* Iqr*

Fig. 4: Block diagram for the rotor-side converter control

Fig. 5: Proposed control strategy for the grid-side converter.

261
Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

Simulation Verification
In this section, dynamic performance of the complete control scheme for various stages of the proposed
hybrid PV/DFIG system is evaluated. The complete system is modeled in MATLAB-Simulink software for
verification/validation purpose. The system parameters are listed in the appendix.
To evaluate the important aspects of the proposed system, wind velocity and hence turbine speed are varied
in the regions of sub synchronous and super synchronous speed as shown in Fig.6(a) by keeping turbine-
machine combined inertia very low and directly controlling the speed parameter of the inbuilt MATLAB model.
Similarly, solar radiation is also varied so as to cover most frequently occurring events (including worst events)
as shown in the same figure. The solar irradiance varies from 1000w/m2 to zero at t=0.75sec and from zero to
800w/m2 at t= 2.25sec, while the wind speed varies from 6 m/s to 14m/s and also from 14m/s to 8m/s.
Figure 6(b) shows the stator current profile. As the grid voltages are constant, the stator current profile
reflects the stator power variation. In super synchronous mode (1.2 sec to 1.8 sec), the pitch controls the DFIG
power (current) to its rated value. The rotor current profile illustrated in Fig.6(c).
Fig.6 (d) shows the active and reactive powers of the DFIG stator windings. It can be seen that when the
wind speed increase above 12m/s (super synchronous), the active power varies strongly with the wind speed to
its rated value according to pitch control. The reactive power is controlled to achieve unity power factor. It has
noticed fluctuations at the transient periods and zero in the remaining time.
Figure 6(e) illustrates the maximum power extracted from the PV system. It can be noticed that the PV
output power vary in proportional way with the solar irradiance.
At first when machine is operating in sub synchronous mode (6m/s), the PV power is routed through both
rotor-side and grid-side converters. Hence, in spite of large power flow, the PV source still operates at MPP
(controlled by the algorithm in Fig. 3) and adjusts the dc-link voltage at VMP as shown in Fig. 6(f). During the
time interval t=2.25–3 sec, the solar PV go back to work again with lower irradiance level, the dc-link voltage is
adjusted to lower value to extract the maximum power from the PV system.
Figure 6(g) illustratesthe rotor active power ( ) under variable wind speed.Whenthe wind speed is lower
than the rated wind speed, the rotor absorbed the active power from the grid during the intervals t= (0-1) sec and
t= (2-3) sec. on the other hand, when the wind speed is becomes over the rated speed (super-synchronous), the
rotor gives its active power to the grid during the intervals t= (1-2) sec.
The activeand reactive powers of GSC are depicted by Fig. 6(h).First, when the solar irradiance exists, the
solar power is splitted to feed the rotor and the remaining portion flows out to the grid through GSC. Second,
when the solar irradiance equal zero, there will be two modes of operation for the DFIG (sub synchronous and
super synchronous). In sub synchronous mode (0.75-1.2 sec and 1.8-2.25 sec), GSC absorbs active power from
the grid to fed the rotor. On the other hand during super synchronous mode, (1.25-1.8 sec), the rotor give its
power to the grid through GSC. The reactivepower is controlled to achieve the unity power factor so it still
equal to zero.
Figure 6(i) illustrates the total active power injected to the grid through both the DFIG stator windings and
GSC. In the time interval (t=1.2-1.8 sec), the wind speed passes its rated value, hence the pitch controls the total
output power of DFIG to the rated value (1.5MW).
The d-q component of the rotor current is depicted in Fig.6 (j).The PV voltage is shown in Fig.6 (k), while its
current is illustrated by Fig.6(l).

(a) wind speed and radiation, (b) stator current,

262
 Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

(c) rotor current, (d ) stator active and reactive power,

(e) PV power, (f) dc-link voltage,

(g) rotor active power, (h) GSC active and reactive power,

(i) total active power, (j) rotor current components,

(k) PV voltage, (l) PV current.

Fig. 6. Simulation results.

Conclusion

A reliable and simple scheme integrating of a hybrid PV-wind energy generation system has been
successfully developed to overcome several drawbacks of the individual PV and wind energy sources. The
proposed hybrid system has scope for integration of energy storage for enhancing power quality in terms of
continuity and availability of the power supply. The paper shows how the integrated GSC and RSC control is
designed to implement the maximum power extraction, dc-link voltage control, active and reactive power
control. It presents the nonlinear modeling and simulation of a hybrid (PV-DFIG) system with MPPT. The
model is simulated using Matlab/Simulink environment. The results illustrate that the rotor active power varies
under variable wind speed. In sub synchronous mode of operation, the rotor absorbed the active power from the
grid or it absorbs a portion from the PV generated power. That in turn lowers the KVA rating of the GSC and

263
Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

also its cost. In super synchronous mode of operation, the rotor gives its power to the grid. This mode of
operation happens at lower levels of solar irradiance. This in turn insures the overloading of GSC is mostly
unexpected. At the worst cases of operation with rated PV power and higher wind speeds, the overloading of
GSC can be controlled by reducing the PV generated power. It’s clear that the proposed system optimally uses
the daily available energy from solar and wind sources making the best possible utilization of its converters.

References

Ashraf Abdel Hafeez Ahmed Mahmoud, 2010. Power Conditioning Unit forSmallScale Hybrid PV-Wind
Generation System, PhD thesis,Durham University.
Chafle, S. R., U. B. Vaidya, and Z.J. Khan, 2013. Design Of Cuk Converter With MPPT Technique.
International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical ,Electronics,Instrumentatin and Control
Engineering , Vol. 1, No. 4, pp.161–167.
Daniel, S. A. and N. A.Gounden, 2004. A Novel Hybrid Isolated Generating System Based on PV Fed Inverter-
Assisted Wind-Driven Induction Generators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 19, NO. 2,
pp.416–421.
Emad Maher Natsheh, 2013. Hybrid power systems energy management based on Artificial Intelligence,” PhD
thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University.
Gomathy, S., S.Saravanan , and S. Thangavel, 2012. Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) Algorithm for a Standalone PV System,” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.1–7.
Islam, Md. A., A. Merabet, R. Beguenane, and H. Ibrahim, 2013. Modeling Solar Photovoltaic Cell and
Simulated Performance Analysis of a 250W PV Module,” IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference
(EPEC) Energy, pp.1–6, Halifax, NS , Aug. 2013.
Krismadinata, N. Abd. Rahim, H. W. Ping, and J. Selvaraj, 2013. Photovoltaic module modeling using
Simulink/matlab,” The 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security SUSTAIN,
pp.537–546, 2013.
Li, S., T.A. Haskew, K. A. Williams and R. P. Swatloski, 2012. Control of DFIG Wind Turbine with Direct-
Current Vector Control Configuration,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 3, NO. 1, pp. 1–11.
Mohammed, S. S., 2011.Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic module using MATLAB/Simulink,”
International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp.351–355.
Nian, H., and Y. Song, 2014. Direct Power Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator under Distorted Grid
Voltage,” IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 1198– 1208.
Nordin. A. H. M., and A. M. Omar, 2011. Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic (PV) Array and Maximum
Power Point Tracker (MPPT) for Grid-Connected PV System ,” 3rd International Symposium & Exhibition
in Sustainable Energy & Environment, pp.114–119, 1-3.
Qiao, W., 2009. Dynamic Modeling and Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators Driven by Wind
Turbines,” IEEE Power Systems Conference and Exposition, pp.1–8, March 2009.
Tripathi, R.N., A. Singh, and M. Badoni, 2013. A MATLAB-Simulink-Based Solar Photovoltaic Array (SPVA)
Module with MPPT,” International Conference on Emerging Trends in Communication, Control, Signal
Processing & Computing Applications (C2SPCA), pp.1–6, 2013.
Villalva, M. G. , J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho, 2009. Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of
Photovoltaic Arrays. IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 1198– 1208.
Wandhare, R.G., and V. Agarwal, 2015. Novel Integration of a PV-Wind Energy System with Enhanced
Efficiency,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 30, No. 7, pp.3639–3649.
Xu, H., J. Hu and Y. He, 2012 “Operation of Wind-Turbine-Driven DFIG Systems under Distorted Grid
Voltage Conditions: Analysis and Experimental Validations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.
27, NO. 5, pp.2354–2366.
Xu, L., D. Zhi, and B. W. Williams, 2009. Predictive Current Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators,”
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 10, pp. 4143– 4153.

APPENDIX

Parameter Value
PV capacity (MW) 0.6
Nominal power (MW) 1.5
Nominal L-L voltage (V) 575
Nominal frequency (HZ) 60
Number of pole pairs 3
Stator leakage inductance (pu) 0.18

264
Curr. Sci. Int., 5(3): 256-265, 2016
ISSN: 2077-4435

Stator resistance (pu) 0.023

Rotor leakage inductance (pu) 0.16
Rotor resistance (pu) 0.016
Magnetising inductance (pu) 2.9
Lumped friction constant (pu) 0.01
Lumped inertia constant (Nm.s2) 0.685
DC-link voltage (V) 1150
DC-link capacitor (μ F) 100000
at 1000 W/m (V) 1160
GSC current controller
DC-bus voltage controller GCV(s) )

265