1 Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups, Photos I and 2 show two kinds of extreme weather ~ extreme heat and extreme cold. a How can extreme weather conditions like these affect people’ lives? b What kind of weather do you most like and dislike and why? 2. Photos 3 and 4 show two types of natural disasters — flooding and a forest fire a How do these affect people’s lives? | b What safety measures could be taken to prevent them happening? ‘AROUND US 113 EEOverview 112: UNITS MEDIA Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to forma word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning, Cybercafé dangers Ina typical week teenagers 9_Ahaveling professionals and tourists TRAVEL are in ___forone of the computer terminals ata twenty-four-hour COMPETE cybercafé in New York’ Times Square. The café is? booked ful every evening Cybercafes like this area °__ to many people because they conventent provide food and drink as well as Net access. Butin4___to oo people without home computers, cybercafés could beso ATTRACT all sorts of &___ ike public telephones, eybereafés are cre pen to anyone, without the need for any kindof REOSTEA With thousands of customers «__ cafés ike this every day, sir law-breakers could go unnoticed. Although somecafés ask ‘EASY for photo w, before customers can log on, others don't. ADENTIFY Rewrite this conversation in reported speech. Use the reporting verbs in brackets, Jayne I'm going on holiday tomorrow. (say) Ben Are you going anywhere special? (ask) Jayne Yes, Australia, We'll be staying in Perth for a week and then going to Sydney. (reply) Ben — Who are you going with? (ask) Jayne With two of my friends from work. (reply) Rewrite these sentences in direct speech, a Ben said he'd always wanted to go to Australia b Jayne asked him if he'd like to go with them. Ben replied that he certainly would. Jayne said she'd sce if there were any places left on the flight. Ben said he wasn't sure if he could afford it. Jayne offered to lend him the money. Complete these sentences with so or such. a There litle time left — we'll really have to hurry b I don't know how people can drive fast in the rain. ¢ Tcan’t remember when we last had cold weather That was a difficult exam. I'm sure I haven't passed. © But you've worked hard — I'm sure you'll be OK.Reading ahead 1. Answer these questions about volcanoes. Guess if you don't know. a Approximately how many active volcanoes are there in the world? 1 150 2 550 31,350 b How many people live in the vicinity of an active voleano? 1 T million 2 10 million 3 billion ¢ Where is the world’s largest active volcano? 1 Italy 2 Hawaii 2 Read the text quiekdy to check your ideas. people are | nothing happens, the los of credibility cou people to ignore future warnings.” E Volcanic eruptions wnen they do come, are sometimes relatively slow and quiet. There wa 4 ‘speed of honey. At other times the eruption sudden and violent, and evacuationMultiple choice 3 Read questions 1-7 below. Then, read the article again and choose the correct answers 1 What happened when Mount Vesuvius erupted in aD 797 A ‘The rich managed to escape. 8B Tt covered many towns with dui © A few people were killed. D People were unprepared 2 What do experts think will happen in the future? ‘A More voleanoes will become active, B People will move away from volcanic areas. © More people will set up home near volcanoes. D Around one billion people will die in volcanic eruptions. 3 According to the article, what is the present situation regarding volcanic eruptions? A Eruptions are most likely to happen in Indonesia and Japan B Experts can predict when there will be a volcanic eruption. C Most large citics have no appropriate evacuation plans in place, D People will be less affected than before. 4 What does ‘do it’in line 37 refer to? A go and live somewhere else 8 build farms on the land C force people to leave the area D leave the area until the danger has passed 5 What does the article say about Popocatepetl? A There was a major eruption in 1994. B Experts expect a major eruption within a few years C Nobody knows whether it will erupt again. D People who live nearby are fed up with being evacuated 6 Why was the eruption of Mauna Loa less dangerous? A People had been evacuated from the area beforehand. 8 People were able to keep ahead of the lava C Scientists had warned people well in advance. D Lt was not a major eruption. 7 What would be the most appropriate title for this article? A Volcanoes: Sleeping threat for millions. B Volcanic eruptions and other natural disasters. © Voleanie activity in Italy. D Volcanic eruption: A study of voleanie behaviour. VBL Wyo scope enose ove near voleanoes? tt Would you? D rg woud i beso eeu to evacuate trpe YOU in? Con you think ot en so tons to the problems? Word-building 4 Underline all the nouns in the text related to these root verbs. What do they have in common? compete fascinate erupt populate evacuate migrate 5 Underline all the adjectives in the text related to these root verbs and nouns. act danger destroy system voleano 6 Complete these sentences with an appropriate word made from the root word in brackets, a A great deal of research is being carried out on voleanoes, (science) b ttis ____to play golf during a thunderstorm. (danger) © The early nineteenth century was a period of mass from hreland, (migrate) d The police made a search of the area where the crime was committed. (system) € Thave never really understood the some people have for tornadoes. (fascinate) f The of Western European countries is ageing. (populate) g Despite the fact that he is in his eighties, he still leads an life. (act) ‘There was fierce between the companies for the government contract. (compete) AROUND US UNIT 9 115Grammar and practice Relative clauses 1 Complete these sentences from the article with the relative pronouns wh whieh, that, or whose. Give as many altematives for each answer as you ‘Then, check your ideas with the article. a The city, has a population of more than twenty million, lies wil 60 kilometies of the summit of Popocatepetl, a volcano has ery at least fifteen times in the last 400 years. b The people lived in the proximity of Hawaii’ Mauna Loa volea had plenty of time to get out of the way when it erupted in 1984. } 2. Look at these two sentences. In which sentence does the speaker have one sister? In which sentence does the speaker have more than one sister? | a. My sister who lives in Mexico has two children. b My sister, who lives in Mexico, has two children. | In which sentence is the information in the relative clause essential? | 3. Decide whether the relative clauses in the following sentences are defining (they contain essential information) ot non-defining (they contain non- essential information). If the clause is non-defining, add commas, a Scientists who study volcanic activity are known as vulcanologits Q b Valcanologists who study voleanic activity are often able to warn of 8 possible volcanic eruption. 2 ¢ Lava which isthe hot molten rock emitted from a voleano when it erupts is not necessarily the most dangerous thing associated with a voleano, 4 One of the worst things is voleanie ash which can be cartied on the wind for thousands of kilometres Dozens of planes which have flown through clouds of ash have crashed oF suffered serious damage. £ Not all countries whose inhabitants are at risk from voleanie eruption are able to carry out large-scale evacuation, 4 Which of the relative pronouns in 3 can be replaced by other relative | pronouns? 4 GRAMMAR REFERENCE PAGE 186 > . 5 Relative clauses can also be introduced by why, where, and when, Complete these sentences with one of these words, adding commas where necessary a Bushfires are natural phenomena particularly common in Australia, but . which also occur in many places around the world there are plenty of forests that can burn. | b_ The Northern Territory is most at risk of bushfires at the end of the dry | season in September and October ___ temperatures have risen but | monsoon rains have not yet arrived | ¢ The reason ___ most bushfires start is because people are negligent on ; start them deliberately. | Can the relative pronoun be left out in any of these sentences? | 116 UNIT AROUND USee 6 Look at the following pairs of sentences. What are the differences between the two sentences in each pair? What rules can you work out? a That's the man to whom I spoke. That's the man who I spoke to b_ The speaker, about whom I'd heard so muck interesting talk ‘The speaker, who I'd heard so much about, gave an extremely interesting talk. (GRAMMAR REFERENCE PAGE 187 gave an extremely 7 Complete the following sentences with relative pronouns. Indicate where there is more than one possibility and add commas if necessary. a dor’ like people are big-headed b- Have you seen the awful jacket Sophie's bought? ¢ She wanted to know the reason Thad turned down her invitation. We were unable to get tickets for the group's Wembley concert was a sell-out. € They have designed a microwave just ten seconds {We went back to look at the house wwe used to live. g Nicole Kidman latest film was shot in LA has said she'd like to work in the theatre again. h. The book was returned to the person name was inside, i ‘The number you are dialling is out of order. j_ I prefer to go to Greece in winter there are fewer tourists about. can defrost a frozen chicken in Cloze 8 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. The Great Plains Blew Away For many centuries, the Great Plains of the American West, !__ the buflalo roamed, sustained the way offlfe of native American hunters, Inthe late nineteenth century, both buffaloes and Indians were driven out by white settlers. At first they grazed cattle on the land, which did not have a negative effect the ecology of the region. Bucat the beginning of the twentieth century, crop-growing farmers moved in. The grass 1____ dug up. and ‘wheat and*____crops were planted. In the 1930s there was @ succession of droughts in the region. Crops were rained and the soil,>___ longer anchored by the root system of the original grass and baked by temperatures. 5 __often rose above 38°C, simply blew away. Many thousands of farmers Jost?___ farms, and with their families went west in search 9__ work, Many headed to California, only to find that they were not welcome there ‘The government of the time did nothing to help the migrants. °__ it. agreed to pay a subsidy to the farmers 8 ____ had remained to plant trees and grass to snchor the soil, In \__ of these measures, another severe drought in the 1950s caused huge dust storms once again. This time the government was persuaded to pay out even more in subsidies 2__ that millions of acres could be converted back into grassland. AROUND US UNIT inVocabulary Lead in 1 What is the weather like in different regions of your country at different tims of the year? 2. Has the climate of your country changed in the last ive to ten yeats? 3 What does this extract say i to blame for climatic changes? In recent years the greenhouse effect has become the focus of Jarge-scalo scientific investigation. Thero is growing evidence that past ‘emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide) could already be altering the earth's weather pattems and temperatures, Average global ‘temperatures are steadily increasing, and if this trend continues the consequences for ou: planet could be disastrous. Carbon dioxide is believed to be responsible for approximately half of global warming. Tropical deforestation also leads to global warming by destroying one of the earth's only ways of absorbing excess atmospheric carbon, adjectives and verbs are followed by particular prepositions Look back at the extract above and find out which preposition follows consequences, responsible and leads | 5 Match these nouns with the correc prepositions. Then, complete the sentenees with a noun and a preposition noun i preposition agreement cure respect. | at on anger damage tax His to ban effect threat a Many of our medicines come from plants that grow in rainforests. Pethaps someday the ____ cancer will be found in a tropical rainforest. b Deforestation poses a serious indigenous peoples, as well as to the climate. ¢ Environmentalists warn that unless people show more the environment, humankind will pay a heavy price. 4_ In many counties the government leaded fuel is higher than | that on unleaded fuel. 118 UNITS AROUND US© Choose the correct preposition which fallows these adjectives a Environmentalist groups in Britain are Key word transformations 9. Complete the second sentence so that it has a opposed against /to new road-building projects, ‘They argue that they are harmful for/to the environment, often destroying plant and animal habitats b Environmentalists warn that unless governments become more aware ofto the effects of their actions, the world we leave our children will be very different fo/with the world we know today ¢ Everyone is capable of! to making lifestyle changes which would be beneficial to/in the environment. Walking or cycling to work is much better for/to you than taking the car. Although only comprising 7% of the global population, the USA is responsible for/to 22% ofall greenhouse gas emissions. d Match these verbs with the correct prepositions, verb preposition appeal contribute invest in on believe depend sympathise | to with complain insist result about Match these sentence beginnings a-e with their endings 1-5, adding the correct appropriate preposition, a Inall of nature, but particularly in rainforests, plants and animals depend b Logging for tropical timber and gold mining have contributed ¢ Local councils need to invest more money 1 It’s no good complaining I sympathise recycling schemes pollution. You have to be prepared to do something about it. each other for survival people who live near big airports. the destruction of the tropical rainforest, though they are not the only factors involved 3 4 5 similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. a Cars are banned from the city centre ban ‘There is centre, in the city b Everyone contributes to global warming, contribution Everyone _______ global warming, © [have no sympathy for people who complain about rising fuel prices. sympathise T______ people who complain about rising fuel prices d We should invest in renewable energy sources like solar energy. make We ought energy sources like solar energy. renewable e Some people don’t seem able to change their bad habits. incapable Some people seem to their bad habits £ Switching off your television at night can save you 40 per cent on your energy bill. result Switching off your television at night can 40 per cent on your energy bill g ‘The environment can be negatively affected by modern farming methods. effect Modem farming methods can the environment. People are angry about plans to build a third runway at the airport. anger ‘There —__plans to build a third runway at the airport. AROUND US UNITS 118Speaking L 1 Name five activities people do which harm the environment 2. Compare your answers with a partner. Then put the activities in order from the most harmful to the least harm 3. Work in pairs. Imagine that your class is doing a project on how people can improve the environment. First, talk fo each ather about how these activities affect the environment. Then decide which two activities would be the easiest to stop doing, How do these activities affect the environment? Which two would be the easiest to stap doi s 4 Discuss these questions a Which environmental issue do you think is the most important? Why? Which environmental issue concerns people most where you live? What has the government of your country or your local council done to improve the environment? What should they do? ds noise pollution a problem where you live? What are the main causes. and what can be done about it? 120, 3 AROUND USListening Think ahead Multiple choice over to you Discuss these questions in pairs. 4 How many flights do you take a year? Where was your last flight to? b What do you most like and most dislike about flying? What ate the negative effects of air travel on the environment? How can we improve the situation? © You will hear part ofa radio programme about the effects of air travel on the environment, Are any of your ideas mentioned? © Listen again, For questions 1 1 The presenter says you can find out what your primary carbon footprint is by A adding together your fuel and travel costs | B doing some simple mathematical calculations. C getting your computer to work it out , choose the best answer A, B or C. ‘The presenter says we can make our carbon footprint smaller by | A. buying from countries like China and India, 8 changing our method of transport: C making our own wine and growing our own food. 3 What is Suzanne Hendry’s attitude to global warming? A The government should do something about it B Itis her own personal responsibility | © There is nothing that can be done about it | 4 How much pollution does a long-distance return flight produce? A the same as 1-3 cars over a year B the equivalent to eight cars over a year | C the same as a train over the same distance | What are the most popular destinations for people flying from UK airports? A places in the UK and the continent B other UK destinations © long-distance destinations 6 What is the attitude of the majority of frequent flyers? A They plan to cut down on short-haul flights. | 8 They don't admit there is a probles C They feel guilty but do nothing What does Nigel Hammond think is the best solution to the problem? ; A encourage people to plant a tree for every flight they take B limit the number of flights that people can go on a year € increase the tax on aviation fuel What changes could you make to improve your carbon footprint? AROUND US UNITS 121Writing Informal email 1 Read this Part 1 task and answer these questions. a How should the email to your friend begin and end? b Should the email be written in a formal or informal style? You have received an email from your English-speaking friend, Emma, who wants ‘you to go on holiday with her, Read Emme’s email, the printout of the advertisement from the web page and the notes you have made. Then write an email to Emma Using all your notes in 120-180 wards, ae | ron Erma Ree | Sent: 3 September Subject: Holy sseacets: Karka pa vi Just wondering you've thous about what fear aee nre cintpier a sem ‘ad for 2 working holiday in Nepal. Looked really inerestng! Anyway, havea ook, ee wha ou think and get back to me. Er] Yes! When? /NEPAL nx Project: NKV 502 Rural Community Development Programme Dates: various Duration: 14 or 21 aays Work: At Kankall you will have the unique opportunity to assist the local ‘community in developing various projects to help tourism in the area, such {as making a trekking tral and bullding picnic areas. ‘Accommodation: This will be with local families, who will provide traditional what ather Nepalese food. Facilities are very basic. projects? eave Leisure: At the end of the holiday, volunteers can spend some time trekking fon the Annapurns trail All activities are included In the holiday price, but you. will need to cover the costs of food and drink on your days off. PE How much? yw. kankali-project.com Asking for information 2 Read the notes on the printouts and write out the direct questions For example: When do you want to go? full 3. Write the questions in an indirect form, starting with an appropriate phrase given below. a You didn't say ... when you wanted to go. b Can/Could you find out € Tdlike to know/Do you know d_ Can/Could you tell me 122 UNITS AROUND USFrom: Sam Bowers, ‘Sent: 4 September Subject: Holiday Hi Emme, Yd lave to go. The holiday sounds very interesting and would certainly bea change from the beacht 1 assume itd be July or August. August would be better for me, but {could go in July. I notice you can go for two or three weeks. 2 don't mind if t's the same price. Which brings me to ‘the most important question - MONEY: 3. ‘One or two other things. 4 ‘and whether you can choose what you do. 'm nat very good at building things! S$ (is there a proper toilet?) Write back soon Sam Think, plan, write “a | 4 Read this email, which is a good answer to the question, and complete the text with a mixture of direct and indirect questions. Use these prompts to make direct questions. Then put them into an indirect form, Where exactly /Kankali village? How far/from airport? Holidays like this all year round? What sort/clothes should / bring? How long can you stay/ Nepal! end of the holiday? 6 You ate going to write an email. First read the task and underline all the key information or questions you must include in your answer. 120-10 words, ‘You have received anather email from your friend Emma. Read the email and your notes ‘Then send an email to Maria, asking for information about the holiday in Nepal. Write From: Emma Reid Sent: 5 September Subject: Holiday HI I got your email and I reply to it soon. After I got it I remembered that Maria went to Nepal lest year ~ in fact to the same village -Kankall. {Las thinking that we would get much more useful information from her than from the people that organise the holidays. Can you get in ‘ouch with her? You get on much better with her than I do! What I'd lke to know is How old are the other volunteers? Isithard work? Do you need to be a good walker to do the Annapuma trall? ‘Send her my best wishes, and obviously ask any questions of your own. Emma food, es | | ‘want to know about the ‘what clothes to take, worth goine. 7 Plan the content of your email Here isa possible paragraph plan. Paragraph 1 Remind Maria who you are, tell her some news about yourself and ask how she is Paragraph 2 ‘Tell Maria why you are writing, Paragraph 3 ‘Ask her what you want to know. Remember to use a mixture of direct and indirect questions. 8 Finally, when you have finished, check your grammar, spelling and punctuation, Make sure that you haven't missed anything out and that your email sounds friendly. 4 WRITING QUIDE PAGE 164 > AROUND US UNIT9 123— Overview 124 UNIT9 AROUND US ‘Complete these paragraphs with the appropriate relative pronouns, adding a necessary commas, Mount Vesuvius '____is situated near the Bay of Naples is one of the worl most famous active voleanoes. The Romans »____ believed it to be extinct built the city of Pompeii in its shadow. The violent eruption »____ took place in aD 79 proved them wrong, The eruption «_____ happened when no one was expecting it has aone down as one of the worst in recorded history. It happened during the daytime people were going about their daily lives. The remains of the 2,000 inhabitants of Pompei! s___did’not escape lay forgotten for centuries, When excavation began in the eighteenth century, the remains were found of a much-loved family dog »____ collar bore an inscription saying that he twice saved his owner's life. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the frst sentence, using the word given, Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 1. Swimming in that river is dangerous safe Ba in diatriver. 2 The police searched for clues search A____ by the police. 3. Although he’s ninety, he still drives despite He still drives 4 Lcan’t understand why he is fascinated by snakes. fascination Ican’t understand —______ snakes 5 They have spent a lot of time and money on the project. de A time and money has been spent on the project. Complete these sentences with an appropriate preposition. a Doyou believe —_____ ghosts? b Are you any good maths? Could you help me with these problems? ¢ His flat is similar _____ mine. d_ Some people are afraid heights, Personally, P'm scared the dark. € That singer appeals teenagers and oversiflies alike. £ Jamie insisted helping me elear up after the party