STUDY OF ANIMAL TISSUES

TISSUES
A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS, PERFORMING TOGETHER THE SAME OR
RELATED FUNCTION

TYPES:
• EPITHELIAL TISSUES

• CONNECTIVE TISSUES

• MUSCULAR TISSUES

• NERVOUS TISSUES
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• SITUATED ON A BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• LITTLE OR NO INTERCELLULAR SPACES
• LITTLE OF NO INTERCELLULAR MATRIX OR
CEMENTING MATERIAL
• AVASCULAR, BLOOD VESSELS ABSENT
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES:
1. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
2. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
3. COMPOUND EPITHELIUM

• SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
• MADE UP OF A SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS

• TYPES:

• SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

• SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• SIMPLE CILIATED EPITHELIUM
• SIMPLE GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
• SIMPLE SENSORY EPITHELIUM
• SIMPLE GERMINAL EPITHELIUM
• PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE POLYGONAL IN SHAPE

• REST ON A BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• CELLS ARE SCALE LIKE OR HAIR LIKE
• THEY APPEAR LIKE TILES ON A PAVEMENT, THEREFORE CALLED
PAVEMENT EPITHELIUM
• VERY LITTLE OR NO INTERCELLULAR SPACE
• VERY LITTLE OR NO INTERCELLULAR MATRIX
• IT HAS A WAVY SURFACE OR APPEARANCE, THEREFORE CALLED
TESSELATED EPITHELIUM
LOCATION
1. SKIN
2. PERITONEAL LINING OF THE ABDOMEN
3. ALVEOLI OF LUNGS
4. COVERING OF ORGANS
5. ENDOTHELIUM OF BLOOD VESSELS

FUNCTIONS
1. EXCHANGE OF GASES
2. PROTECTION
3. RESPIRATION
4. MAINTAINANCE OF STRUCTURES
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE TALL COLUMN LIKE

• REST ON A BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• THE FREE ENDS ARE BROAD WHILE THE LOWER ENDS ARE
NARROW
• FREE ENDS ARE THROWN INTO MANY FOLDS GIVING A BRUSH
BORDER APPERARANCE
• NUCLEUS IS SLIGHTLY SHIFTED TOWARDS THE BASE
• SOME CELLS INVOLUTE TO FORM SPECIALISED SECRETORY CELLS
CALLED GOBLET CELLS
• CILIA MAY BE PRESENT
LOCATION
1. NECK OF NEPHRON
2. LINING OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS LIKE STOMACH AND INTESTINE
3. OVIDUCT
4. UTERUS
5. BRONCHIOLES

FUNCTIONS
1. ABSORPTION
2. SECRETION
3. PROTECTION
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE FLAT CUBE LIKE

• REST ON A BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• THE FREE ENDS ARE BROAD WHILE THE LOWER ENDS ARE
NARROW
• BRUSH BORDER APPEARANCE MAY BE PRESENT
• NUCLEUS IS CENTRALLY SITUATED
• CILIA MAY BE PRESENT
• CYTOPLASM MAY CONTAIN SECRETORY GRANULES
LOCATION
1. ALL ENDOCRINE GLANDS LIKE THYROID, PANCREAS ETC
2. MOST EXOCRINE GLANDS
3. RENAL TUBULE
4. STOMACH AND INTESTINE

FUNCTIONS
1. SECRETION
2. ABSORPTION
3. PROTECTION
Ciliated columnar epithelium moves mucus and other substances
via cilia and is found in the upper respiratory tract, the fallopian
tubes, the uterus, and the central part of the spinal cord. They are
the primary target of infection for "common cold viruses" such as
coronaviruses, influenza virus and rhinoviruses.[citation needed] These
viruses may kill the ciliated cells or stop the cilia beating. In either
case, mucus builds up and forms a good site for secondary
bacterial infections, resulting in mucus.[citation needed]
A ciliated columnar epithelium lines the lumen of the uterine tube,
where currents generated by the cilia propel the egg cell toward
the uterus.
SIMPLE CILIATED EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE CILIATED EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE COLUMNAR OR CUBOIDAL

• REST ON A BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• THE FREE ENDS ARE BROAD WHILE THE LOWER ENDS ARE
NARROW
• NEAR THE FREE END IS PRESENT A BASAL GRANULE
• FROM THE BASAL GRANULE ARISES A HAIR LIKE CILIUM
LOCATION
1. FALLOPIAN TUBE/ OVIDUCT
2. RESPIRATORY TRACT
3. NECK OF RENAL TUBULE
4. TESTES
5. CENTRAL CANAL OF SPINAL CORD

FUNCTIONS
1. TRANSPORTATION AND MOVEMENT
2. SECRETION
3. ABSORPTION
4. PROTECTION
SIMPLE GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE COLUMNAR OR CUBOIDAL

• THEY ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TUBULAR AND ALVEOLAR TYPES
LOCATION
UNICELLULAR- MUCOUS GLANDS IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
MULTICELLULAR

SIMPLE TUBULAR– LINING OF INTESTINE

1. SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR- SWEAT GLAND
2. BRANCHED TUBULAR– GASTRIC GLANDS, LINING OF OESPHAGUS, TONGUE, DUODENUM
3. SIMPLE ALVEOLAR– PARA URETHRAL GLANDS
4. BRANCHED ALVEOLAR– SEBACEOUS GLANDS, MAMMARY GLANDS

FUNCTIONS
1. SECRETION
2. PROTECTION
SIMPLE SENSORY EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE SPINDLE SHAPED

• CELLS ARE LOCATED IN THE SENSORY PORE
• NUCLEUS IS CENTRALLY SITUATED
• AT ITS LOWER END IT COMMUNICATES WITH SENSORY NEURON
• AT THE FREE END, IT HAS A SENSORY HAIR WHICH RECEIVES THE
SENSORY IMPULSE.
LOCATION
1. EYE
2. EAR
3. NOSE
4. TONGUE
5. SKIN

FUNCTIONS
1. SENSATION
2. IT RECEIVES SENSORY INFORMATION IN MECHANICAL FORM AND CONVERTS
IT INTO ELECTRICAL FORM, THEN CONDUCTS IT TO THE NEURON
SIMPLE GERMINAL EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS
GERMINAL CELLS ARE THE CELLS WHICH GIVE RISE TO THE NEXT
GENERATION.

• CELLS ARE CUBOIDAL

• NUCLEUS IS DIPOID AND CENTRALLY SITUATED.
• IT UNDERGOES MEIOSIS TO FORM HAPLOID GAMETES
LOCATION
1. MALES- TESTES
2. FEMALES- OVARIES

FUNCTIONS
1. IT PRODUCES HAPLOID GAMETES WHICH FORMS THE NEXT GENERATION..
2. MALES- SPERMS
3. FEMALES- OVUM/ EGG
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

LARGER CELL

SMALLER CELL

BASEMENT
MEMBRANE
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE COLUMNAR AND CUBOIDAL

• CELLS ARE OF DIFFERENT SIZES, LARGER CELLS AND SMALLER
CELLS
• SMALLER CELLS ARE EMBEDDED BETWEEN THE LARGER CELLS
• IT APPEARS AS IF THE LARGER CELLS ARE ABOVE THE SMALLER
CELLS(FALSELY LAYERED, THEREFORE PSEUDOSTRATIFIED)
LOCATION
1. IT IS FOUND IN REGIONS SUBJECTED TO FRICTION
2. TRACHEA AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
3. PROSTATE
4. VASA DIFFERENTIA
5. URETHRA

FUNCTIONS
1. PROTECTION
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE COLUMNAR OR CUBOIDAL

• IT IS MADE UP OF 2-6 LAYERS OF CELLS
• BASEMENT MEMBRANE PRESENT

• FUNCTIONS:
• PROTECTION
• IT PROVIDES ELASTICITY AND STRENGTH

• LOCATION
• REGIONS SUBJECTED TO STRETCHING
• URETERS
• URINARY BLADDER
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
CHARACTERISITICS

• CELLS ARE SQUAMOUS OR COLUMNAR OR CUBOIDAL

• IT IS MADE UP OF MORE THAN 6 LAYERS OF CELLS
• BASEMENT MEMBRANE PRESENT
• THE UPPER LAYER IS THE OLDEST LAYER WHILE LOWER LAYER IS THE
YOUNGEST
• LOWERMOST LAYER IS CALLED THE STRATUM GERMINATIVUM
• UPPER LAYER IS CALLED STRATUM CORNEUM
• STRATUM GERMINATIVUM DIVIDES AND REDIVIDES TO FORM THE
UPPER LAYERS.
• STRATUM CORNEUM IS A DEAD LAYER, WHICH WILL BE EVENTUALLY
SHED OFF.
• IT MAY BE KERATINISED.
• IT IS FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS:
• A) STRATIFIED NON- KERATINISED
• B) STRATIFIED KERATINISED
• BASED ON THE CELLS ITS CLASSIFIED AS:
• STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS/ STR. SQUAMOUS KERATINISED
• STRATIFIED COLUMNAR/ STR. COLUMNAR KERATINISED
• STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL/ STR. CUBOIDAL KERATINISED

• FUNCTIONS:
• PROTECTION
• MORE STRENGTH AND LESS ELASTICITY

• LOCATION
• REGIONS SUBJECTED TO MORE INJURY AND FRICTION
• NON KERATINISED- SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE
• KERATINISED- SKIN OF PALM, SOLE, BACK OF ELBOW, FRONT OF KNEE, LATERAL
MALEOLUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• CHARACTERISTICS:
• BASEMENT MEMBRANE ABSENT
• LARGE INTERCELLULAR SPACES
• LARGE INTERCELLULAR MATRIX OR CEMENTING
MATERIAL
• VASCULAR, BLOOD VESSELS PRESENT
• LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• LIGAMENT
• TENDON

• SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• CARTILAGE
• BONE
• FLUID
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CHARACTERISTICS

• IT IS THE MOST ABUNDANT TISSUE PRESENT IN THE HUMAN BODY

• STRUCTURALLY, IT IS MADE UP OF
• 3 TYPES OF CELLS
• 3 TYPES OF FIBRES

• THE CELLS ARE:

• A) FIBROBLASTS
• B) MACROPHAGES
• C) MAST CELLS

• THE FIBRES ARE:

• A) YELLOW FIBRES
• B) WHITE FIBRES
• C) RETICULAR FIBRES
FIBROBLASTS
• STAR SHAPED
• SECRETE PROTEINS LIKE ELASTIN AND COLLAGEN
• ELASTIN PRECIPITATES TO FORM YELLOW FIBRES
• COLLAGEN PRECIPITATES TO FORM WHITE FIBRES
• THEREFORE CALLED FIBROBLASTS

MACROPHAGES
• AMOEBOID IN SHAPE
• PHAGOCYTIC IN ACTIVITY

MAST CELLS
• IRREGULAR IN SHAPE
• STORES HISTAMINE, HEPARIN AND SEROTONIN.
YELLOW FIBRES
• THIN, SINGLE FIBRES
• ELASTIN PRECIPITATES TO FORM YELLOW FIBRES
• THEY ARE BRANCHED
• PROVIDE ELASTICITY TO THE TISSUE

WHITE FIBRES
• THICK FIBRES FOUND IN BUNDLES
• COLLAGEN PRECIPITATES TO FORM WHITE FIBRES
• THEY ARE UNBRANCHED
• PROVIDE STRENGTH TO THE TISSUE

RETICULAR FIBRES
• VERY THIN FIBRES
• FORM A NETWORK WHICH IS FEEBLY PERCEPTIBLE THROUGH THE TISSUE
FUNCTIONS
• IT ACTS AS A PACKAGING MATERIAL THROUGH ALL THE SPACES IN THE
BODY
• PROVIDES ELASTICITY AND STRENGTH TO THE PART
• MACROPHAGES PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN IMMUNITY
• MAST CELLS, WHICH STORES HISTAMINE IS AN IMPORTANT CELL WHICH
STIMULATES INFLAMMATION, THEREFORE HELP IN IMMUNITY

• LOCATION
• BENEATH THE SKIN
• BETWEEN MUSCLES
• BETWEEN ALVEOLI
• PACKAGING MATERIAL IN ALL ORGANS(EXCEPT PANCREAS)
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CHARACTERISTICS

• MADE UP OF CELLS CALLED ADIPOCYTES

• ADIPOCYTES ARE FAT CELLS WHICH STORE FATS WITHIN
• ADIPOCYTES TOWARDS THE PERIPHERY ARE SMALL AND HAVE FAT
DROPLETS IN THEIR CYTOPLASM, WITH A CENTRALLY SITUATED
NUCLEUS
• ADIPOCYTES TOWARDS THE CENTRE ARE LARGE, MATURE IN
WHICH FAT DROPLETS COAGULATE TO FORM A LARGE FAT
GLOBULE
• DUE TO THE LARGE FAT GLOBULE, THE NUCLEUS IS SHIFTED
TOWARDS THE PERIPHERY GIVING A SIGNET RING APPEARANCE
FUNCTION
• SHOCK ABSORBER
• RESERVE FOOD STORAGE
• ENERGY RESERVOIR
• INSULATION

LOCATION
• BENEATH THE SKIN
• COVERING ORGANS
• YELLOW BONE MARROW
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LIGAMENT
• CONNECTS BONE TO BONE
TENDON
• CONNECTS MUSCLE TO BONE
SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CARTILAGE
HYALINE CARTILAGE
CHARACTERISTICS
• MADE UP OF CELLS CALLED CHONDROCYTES
• CHONDROCYTES ARE PRESENT IN CAVITIES CALLED LACUNAE
• LACUNAE TOWARDS THE PERIPHERY ARE SMALL AND HAVE
CHONDROBLASTS
• CHONDROBLASTS DIVIDE TO FORM CHONDROCYTES
• LACUNAE TOWARDS THE CENTRE ARE LARGE, CONTAIN 2-4
CHONDROCYTES
• MATRIX CONTAIN A PROTEIN CALLED CHONDRIN
• IT ALSO CONTAINS A CHEMICAL CALLED CHONDROITIN- 4- SULPHATE
• IT IS AN AVASCULAR TISSUE.. i.e. BLOOD VESSELS ARE ABSENT
• IT DERIVES NUTRITION FROM THE SURROUNDING TISSUE CALLED
PERICHONDRIUM
CARTILAGE IS CLASSIFIED INTO:
1.HYALINE CARTILAGE:
• MATRIX IS TRANSPARENT & GLASS LIKE THEREFORE CALLED
HYALINE WHICH MEANS GLASS LIKE
• LESS ELASTIC AND LESS STRONG
• LOCATION
• ENDS OF LONG BONES
• ENDS OF RIBS
• TRACHEAL RINGS
• NOSE
• LARYNX
HYALINE CARTILAGE
2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
• MATRIX CONTAIN YELLOW FIBRES
• MORE ELASTIC AND LESS STRONG
• LOCATION
• EPIGLOTTIS
• PINNA OF EAR

3. FIBROUS CARTILAGE
• MATRIX CONTAIN WHITE FIBRES
• LESS ELASTIC AND MORE STRONG
• LOCATION
• PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
• INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
4. CALCIFIED CARTILAGE
• MATRIX CONTAIN SALTS OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
• DUE TO THIS, MATRIX IS HARDENED TO GIVE A BONE LIKE APPEARANCE
• MAY ALSO CONTAIN WHITE FIBRES
• PROVIDES STRENGTH AND IMMOBILITY
• LOCATION
• BETWEEN EPIPHYSIS AND DIAPHYSIS OF LONG BONES
BONE
BONE
• HARDEST CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• MATRIX CONTAIN A PROTEIN CALLED OSSEIN
• MATRIX IS IMPREGNATED BY SALTS OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
• CENTRALLY IS SITUATED A BONE MARROW CAVITY, WHICH CONTAINS BONE
MARROW
• IN THE MATRIX ARE PRESENT THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS CALLED
HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS
• EACH HAVERSIAN SYSTEM CONSISTS OF HAVERSIAN CANAL
• HAVERSIAN CANAL IS SURROUNDED BY CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE
• LAMELLAE CONTAIN LACUNAE
• LACUNAE CONTAIN OSTEOCYTES
• LACUNAE ARE INTERCONNECTED BY RADIATING CANALICULI
• HAVERSIAN CANALS ARE INTERCONNECTED BY VOLKSMANNS CANAL
• THE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERING OF THE BONE IS CALLED PERIOSTEUM
FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE, IN WHICH THE MATRIX IS FLUID OR JELLY
LIKE.
• IT HELPS IN CONNECTING DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY
• E.g. BLOOD
• LYMPH(TO BE DISCUSSED IN CIRCULATION)
MUSCLES
MUSCLES
• MUSCLES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE TYPES:
• STRIATED OR SKELETAL OR VOLUNTARY MUSCLES

• NON STRIATED OR NON- SKELETAL OR INVOLUNTARY OR

SMOOTH MUSCLES OR VISCERAL MUSCLES

• CARDIAC MUSCLES
CARDIAC MUSCLES
CARDIAC MUSCLES

CHARACTERISTICS

• EXCLUSIVELY PRESENT IN THE HEART

• MYOFIBRIL IS CYLINDRICAL
• MYOFIBRILS SHOW CHARACTERISTIC BRANCHING
• MULTINUCLEATE
• INTERCALATED DISCS PRESENT
• ALL OR NONE PHENOMENON
NON STRIATED MUSCLES
NON STRIATED MUSCLES/ SMOOTH MUSCLES

CHARACTERISTICS
• MYOFIBRIL IS SPINDLE SHAPED
• UNINUCLEATED
• STRAITIONS(lines) ARE ABSENT, THEREFORE CALLED NON STRIATED..
• NOT UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE WILL, THEREFORE CALLED
INVOLUNTARY
• PRESENT IN THE WALLS OF VISCERAL ORGANS, THEREFORE CALLED
VISCERAL MUSCLES
• NOT IN CONTACT WITH SKELETON, THEREFORE NON SKELETAL MUSCLES
• LOCATION
• IN THE WALLS OF TUBULAR ORGANS LIKE STOMACH, INTESTINE, BLOOD
VESSELS ETC
STRIATED MUSCLES
STRIATED MUSCLES
• MUSCLES ARE A SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE MADE UP OF
SPECIALISED ELONGATED CELLS CALLED MYOFIBRILS
• A BUNCH OF MYOFIBRILS FORM A MUSCLE FIBRE
• MANY MUSCLE FIBRES FORM A FASCICULUS
• MANY FASCICULI TOGETHER FORM A MUSCLE

• MUSCLE

• FASCICULUS

• MUSCLE FIBRE

• MYOFIBRIL
STRUCTURE OF A MYOFIBRIL(STRIATED)
• CYLINDRICAL
• UNBRANCHED
• MULTINUCLEATED
• SHOWS ALTERNATE LIGHT AND DARK BANDS, (WHICH APPEAR AS
STRIATIONS(LINES), THEREFORE THE NAME)
• LIGHT BANDS ARE CALLED “ I BANDS” OR ISOTROPHIC BANDS
• DARK BANDS ARE CALLED “A BANDS” OR ANISOTROPHIC BANDS
• ON THE A BAND IS PRESENT A LIGHT LINE CALLED “H- LINE” OR HENSENS
LINE
• ON THE I BAND IS PRESENT A DARK LINE CALLED “Z- LINE” OR KRAUSSE’S
MEMBRANE
• THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO CONSECUTIVE Z LINES IS CALLED SARCOMERE
STRUCTURE OF A SARCOMERE
• THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO CONSECUTIVE Z BANDS IS CALLED
SARCOMERE
• THEREFORE EACH SARCOMERE IS MADE UP OF
• 1 SARCOMERE= ½ I BAND+ 1 A BAND+ ½ I BAND

• A BAND IS MADE UP OF THICK PRETEINS CALLED MYOSIN

• I BAND IS MADE UP OF THIN PROTEINS CALLED ACTIN
• THEREFORE
• 1 SARCOMERE= ½ ACTIN+ 1 MYOSIN+ ½ I ACTIN
STRUCTURE OF ACTIN
• ACTIN IS MADE UP OF 4 COMPONENTS:
1. G- ACTIN
2. F- ACTIN
3. TROPOMYOSIN
4. TROPONIN COMPLEX
STRUCTURE OF MYOSIN
• MYOSIN IS MADE UP OF THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT CALLED
MEROMYOSIN
• MEROMYOSIN IS MADE UP OF 3 PARTS
1. GLOBULAR HEAD
2. SHORT ARM
3. LONG TAIL
MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

IMPULSE REACHES NMJ

STIMULATION OF SARCOLEMMA

IMPULSE TRANSMITTED BY T- TUBULES TO SARCOPLASMIC

RETICULUM AND MITOCHONDRIA

MITOCHONDRIA SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

RELEASE ATP RELEASE Ca++ IONS

ATTACHES TO HEAD OF MEROMYOSIN ATTACHED TO TROPONIN

COMPLEX

MEROMYOSIN HEAD HAS ENZYME ATPase TROPONIN ACTIVATED

ATP SPLITS INTO ADP AND ENERGY TROPONIN ACTIVATED

MYOSIN HEAD USES ENERGY TO GET ERECT TROPOMYOSIN ACTIVATED

MYOSIN BINDING SITE EXPOSED

MYOSIN HEAD ATTACHES TO MBS ON ACTIN

CROSS BRIDGE FORMED

PULLS ACTIN TOWARDS CENTRE OF A BAND

Z BANDS ALSO PULLED INWARDS

SHORTENING OF SARCOMERE
I BANDS GET REDUCED, WHILE A BANDS MAINTAIN THEIR SHAPE

NEW ATP

CROSS BRIDGE BROKEN

NEW G-ACTIN..(2 ATP)

NERVOUS TISSUE
• NEURON IS THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTONAL UNIT OF NERVOUS TISSUE.
• STRUCTURALLY, A NEURON IS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS:
• A) CELL BODY OR CYTON
• B) CELL PROCESSES, WHICH ARE OF TWO TYPES:
• a) short unbranched DENDRITES
• b) long branched AXON
• DENDRITES ARE RECEIVING PROCESSES
• AXONS ARE TRANSMITTING PROCESSES
• AXON ARE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES:
• A) MEDULLATED OR MYELINATED AXONS- SURROUNDED BY MYELIN
SHEATH OR MEDULLARY SHEATH
• B) NON- MYELINATED AXONS- MYELIN SHEATH ABSENT
• MYELINATED NEURONS CARRY NERVE IMPULSES AT 115M/S, WHILE NON-
MYELINATED NEURONS CARRY IT AT 15 M/S
• CYTON CONTAINS NUCLEUS, AND ALL CELL ORGANELLES EXCEPT
CENTRIOLES
• CYTOPLASM ALSO CONTAINS SPECIALISED NUTRITIVE GRANULES CALLED
NISSL’S GRANULES.
• TERMINAL END OF AXON DIVIDES INTO MULTIPLE BRANCHES CALLED NERVE
ENDINGS OR TERMINAL ARBORISATION
• THESE BRANCHES COMMUNICATE WITH THE DENDRITES OF THE NEXT
NEURON
• THE AXON AND DENDRITES DO NOT TOUCH EACH OTHER, BUT LEAVE A
SPACE BETWEEN.
• THIS SPACE BETWEEN AXON OF ONE NEURON AND DENDRITES OF THE NEXT
NEURON IS CALLED SYNAPSE/ SYNAPSIS
• IN A TISSUE THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF CELL JUNCTIONS:
• THEY ARE:
• TIGHT JUNCTIONS
• ADHERING JUNCTIONS
• GAP JUNCTIONS
• TIGHT JUNCTIONS: TIGHT JUNCTIONS HELP TO STOP SUBSTANCES FROM
LEAKING ACROSS A TISSUE.

ADHERING JUNCTIONS PERFORM CEMENTING TO KEEP NEIGHBOURING CELLS

TOGETHER.

GAP JUNCTIONS FACILITATE THE CELLS TO

COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER BY CONNECTING THE CYTOPLASM OF
ADJOINING CELLS.