Physics Unit 5: Momentum I! NOTES & PRACTICE PROBLEMS Essential Understanding for the Unit: * When a force imparts an impulse to an object, the object will undergo a » change in Eee YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN THIS IN DETAIL BY THE END OF THE UNIT. Name AeAssignment #1: Intro to Momentum Have you heard the word “Momentum” before? In what context? How would you define it? Directions: Rank the following objects from 1 to 5, with 1 being the object you think has the most momentum and 5 being the object you think has the least momentum. _“1_ 1. Speeding bullet 5 2. Bowling bal oling down an alley __| 2. caron the expressway _5__4. Truck parked at a truck stop 2-5. Fulloack running for a touchdown Explain why you ranked these situations the way you did.Vocabulary: * Force © Average force o Net force Impulse Inertia Kinetic Energy Mass Momentum © Change in momentum Resultant Scalar Vector Velocity Reference + List of Physical Constants (p. 1) ‘© Mechanics (p. 6)Obj tives: kuD Explanation Ki Energy and matter interact through forces that result in changes in motion (velocity magnitude and/or direction will change). Measured quantities can be classified as either vector or scalar. Classify quantities as vector or scalar (mass, force, acceleration, weight, displacement, work, energy). Unbalanced forces (net force # zero) cause a mass to change its motion, so: © The object will accelerate. Objects in a state of force equilibrium do not accelerate. Calculate the acceleration when a net force is applied to a mass. Unbalanced forces (net force # zero) cause a mass to change its motion, so: ‘© the object undergoes a change in speed (velocity), ‘© the magnitude of the speed change will depend on the mass of the object, the force and the amount of time the force was applied Calculate the change in speed, given F, t and m. Unbalanced forces (net force # zero) cause a mass to change its motion, by: ‘© imparting an impulse to the mass. Impulse (/) is measured as function of the size of the applied Force and the amount of time that is applied to the object by using the equation J= Ft Calculate impulse. ‘Momentum (p) is determined by using the equation p = mv. When a force applies an impulse to an object, it will undergo a change in momentum. J= Ap=m Av Calculate momentum, or change in momentum. Determine which of a group of objects has the most momentum. Calculate using Ft=J=Ap=mAv Unbalanced forces (net force # zero) cause @ mass to change its motion, so: ‘© the object undergoes a change in speed (velocity), therefore ‘¢ the object also undergoes a change in kinetic energy. Determine the change in kinetic energy when an impulse is provided to an object. Determine which of a group of objects has the most kinetic energy.Topic 1: What is “momentum”? Definitions + momentum: a property of Warde {us objects © Depends on: MASS and —ardleetty © vector: same directionas tne ve\ocs 4 © MOMentum - can be thought of as M.O.M—Mass On the Move Equation: Pe Momerrtonr P Se ed NY Mr mass ve velocity Examp! iculating Momentum What is the momentum of a 2000 kilogram car that is moving east with a speed of 5.0 meters per Second? - prewe Georg =) > 10,000 Wg Example #2: Comparing Momentum Which has greater momentum? | a gee tefl 2000Kg carwith 10000 buswith | 30kgplayerwith 6D kg referee with crmh—amonianan | aokapemen grt Gecok(S2) Pe imeweliys| pe 3o:2 pe F Propels ous >) — came / aesPRACTICE Use the options below for questions 1 & 2: (1) a parked 1000 kg car (2) a 0.02 kg fly moving at 8.0 m/s (3) a 50 kg sprinter running at 7.5 m/s (4) a 1.0 kg ball rolling down a hill at 0.6 mis 1.) Which has the greatest inertia? Explain your choice or show all work. VRrwen ona 7 Greatest mass. 2.) Which has the greatest momentum? Explain your choice or show all work. O w-4 @ (ew l(s2)> ouAssignment #2: What is Momentum? 1. We have previously learned about inertia. Give a definition for inertia. ’ ct \nerkic is rearckerce Sp drauge. The dendency Lr an obi Ye workin Ys corrmt dete CG motion 2. Obviously, a boulder is more difficult to move than a bowling ball. Which substance has a greater rest inertia? Bade Ye a bas sear eed 3. Assemi-truck will be more difficult to stop than a motor cycle if they are both going at the same speed. Which vehicle has the greater motion inertia? Sem Wag guder mation merbia ble Pts “ass 4. Now consider two very similar semi-trucks. One travels at 40 km/hr and another travels at 75 km/hr. Which truck will have the greater motion inertia? Asarning ‘Ae wasees, He Sts tr. vill Vee moter Werk 5. Which two of the following ose affect the “motion inertia"? (1) Direction (vec (3) Acceleration (4) Mass Information: Momentum “Motion inertia’ is the tendency of an object fo continue in motion. Momentum is the word most often used when speaking of an object continuing in motion. There is a mathematical equation that describes momentum which is based on your answer to question 5. The equation is: momentum = mass x velocity OR p=mvy (FIND THIS ON YOUR REF. TABLES!) ‘The units for momentum are simply the mass units times the velocity units. kaem/s (and gskm/hr) are examples of momentum units. 6. Calculate the momentum of a 25,000 kg truck traveling at a speed of 20 m/s. (Include units.) PEW = (25,008 WX 2oe)= Docoo by ar 7. Is it possible for a truck and a motorcycle to have the same momentum? Explain. Nis, sivmee wavreyde as less mass tb wcll nef Seen fetes Avan Has Frock. 8. What is the momentum of a 1900 kg car thatis sitting in the driveway? ¢ veep , vet wavingAssignment #3: Intro to Momentum — Part 2 Directions: Using the mass and velocity values given below, calculate the momentum for each scenario. Correct your ranking that you did in Assignment #1. 1. Speeding bullet mass of bullet = 4.259 = COO47S be, speed of bullet = 965 m/s = wis (o-.colestea Atosen) = Hel Lees P: ( test s Ih 5 2, Bowling balll rolling down an alley mass of bowling ball = 16 lbs = approx. 7.3 kg speed of bowling ball = 17 mph = approx. 7.6 m/s PH (7-B4d (Tend) - SST keg we 3. Car on the expressway mass of car = approx. 2 tons = 1800 kg speed of car = 55 mph = approx. 24.6 m/s Cero eg) (24-022) = 14,280 byes ; 2 5, Fullback running for a touchdown ‘mass of fullback = 115 kg . speed offullback=7m/s pe = (uStes)(Toe) = BSbs = S 4, Truck parked at a truck stop ae How did you predictions compare from Assignment #1?Topic 2: Action & Reaction Forces Newton's Third Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Equal in magyitte opposite in NipesVinn EXAMPLES ~ T ic Ifa bat strikes a ball with a force of 50N,—]F= Ma the ball pushes back with a force of 50 NI =>. AA The earth pulls on you with a force of 550 N, you pull back on the earth with a force of ‘SBON! Problems: 1.) A firefighter directs a stream of water from a hose to the east. In what direction is the force onthe hose? Wet 2.) Aman getting out of a rowboat jumps north onto a dock. What happens to the boat? Moses soot 3.) A60 kilogram astronaut pushes against a 120 kilogram satellite with a force of 15 newtons. How much force does the satellite exert on the astronaut? Opposite direcdlan - 16 4.) A boy pushes a cart across the floor with a force of 10 newtons. The box pushes on the boy with a force of... Ss —\onN 10Class Demonstration: Newton’s 3" Law 1). Same size people push hard on each other. [Prediction: Force that left person pushes on right person 2.) One person is bigger; people push hard on each other. Prediction: | Force that left person pushes | ‘on right person 3) Same size people are pulling on spring scales. | Actual Observation: | Same [Prediction: N ‘ Scales hooked together ‘Actual Observations: Saure 4.) Two people pulling on a spring scale. One person is pulling harder. [Prediction: A Scales hooked together femgar Boor ‘Actual Observations: Soune What can you conclude? uAssignment #4A: Newton's Third Law Webquest Open your web browser and go to the following address: http: //tinyurl.com/ykgfozv Instructions: Read the information on the website and fill in the blanks/answer the questions below. Aforceisa“(ee\s__ora__©\\_upon an object which results from its interaction with another object. + When you sit in your chair, your body exerts a downward force on the chair and the chair... exerts on upoord Gree On sjo0- + Formally stated, Newton's Third Law is: "Ser esem action Mere is an aud & epposile madi * The statement means tht in every injaraction, there isa pal of forces acting on st the two interacting objects. The waapidede ot the force on the first object equals the size (sraeyidode) of the force on the second object. + Andthe icc ion of the force on the first object is opposite to the Aicce ow _ of the force on the second object. + Explain how Newton's Third law allows a fish to swim through water: vine Tah Eas poda against water, he Yer woker poss beck on x ‘oh. + Explain how Newton's Third law allows a bird to fly through the air: Samer wings posh av aw oir pees hack 12n’s Thi of M Information: ‘The third law of motion you have probably heard before: “For every action there is an equal and lopposite reaction.” Forces always come in pairs. Xe ag" Action force: ball pushes on cannon (recoil) Action force: Rocket pushes out gas Reaction force: ball shoots out Reaction force: Gas pushes rocket up It doesn't matter which force we call the “action force” or which we call the “reaction force”. The important thing is that the forces come in pairs. Critical Thinking Questions: 1) In the cannonball picture above we can imagine that the ball gets accelerated forward much faster than the cannon’s recoil acceleration backward. If the forces are “equal and opposite” why are the accelerations not the same? Camcrn Vos are mess, co AS acceleration is lone. 2) If your foot kicks a football, your foot exerts a force on the football and the football exerts a force on your foot. a) How many forces are involved in this scenario? 2 b) Identify the action/reaction forces in this scenario. Tack ax. tal, £ dlon Pa . ©) Are the action/reaction forces equal and opposite of one another? je 4) If your foot kicks the football with a force of 25 N, how much force does the football exert back on your foot? =, | — @) How many of the forces act on the football? f) Therefore, the forces acting on the football are — and accelerate. a) aaa) wont 1BAssignment #5: 3" Law Practice Based on the Assignment #1 that you chose and your understanding of Newton's Third Law, answer the following questions: 41.) Object A exerts a 10 N force on object B, which has half the mass of object A. What is the force abject Bexerts on object A? 2.) The diagram below shows a compressed spring between two carts initially at rest on a horizontal, frictionless surface. Cart A has a mass of 2 kilograms and cart B has a mass of 1 Kilogram. A string holds the carts together A B The string is cut and the carts move apart. Compared to the magnitude of the force the spring exerts on cart A, the magnitude of the force the spring exerts on cart Bis ‘The same 2) Half as great (3) Twice as great (4) Four times as great 3.) A student pulls on a 60.-newton sled with a force having a magnitude of 21 the magnitude of the force that the sled exerts on the student? Zonk 4.) A carpenter hits a nail with a hammer. Compared to the magnitude of the force the hammer exerts on the nail, the magnitude of the force the nail exerts. on the hammer during contact is (1) less. (2) more (8) the same > 5.) Earth’s mass is approximately 81 times the mass of the Moon. If Earth exerts a gravitational force of magnitude F on the Moon, the magnitude of the gravitational force of the Moon on the Earth is (1) 9F @r) (3) 81F w= 6.) While driving, you notice a bug strike the windshield of your car and get splattered. 2.) Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the bug or the force on the windshield? b.) Why is there such a different outcome for the bug and the car? Bas, Wes a teodn sualler mass, so e9en * oy. Sig Mee seme, accelera\cn ts ecimecls Naeger oe ass+ impulse: a chowee. ve \ Momentos © Causes achangein _veloci-hy © vector ; same direction as wet Casernge ree sation: F= Nashus (A) = seconds () Des vs 83 2, ews aks: s le in ‘A 1000 kilogram drag racing car accelerates from 0 to 330 miles per hour (148 meters per second) in 5.0 seconds. ‘© What is the impulse experienced by the drag racer? Sehr = Coon eben ya (gx vg. =) Oe ‘© What is the net force experienced by the drag racer? Te yt V8 xie® wae © Rt (6s) Ke Zant -Example #2: Slowing Down Vv: ‘An F-4 aircraft with a mass of 2.7 x 10 kilograms lands while moving at 100 meters per second. The aircraft deploys a parachute that slows the aircraft to @ speed of 40 meters per second in 8.0 seconds ‘§ © Whatis the impulse experienced by the F-4? . vg ME TF Dpe mie C7 Nowe — Inewe) o What force does the parachute exert on the F-4? Se eyt -\\ ws Sx (8 Vuze gy es. = Soe see) 16Ways of Solving Impulse and Change in Momentum Questions + Solve for an unknown variable Identity all of the givens Pick the part of the equation above that you need Pick the part of the equation that has information that is given in the problem Set the 2 parts equal to each other Solve for the unknown gens Example 1: A 30 N force is applied to a 2 kg object for 0.5 seconds. Determine the change in momentum. F=30N Change in momentum = Impulse = J = Fat = Ap F pr— pi= mav = m(v;— wi) t=05s Fat= Ap m=2kg (30 N)(O.5 s) = Ap Ap=? 15s = Ap Example 2: What force must be applied to a 3 kg object in order to change its velocity by 10 mis in 2 seconds? Fe? ‘Change in momentum = Impulse = J =|Fat = mw-v) t=2s Fat=mav > F=(mavy/At m=3kg F = (3 ka 10m/s) = 45.N Av = 10 mis *s 7PRACTICE 1.) Calculate the initial momentum, impulse AND final momentum of each of the following objects. s ‘A 10 kilogram object that begins from rest and accelerates to a speed of 2.0 meters per second, eww ve Hr CouN2e) p=_O vere . = 2D ve p20 vy ap RH = Goro) S'S = Ze Veer =é T= bee H-P * Zolegee 5.0 kilogram object initially moving at 3.0 meters per second that comes to a stop in 1.5 seconds. pas vee WG) HH (Hog) B prs_D ue FISNg J _aIS gs oe Se Bee a % A 15.0 kilogram object that is moving east at 1.0 meter per second and is subjected to a net force of 10 newtons to the east for 3.0 seconds. DFAS vee | RE Se Huybe Go ( Bee) pes vee = (stays) FZoWS J=_Bo hy BS Wye aS DOR $ 2-H ie Wy ) ee pense Fe - 1S 6 |. A2.0 kilogram object that is moving west at 4.0 meters per second that is slowed down to 0.5 meter per second. 2D aircelins pone Was te be vegealve Kew pe Ma tS = ext) d=] Vege = Bere B= Ree e¢- Pi Per = (wgx- (Svgee) = (ed(oSe5) Tyg 8 -\ vs2.) A5.0 kilogram wooden block is sliding to the right on a wooden table with an initial velocity of 6.0 Meters per second. The block eventually comes to a stop in 12 seconds. v as — a. On the diagram above, draw an arrow to show the direction of the block's initial velocity and label it “v’. b. On the diagram above, draw an arrow to show the direction of the block's acceleration and label it “a” c. Calculate the net force acting on the block. ay Fatemacmby = Cs skong = les) % \U66c 7-28 Zi diccdlin are d. Determine the biock’s initial momentum. Dpemby = (agox- tig) = - Bolg Sou dicceden os Tub e. Determine the impulse imparted to the block. Tee = -d0 ve 19Assignment #6: ESPN Impulse Video Questions 1) In physics, what is an impulse? = a Cree ret drauges comellrings mewerhin = depends om time 2) What are TWO ways a football player can lessen the impact of a tackle? weer pods - relay 3) Fill in the table below for the watermelon drop with: MORE, LESS, or THE SAME. Momentum Overall Height | When |Mamentum | changein Foreeon | Time of | mouse Falling Momentum a“ Pa Lands on oa > |Mae | Less Concrete | Soune Lands in Water | Sowac [| they |Mee | Some T_T 4) Why is “follow-through” important in sports? Longer coach = greater Wplse = mere Gree 5) Why do many athletes wear foam pads? ("Because they are soft” is not an acceptable answer!!!) \nescase imped Vine teenie changes Hemertoon dos Assignment #7: What is Impulse?Assignment #5: What is Impulse? Changing Momentum As Newton's 1* Law states, an object's velocity will not change unless a force acts on the object. ‘Since momentum involves velocity, a force will change an object's momentum. The force that causes ‘a change in momentum is called an impulse. An impulse may be a very quick push or a push that lasts for a long time, To calculate how much the momentum changes you need to know how long the force lasts, "A" means “change in* J Feit = m(Av) wee FIND THIS ON YOUR REF. TABLESII Impulse Force Change in momentum J= impulse F = force of impact in Newtons m= mass of the object in kg t= the time of impact, how long the impact force acts on the object ‘Av= change in velocity of the object Before proceeding to the questions, please notice the difference between “force of impact” and “impulse”. The impulse is actually the force of impact multiplied by the time of impact. 1, Some men were trying to push a car that had run out of gas. They applied a total force of 400 N for 220 seconds. a) Calculate the impulse. (The units should be Ns.) J = Fheat = (400 N)(220 $) = 88,000 Nes b) Ifthe car's velocity changed from 0 mis to 1.75 mis, calculate the mass of the car. J=mav 88,000 Nes = m (1.75 m/s - 0 mis) m= 50, 286 kg 2. A plate with a mass of 0.375 kg is dropped and has a speed of 3 m/s when it suddenly hits the hard kitchen floor. Calculate the change in momentum. (Note: the final speed of the plate is, of course, zero when it hits the floor.) J = dp = mAv = (0.375 kg)(0 m/s — 3 m/s) =~ 1.125 kaem/s 8. Consider the plate from the previous question. The floor provided an impact force that acted on the plate. It acted on the plate very suddenly—it was a mere fraction of a second. If the force acted on the plate for 0.00024 s, calculate the force of impact. = AP = Frost .125 kgem/s = Fye¢ (0.00024 5) 4,687.5 N 24, The change in momentum for the plate in this situation is fixed—1.125 kg mis (your answer to question 2), The force of impact is very large, thereby breaking the plate. If the time were larger than 0.00024 s, would the force of impact be larger or smaller than your answer to question 3? If the time were larger, the force would have to be smaller. 5. Increasing the time of impact will__decrease __ the force of impact. wees ores 6. Consider again the plate in questions 2 and 3. If the plate hits a pillow instead of the floor it might not break. This question will examine the physics that explains why the plate may not break, 2) If the plate falls onto a pillow instead of the floor, will the time of impact be greater or smaller? Explain. The time of impact will be greater because the pillow causes the plate to slow down over a distance equal to the thickness of the pillow. b) Hopefully for part a, you answered that the time would be greater. It will be greater because the pillow causes a gradual slowing of the plate instead of a sudden slowing as it hits the floor. Go on to part c. ©) The time of impact when the plate hits the pillow is 0.0085 s. Now calculate’the force of impact. (The change in momentum is the same as it was in question 3. Only the time has changed.) J Ap Foot = 1.125 kgom/s = Fned(0.0085 5) Fret = = 132.4 N 7. Explain, in detail, how an air bag helps reduce the amount of injuries that can occur in a car accident. For a given accident, the change in momentum (impulse) is the same whether airbags are deployed or not, What the air bag does is increase the amount of time for the impact, and thereby lessens the force of the impact. More time = less force = less injury! ZeAssignment #6: Why Should You Buckle Up?! ‘Show all work! Hasan, who has a mass of 75 kg, is traveling in his sports car at a speed of 20 m/s. Suddenly, a dog Funs out into the road and Hasan slams on his brakes to avoid hitting the dog. He is wearing his seatbelt, which brings his body to a stop in 0.4 seconds. 1) What Is the force that the seatbelt applied to Hasan? 20 m/s rere ma (2) ay 2) fhe had NOT been wearing his seatbelt and the windshield stopped his head in 1.0 x 10° seconds, what would be the force applied to his head? 1,500,000 N Fema =m (42 “= (75 ka) (222) 3) Does the seatbelt or the windshield cause a greater change in momentum? itis the SAME Ap! For the seatbelt, there is less Fre: and more time. For the windshield, there is more Fyet and le: 4) Why is the force exerted by the windshield different than the force exerted by the seatbelt? ‘Time of impact is much less for the windshield than the seatbelt, less impact time = more force on an objectAssignment #7: Impulses Cause Changes in Momentum! Draw a picture and show all work! 1.) A baseball with a mass of 0.150 kg is thrown by the pitcher at a speed of 45 m/s towards the batter. ‘The batter hits a line drive into center field with a speed of 55 m/s. Calling the direction from the pitcher to the batter positive, what Is the ball's change in momentum? Ap = mAV = m(v;— vi) = (0.15 kg)(-55 m/s — 45 m/s) = — 15 kgem/s 2.) What impulse is imparted to the balll by the bat in question #17 J= Ap == 18 kormis 3.) A “blob” of silly putty {mass = 0.10 kg) is thrown at a wall with a speed of 30 mis and is brought to rest in 0.10 seconds. What force does the wall exert on the silly putty? < = ‘Av) ‘Om/s-30m/s Foot = ma m(2) (0c ky (22E-SEE) OR J Fpoit = Ap = mv Fret (0.1 5) = (0.1 kg)(0 m/s ~30 m/s) Foot * = 30.N, 4.) Acchicken egg can sustain a force of 150 N before it cracks. A mother hen has a squatting momentum of 80 kgen/s. How much time should the mother hen take to squat down on the egg in her nest to make sure the egg isn’t broken? I= Frat (180 N) t= 0.5385.) A woman drives a goif ball off a tee and her club gives the ball a velocity of 28 m/s. The mass of the golf balt is 0.045 kg and the club is on contact with the ball for 6.0 x 10° sec. a) Whats the change in momentum of the ball? ‘Ap = mAv = m(v¢— vi) = (0.045 kg)(28 m/s — 0 mis) = 1.26 karm/s b) What is the average force applied to the ball by the club? J Fott= Ap Frot (6 x 10° s) = 1.26 kgemis Fret = 210 kgem/s? = 210 N 6.) A tennis player returns a 30. m/s serve straight back at 25. m/s, after making contact with the ball for 0.50 s. If the balll has a mass of 0.20 kg, what Is the force she exerted on the ball? J = Frott = Ap = mAv Fet (0.5 8) = (0.2 kg)(25 m/s — (-30 m/s)) Fret (0.5 8) = (0.2 kg)(55 mis) Foot = 22.NAssignment #8: Momentum & Impulse 1) What Is the momentum of an object with a mass of § kilograms that is moving at 3.0 meters per WAN =(s¥aya"'s) -[5¥a3 | [15 kg-m/s] 2) An object with a mass of 3 kilograms begins with a speed of 2.0 meters per second and increases its speed to 5.0 meters per second in 10 seconds, ©. Determine the impulse experienced by the object. second, S=Ap= AN = Caraysms-2"18) apace © Determine the net force applied to the object in speeding it up. Te Rat 4 kes = nar (08) = an [9 kg-mis; Fnek Ot J 0.9 Nj 3) A2.0 kilogram object at rest is subjected to a net force of 5.0 newtons for 4.0 seconds. What final speed will the object reach? Kart = AN (swYds)= Sey ~ ons) Ne = \O0™'s 4) A.4.0 kilogram object moving fe [10 mis} west at 8.0 meters per second is subjected to a force to the east for 1.5 seconds, slowing it down fo a speed P20 meters meters per second, Determine the nettorce ‘that was applied. Faas t= MAN Fug? AN, (ta\Lantsr 88) ack aa Ls =\-\enN os efoge. (west woas posing; te east 5 ten3) A2.0 kilogram lab cart at rest is subjected to a net force of 5.0 newtons for 4.0 seconds. a) What will be the final speed of the lab cart? Te Rage Bp = bv (aMibod) = (2d (Wg-OD b) What will be the final kinetic energy of the lab cart? 2 et > > = wes tw 25 (25) Gowy \oat [10 mis; 100 J} 4) A0.4 kilogram hockey puck moving west across the ice at 8.0 meters per second is runs into the heel of a skater. The puck was in contact with the heel for 0.5 seconds and slowed down to 3 mis as a result. a) Determine the net force that was applied to the hockey puck by the skater's heel. tA= Ones Fa 7 wb Ns Se Rk (0-5) = Comey (eg Be) Lz Ose _ Yer Ba Faroe > b) What change in kinetic energy occurred tor the hockey puck? Ie = Vee - VE zy? = yoy we) L4.0N; 11.0) = 4 (org) Gay - Ces) Za 27