ose Stadies in Chemical and Environmental Engincering 2 (2020) 100023 Contents lists available at ScienceDicect ? Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering ELSEVIER journal homepage: wr clitoriaimenager comlsceedetault.ospx Water matrices as potential source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission — An ® overview from environmental perspective os Muhammad Bilal """, Muhammad Shahzad Nazir, Tahir Rasheed °, Roberto Parra-Saldivar®, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal“ 1 soto of eSeminar of Techy, Ha, 2500, Ca “racy of Amati Hana of Tec, Hana, 223005, Cine «Seal of Choy and Caml Exar, Shara Sc Trg Uns, Sng 200240, China ‘Tel de sare, Schaaf Exact an Scr, Cans Nor), Ave. Egou0 Gara Sade 201, Moray, i, CP 6A, Meso own ‘deny, he emergence of ovelcronvis dae (OOVID 19 ened by Severe Acts Respraory Syndrome Wer mates Corouvrw2 (SARS CHV-2) bas raplly blowout seow ie world. Sic, the presence of coronavirus, sans itclading SARS-CoV-2 athe fel species sed anal twa of some nected patents, ha raed emering — concer with the lIood of fea asd epread mist be npc and cried. Therefor, Rte an flr has = tcen made to spol he cent searor and posible soon eter derstand the ris sociated with the wastewater matsees a a pote source of SARS-CoV'2 tansmision in the eniroament. The information reviewed here constitutes sparameunt intelectual bats to sustenance ongoing sesearc to tackle the SARS-COV.2 ‘ue. Thu, tht overview Indicate the most accesible frontiers elated to the detection, quintifistion, and possible ransmisson of SARS-CoV-2 in the envionment through water routes. The regulatory authorities and Polleymalers must aseure the soley via dsemination of evidence-based guidlines that the water matrices, {cling groundwater and disking water resources ar sae Faly, we have Kent and enlisted a urnber of essing questions concerning the ongoing SARS-CaV-2 wansmision or COVID-I9 emergence se tha must he ‘reflly answered to pt frther and deeper insight into SARS-CaV:2/COVID-19 jn ate stds. veamentl pests 1. Introduction adverse impacts of SARS-CoV-2Iaden wastewater on soil and aquatic creatures, Along with the effective wastewater teatment, timely mon To date, there is no evidence to suggest wastewater as a potential source for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Though some reports have prophesied wastewater as 2 poor risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, intensive research efforts are needed to corroborate these predictions. Virusladen bio-aerosols from a drainage sewage pipe at Amoy Gardens ‘complex in Hong Kong has been reeognized asthe transmission mode for ‘coronaviruses during the outbreak of SARS in 2003 [1]. The virus can also find is way into the drinking water distribution infrastructure and might enter individual homes. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 may un- desirably affect the water supply chain, which ean compromise the integrity of water quality and human health. Therefore, the formation of ‘serosol during the wastewater treatment should be prudently inspected ‘as possible source of virus spread. Some evidence suggests the feal-oral transmission of SARS-GoV-2. Besides, i is also essential to examine the © Corresponding autho. * Comesponding auth. toring and proper control measures are required to limit the spread of SARS-CoY-2. Thus, robust analytical tools are required for cost-effective, sensitive, selective and mult-residue analysis (2) 2, Favorable conditions for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater Various earlier reports have demonstrated that the survival and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater profoundly depends on the wastewater characteristics [3,4]. Its described that surrogate corona Viruses remain contagious in sewage and water fora few days to weeks [5]. tna recent investigation, the halflife of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater has been estimated tobe between 4.8 and 7.2 [6]. Whereas, Barcelo [7] reported that the SARS.CoV'2 could persist in wastewater from hours to days. Therefore, it remains profoundly meaningful to apprehend the ‘emai adres: biaiseormacom (ML Ba), afeghsl@tce me (LALN. tal) hups://doLorg/10:1016 ese 2020100023 Received 6 dune 2020, Received in revised fon 2 Jy 2020; Accepted 6 July 2020 2666 0164/0 2020 The Author(s) Published by Elevier Lid This san open acess article under the OG BY-NCND license (p//reatiecommons.ore/lcense/by cate)stability, fate, and decay mechanism of SARS-COV-2 in water and wastewater Influential parameters that can envisage the reduetion kc netics should be assessed for establishing favorable and unfavorable ‘conditions for SARS-CoV-2 survival in sewage. In order to evaluate the potential acquaintance risks of virus polluted water, it is erucal to investigate the detailed physical and biological characteristics of various wastewater. Fig. | shows Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona: virus (SARS-CoV) crosstransmission via building sanitary plumbing systems to wastewater sewage [8]. In an earter study, Gundy etal. [9] reports the survival of coronaviruses in water and wastewater. The re: sults obtained indicate that coronaviruses are much more sensitive (0 temperature than Poliovirus 1 LSe-2ab (PV-1) and that there Is a ‘considerable difference in survivability between PV-1 and the corona 4. Aerosols carried to upper apartments and adjacent buildings by air current Virus-taden aerosols created as waste is discharged eS in Chelan ri gig 2 (2020) 300022 ‘3. Detection strategies ~ General and biological perspective Nevertheless, important issues remain, ic, which pathogen associated factors are responsible for the amplification effects? What cultural factors are different or have SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) changed? What metropolitan areas will Ro > I sustain and what are the drivers of this transmission rate? There ae two types of factors and many methods before these questions are addressed [10] ‘The interaction factors between pathogen and hosts include the time of viral emergence, viral emergence (number of infectious particles re leases), viral persistence (environmen), and viral shedding (super propagators) heterogeneity. However, changes inthe viral genome wil alter the cumulative distribution of those factors over time because human adaptation is underway. Combined factors based on society inchide people by location (densities), everyday transport (housing and 3. Transmission of aerosols to upper apartment via depleted U-trap 1, Infected resident Introduces virus to drainage system Fig. 1 Shows Severe Acute Hespiatory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) ess tranmision via bulding sanitary plumbing systems. Repeated fom Rel (8) ‘Gormley, Mt, Aspray,T-, Kelly, D. A. RedrguerGi,C. 2017) Pathogen eros transmission via lng sanitary phumbing system in a fl ele ples. ‘las One, 12(2),e0171556", with permission under the terms of the Creative Commons Atuibution Leese.‘workplace structure), connections (more significant opportunities for transportation), emerging activity trends (urbanization and increased mobility), tc. Therapy (antivirals and antibodies) and vaccinations of the future. The latest studies have shown that COVID-19 has anormal or ‘even “preclinical but communicable” period of viral dissemination and infection spread. Such features are knoven for humans and most other Viral pathogens but not for SARS and MERS coronaviruses. Immuno- ‘compromised or semi-symptomati individuals may also transmit SARS. (CoV-2 [11]. Ina recent study, Ahmed etal. [12] reported a comparison of virus concentration methods for the RT-qPCR-based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from untreated wastewater, Unique predictive equations for epidemiological outbreaks are being used to predict Ro, but pathogen-based variables cannot be determines “These forecasts include clinical results and the epidemiology of “shoe leather”. Population related statistics should be inferred from current ‘demographics, travel, and telecommunication estimates, Health author- ites in China have already started to provide some of the necessary in formation with time-based mobile phone movements across geospatial regions. However, due to privacy and protection concerns, collection ‘authorities, this data may not be shared in other countries - except in public health crises or emergencies. In published articles, mathematical models which provide COVID-19, ‘caves inthe real-time forecast have begun to appear inthe iterature (13, “Bat even comprehensive mathematical models, involving complex pathogenic and social variables, can take considerable time and effort (often months or even years) to construct and validate, We can also use ‘current mathematical models for recent influenza pandemics or out breaks of SARS and MERS, including those produced in the Waited States. National Research Institute for Infetious Disease Systems, These differ: ‘ential models are responsible for differences in pathogenic, financial, and intervention variables. The effectiveness of the prediction of COVID-19 distribution will depend on the accuracy of transmission models and data [13 We assume that research activities involve above and all other Important variables identifying the values (and ranges). Information on these factors can also be spread through research and response and ‘adaptation organizations, for example, the Red Cross, other NGOs, and ‘agencies for emergency management. The most successful way (0 ‘communicate these different statistics i to create a database fo the co ‘ordination of information by pathogen-hos, social mixing, and inter vention modules. Such a bridge links all existing database networks. Moreover, such a bank may use digital sofware to find, atrange, and analyze data for eventual eure and relation. Several statistical simulation ‘groups independently function in the prediction of the distribution of ‘COVID-19 infections throughout China, the US, and Europe. We believe that priority should be aligned and supported by goverment agencies between these groups Several clinica tals are currently underway to identify treatments, for COVID-19. Sadly, no medical vaccines or antivital medications are ‘officially approved on the medical font fr the prevention of coronavirus infections [151. The only therapeutic option is supportive treatment, Including hospitalization and the operation of intensive care units. Be: sides, the risk of SARS-CoV'2. pneumonia leading to fatal secondary bacterial infections, including influenza, must be taken immediatly into ‘consideration. Fortunately, action can be taken in the area of public health to safeguard large populations, including travel prohibition, ‘quarantine, and isolation from contactZeases. However, the best inter vention will require an understanding of the main factors driving out breaks of COVID-19 and a monitoring of how the causes change overtime ‘and place [16-18]. The most concerned questions about the trans: mission, detection, and prevention of SARS-CoV'-2 are summarized in ‘Table 1 [171 4. Detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater ‘The Kdentification and quantification of SARS-CoV:2 in sewage and Sie x Chal an rom gig 2 (2020) 100023, ‘Table 1 ‘The most concemed questions about the transmission, detection, and prevention oF SARS: Cov-2 [17 No, The mos cone goons How mich dw iow aot the Raman hana ansmiion of ARS GE 2. How ch do we know abot the waterbed anmiso of SARS OV.2? er the SARS-COV apps oe sient catalovsns human so- resembling emp rm the common cld oa sete a SARS CN? 5. Howeoncer knee abt th SARS-C-2 a, lho tere me 6 Witte bemain symptoms of SARS V2. and how ae they engistle {fret ment eae veal acne velopnest peu god neg towel SARC 2, eee? wastewater Is @ challenging task, but [¢ fs important to tack these emerging infections diseases in a timely and effective manner. Many recent studies have reported thatthe novel SARS-CaV-2 in human stool and urban wastewater has been successfully detected [19-22]. None- theless, all of the above studies are incomplete and several additional studies covering a large number of populations are required. Multis ciplinary research methodologies in this area could be successful in developing, more efficient techniques for SARS-CoV'2 detection and ‘quantification in water. Due to the shorter halflimit of the viable SSARS-CoV-2in wastewater, the detection strategy shouldbe equally valid for both sustainable and non-viable vias particles. It is also shown that Virus structure and assembly can be degraded into other items, 90 developing techniques capable of using degraded materials fr the pre cise detection and quantitation of coronavirus is of great importance [251 Based on significant advances in microbiology, a range of novel detection strategies techniques were proposed for robust identification and quantification of viral RNA in che scientific Ierature (24,25). The development of innovative biosensor based nanostructured materials has bbeen found to promise waterborne pathogens in water samples (26. 5. Uneven consumption of disinfectants - assessment of adverse impacts and alternative solutions (One of the main environmental dilemmas of COVID-19 isthe inap- propriate use of disinfectants released to the sewage system. Careful ‘monitoring of wastewater for possible contamination is, therefore, necessary to restriet the spread of SARSCaV’-2 In a recent report, Zhang etal, [19] revealed that 2000 tons of disinfectants are released merely in Wohan eity, which not only postures a potential impact tothe aquatic system but can also contaminate natural resourees of drinking ater. Similarly, the presence of pharmaceutically ative residues in wastewater ‘ay also inflience human health and marine organism. Its significant to evaluate the negative impaets of these discharges and develop newer and robust techniques for the proper treatment and safe disposal of wastewaters Furthermore, multdisiplinary approaches are required for the development of environmentally friendly and more sustainable technologies to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 from water and other sources. 6. The hypothetical fate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the urban water eyele ‘The fate ofthe urban water cycle SARS-CoV.2 virus and its related possible health threats rise @ great many concems for environmental academics, especially the water science group. The existence and man. tenance of the viability of coronaviruses in hospitals and wastewater from fecal emancipation of infected patients have been demonstrated incarliee reports [27,28] Studies indicating coronavinis persistence in ‘wastewater plants and aquatic matrices have also confirmed greater attention to this serious problem [5,29]. The SARS-CoV-2 virus may therefore stil exist in wastewater, but it must be recognized and ‘concentrated. Therefore, there is also the question of how long corona ‘virus can survive and remain contagious after wastewater discharge. Following the 2003 SARS epidemic, some studies have identified viral particulates in the household or sewage wastewater that, in the absence ‘of suitable disinfection, are likely 10 survive at some level, thereby increasing the potential for infection (1,3,5,90-32]. The survival and persistence of coronaviruses in water systems depend however upon ‘various factor, such as light familiarity (UV or solar inactivation, tem perature (high-temperature coronaviruses are susceptible to), organic substance, and the occurrence of competitor microorganisms. Adequate ‘monitoring program must, therefore, be developed during treatment of ‘wastewater, to evaluate the destination ofthe urban water eyee. Declaration of competing interest ‘The listed author(s) declare that no conflicting interests exist inthis ‘work Acknowledgments ‘The listed author(s) apprecatvely acknowledge the literature ser vices provided by representative universities. References: 11s. ng, Te SARS epee in Hong Kang What eons oe we ema? J ‘Ste Med 9 (8) (203) 374-378 {21 Nims 6 Kasei Horde, tue perspectives of wastewater me ‘ademiloy eto cats dese pred and esta the omy ee, Evin nt 139 (20), 1089. (91 Vive 1 tenbery. 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