班期 末 考 解 答 和 評 分 標 準

微甲06-10班
1041微

1. (14%)
1 1
ˆ ˆ
(a) (7%) Find the indefinite integrals √ dx (5%) and dx (2%). (You may use the integral formula
ˆ x2 + 1 x+2
of sec θ dθ.)

(b) (4%) Find the value of the constant a for which the improper integral
ˆ ∞ 
1 a
√ − dx converges.
0 x2 + 1 x + 2

(c) (3%) Evaluate the improper integral for this a.

Solution:
(a)(7pts)
[part1–(5pts)]

1
ˆ
√ dx
x2 +1

let x = tan θ ⇒ dx=sec2 θ dθ (2pts)

1
ˆ
√ dx
x2 +1

sec2 θ
ˆ
= dθ
sec θ
ˆ
= sec θ dθ

=ln | sec θ + tan θ | + c

p
=ln | x2 + 1 + x | + c

[part2–(2pts)]

1
ˆ
dx
x+2

=ln | x + 2 | + c

(b)(4pts)

∞
1 a
ˆ
(√ − )dx
0 x2 + 1 x + 2
ˆ t
1 a
= lim (√ − )dx
t→∞ 0
2
x +1 x+2

consider the indefinite integral

1 a
ˆ
(√ − )dx
2
x +1 x + 2
p
=ln | x2 + 1 + x | −a ln | x + 2 | + c

Page 1 of 10
 ∞
1 a
ˆ
Let I= (√ − )dx
0 x2 + 1 x + 2
∞
1 a
ˆ
I= (√ − )dx
0 x +1 x+2
2

ˆ t
1 a
= lim (√ − )dx
t→∞ 0
2
x +1 x+2
p
= lim ( ln( t2 + 1 + t) − ln 1 − a ln (t + 2) + a ln 2 )
t→∞
√
t2 + 1 + t
= lim ln( ) + a ln 2 —————————————— (2pts)
t→∞ (t + 2)a
√
t2 + 1 + t
Thus we only need to consider lim ln
t→∞ (t + 2)a
√
t2 + 1 + t
let L= lim ln
t→∞ (t + 2)a
ˆ ∞
1 a
I= (√ − )dx=ln L+ ln 2
0
2
x +1 x + 2

(case1) a > 1

L=0

I= ln L +a ln 2 → −∞ dverges

(case2) a < 1 then L→ ∞ , and I= ln L +a ln 2 → ∞ dverges

(case1)and(case2)——————————————————— (1pts)

(case3) a = 1
√
t2 + 1 + t
L= lim ln =2
t→∞ (t + 2)

I=ln L+ ln 2 = ln 2 + ln 2 = 2 ln 2

Thus I converges when a=1——————————————— (1pts)

(c)(3pts)

When a=1
√
t2 + 1 + t
L= lim ln = 2———————————————- (2pts)
t→∞ (t + 2)

I=ln L+ ln 2 = ln 2 + ln 2 = 2 ln 2————————————– (1pts)

Page 2 of 10
2. (12%) Find the following indefinite integrals:
3t2 + t + 4
ˆ
(a) (6%) dt.
t3 + t
√
ˆ
(b) (6%) cos x dx

Solution:

3t2 + t + 4 A Bt + C
(a) = + 2 (1 point)
t3 + t t t +1
⇒ A = 4, B = −1, C = 1(1 point)
4 −t + 1 1
ˆ
+ 2 dt = 4 ln |t| − ln(t2 + 1) + tan−1 t + c(1 pointt for each)
t t +1 2
√
(b) Let x = u, ⇒ dx = 2udu.

√
ˆ ˆ
cos xdx = 2 u cos udu(2 points)
ˆ
=2 ud sin
ˆ
= 2(u sin u − sin udu)(2 points)

= 2(u sin u + cos u) + c

√ √ √
= (2 x sin x + 2 cos x) + c(1 point for each)

Page 3 of 10
3. (12%)
dx
(a) (10%) Solve the initial-value problem: = (a − x)(b − x), where a > b > 0, for x = x(t) with x(0) = 0.
dt
(b) (2%) Find lim x(t).
t→∞

Solution:
dx
(a) = dt
(a −
ˆ x)(b − x)
dx
ˆ
⇒ = 1dt
(a −ˆ x)(b − x)
1 1 1
⇒ ( − )dx = t + C
b−a a−x b−x
1
⇒ (− ln |a − x| + ln |b − x|) = t + C
b−a  
1 a − x
⇒ ln  = t+C
a−b b − x
∵ x(0) = 0
1 a 1 a
∴C= ln   = ln
 
 a − b b a−b b
a − x a
⇒ ln 
  = (a − b)t + ln
b−x b
a−x a (a−b)t
⇒ = e
b−x b
⇒ abe(a−b)t − ae(a−b)t = ab − bx
ab(e(a−b)t − 1)
⇒ x(t) =
ae(a−b)t − b
ab(e(a−b)t − 1) ab(a − b)e(a−b)t
(b) lim x(t) = lim (a−b)t
= lim =b
t→∞ t→∞ ae −b t→∞ a(a − b)e(a−b)t

評分標準
(a) 變數分離得 2 分
積分出來得 4 分
把 C 求出來得 2 分
帶回 C 並解出 x 得 2 分
(b) 沒過程不給分

Page 4 of 10
4. (12%)
(a) (10%) Solve the initial-value problem: xy ′ − y = x2 sin x, with y(π) = 0.
y(x)
(b) (2%) Find lim+ 2 .
x→0 x

Solution:
1
(a) The linear differential equation is y ′ − y = x sin x. We multiply the integrating factor
x
1
´
−x dx
e = e− ln |x| = x−1 (積分因子有算出來得 5 分，有錯整題最多給 2 分。)

on both sides of the differential equation and get

 
1 ′ 1 d 1 1
ˆ
y − 2 y = sin x ⇒ y = sin x ⇒ y = sin x dx = − cos x + C.
x x dx x x

So y(x) = x(− cos x + C). (寫到這裡可得 8 分。) The initial condition y(π) = 0 implies 0 = π(1 + C) and
we get C = −1, (解對積分常數再得 1 分。) so the solution of the differential equation is

y(x) = x(− cos x − 1). (最後完整的函數寫出再得 1 分。)

(b) The limit is

y(x) x(− cos x − 1) − cos x − 1

lim = lim = lim = −∞.
x→0+ x2 x→0+ x2 x→0+ x

• 注意到，若用以上觀察，寫「−∞」或「不存在」或「發散」都可以算對，得 2 分。 若是用羅必達法則計算該極
限，最後的答案只能寫「−∞」，而不能寫「不存在」或「發散」。 因為使用羅必達法則後，若分子、分母各自微
分後的極限「不存在」或「發散」，並不能對原極限下結論； 於是判定你對羅必達法則使用錯誤或是沒有正確理
解，無法給分。 課本第 302 頁指出，使用羅必達後，唯有「極限存在」或是「±∞」這種狀況可以反推原極限的
結果。

Page 5 of 10
 x
1
ˆ
5. (10%) Evaluate lim (1 − tan t)1/t dt.
x→0 x 0

Solution:
´x 1
(1 − tan t) t dt
0 0
First, note that lim is of the form .
x→0 x 0
We can use l’Hospital’s rule to evaluate the limit.
´x 1
0
(1 − tan t) t dt 1
lim = lim (1 − tan x) x By fundamental theorem of calculus. (5 pts)
x→0 x x→0

Then we take log to evaluate the last limit.

ln(1 − tan x) 0
lim is of the form
x→0 x 0
− sec2 x
= lim = −1 by l’Hospital’s rule
x→0 1 − tan x
´x 1
(1 − tan t) t dt 1
Thus we have lim 0 = e−1 = (5 pts)
x→0 x e

´x 1
(1 − tan t) t dt
Note lim 0
6= f ′ (0)
x→0 x
ˆ x
1
where f (x) = (1 − tan t) t dt
ˆ0 x
FTC:If f (x) = g(t) dt for x ∈ [0, a]
0
then f ′ (x) = g(x) for x ∈ (0, a) but not for x = 0, a

Page 6 of 10
6. (12%)
(a) (4%) Show that the area of an ellipse with the semi-major axis of length a and the semi-minor axis of length b
is abπ. See Figure 1(a).
(b) (8%) A toothpaste tube is modeled in Figure 1(b).
x
y
y

b
x z
a

z = 20
z=0
(a) (b)

Figure 1: (a) The area of an ellipse is abπ. (b) Find the volume of the modeled toothpaste tube.

• One side is flat and is located at −π ≤ x ≤ π, y = 0, z = 0.

• The other side is a circle with radius 2, so the equation of the circle is x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 20.
• Each cross-section for 0 < z < 20 is an ellipse with the semi-major axis of length a and the semi-minor axis
of length b, where
z 1
a = π + (2 − π) and b = z.
20 10
Find the volume of the modeled toothpaste tube with 0 ≤ z ≤ 20.

Solution:
(a)
s
x2 y 2 x2
Ellipse equation: 2 + 2 = 1 =¿ y = ±b 1 − 2 (1%)
a b a
Aera
s
ˆ a
x2 4b a p 2
ˆ
= 4 b 1 − 2 dx (1%)= a − x2 dx
0 a a 0
ˆ π2
= 4ab cos2 θdθ (let x = a sin θ, dx = a cos θdθ) (1%)
0
ˆ π
2
= 2ab (1 + cos 2θ)dθ (1%)
0
1 π
= 2ab(θ + sin 2θ)|02
2
= abπ (1%)
(b)
Volume
ˆ 20
z 1
= π(π + (2 − π) ) zdz (4%)
0 20 10
ˆ 20
1 2 z2
= π z + π(2 − π) dz
0 10 200
π 2 2 π(2 − π) 3 20
=( z + z )|0 (2%)
20 600
20 80
= π 2 + π (2%)
3 3

Page 7 of 10
7. (12%)
√
(a) (3%) Find all intersection points of the two curves r = 2 sin θ and r2 = cos 2θ in their polar equations.

Figure 2: (a) Find all intersection points of the two curves. (b)Find the area of the shaded region.

(b) (9%) Find the area of the shaded region in Figure 2.

Solution:
√
(a). If we solve the equations r = 2 sin θ and r2 = cos 2θ, we get

 √
r = 2 sin θ
r2 = cos 2θ

⇒ 2 sin2 θ = cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ

π 5π 7π 11π
⇒ θ= , , ,
6 6 6 6
1 1 −1 −1
⇒ r= √ ,√ ,√ ,√
2 2 2 2

We have found two points of intersection:

1 π
(r, θ) = ( √ , ) (1pt)
2 6
1 5π
(r, θ) = ( √ , ) (1pt)
2 6
√
However, if we plug θ = 0 into r = 2 sin θ and θ = π/4 into r2 = cos 2θ ,we can find one more point of
intersection:

r = 0 (1pt)

(b).
π π
!
1
ˆ 6 √ 2 1 4
ˆ
A = 2 ( 2 sin θ) dθ + cos 2θdθ (6pts)
2 0 2 π6
ˆ π ˆ π
6 4
= (1 − cos 2θ)dθ + cos 2θdθ
π
0 6

   π6  π4
1 1 
= θ − sin 2θ  + sin 2θ (2pts)
 
2  2 π
0 6
√
π 1 3
= + − (1pt)
6 2 2

Page 8 of 10
 1
8. (16%) The front door of a school bus is designed as in Figure 3. It is a folding door with AB = BO = . The door
2
opened or closed by rotating OB about z-axis, while A is moving along y-axis.
isreplacemen
y

z
s
Bu
ol
ho
Sc

A γ(t)

x B
γ(t) B t
y A O
x
O 1 C
2

Figure 3: (a) Find the enclosed area by the curve γ(t) and two axes. (b) Find the length of the curve γ(t).

The region swept out by the bus door on the xy-plane is enclosed by the two axes and the curve γ(t) parametrized
by

3 3 π
 (sin t, cos t) if 0 ≤ t ≤

4

γ(t) = (x(t), y(t)) = 
1 1

π π
sin t, cos t if ≤ t ≤ ,


2 2 4 2


π
where 0 ≤ t ≤ denotes the angle between the positive y-axis and OB.
2
(a) (10%) Find the area of this region.
(b) (6%) Find the length of the curve γ(t).

Solution:
π
The curve consists of two parts: a half of a branch of an astroid (for 0 ≤ t ≤ ), and one-eighth of a circle (for
4
π π
≤ t ≤ ).
4 2
(a)
(1) Formulation:
ˆ π4 ˆ π2 ˆ π4 ˆ π2
1 1
ˆ
′ ′ 3 2
A = ydx = y(t)x (t)dt + y(t)x (t)dt = cos t · 3 sin t cos tdt + cos t · cos tdt
0 π
4 0 π
4
2 2
ˆ π4 ˆ π2
1
= 3 cos4 t sin2 tdt + cos2 tdt
0 π
4
4
π
Or, noting that as y goes from 0 to 1, t varies from to 0,
2
π
ˆ ˆ 0 ˆ 4
A= xdy = x(t)y ′ (t)dt + x(t)y ′ (t)dt
π π
4 2
π π
1
ˆ 4
ˆ 2
= 3 cos2 t sin4 tdt + sin2 tdt
0 π
4
4
Alternatively, if polar coordinates are to be used (letting the polar axis be in the +y direction and θ be in the
sin3 t
clockwise direction), θ = t for the circle part, while θ = tan−1 ( 3 ) = tan−1 (tan3 t), such that
cos t
ˆ π4 ˆ π2
1 2 1 2 dθ 1 2
ˆ
A= r dθ = r (t) dt + r (t)dt
2 0 2 dt π
4
2
ˆ π4 ˆ π2
1 3 tan2 t sec2 t 1
= (sin6 t + cos6 t) 6 dt + dt
0 2 1 + tan t π
4
4
ˆ π4 ˆ π2
3 1
= sin2 t cos2 tdt + dt
0 2 π
4
4

Page 9 of 10
(2) Integration and evaluation:

1 + cos 2t 1
ˆ ˆ
2
4
cos t sin tdt = ( )( sin2 2t)dt
2 4
1 1 − cos 4t
ˆ
= ( + sin2 2t cos 2t)dt
8 2
1 1 1
= (t − sin 4t + sin3 t)
16 4 3
1 + cos 2t 1 1
ˆ ˆ
2
cos tdt = ( )dt = t + sin 2t
2 2 4

π π
1
ˆ ˆ 4
ˆ 2
4 2
A= ydx = 3 cos t sin tdt + cos2 tdt
0 π
4
4
1 π 1 1 π 1 3 1 1 1 5
=3· ( −0+ )+ ( − )=( π+ )+( π− )= π
16 4 3 4 8 4 64 16 32 16 64
3 1 1 1 5 1 2
ˆ ˆ
(For your reference, the other methods yields ydx = ( π − )+( π+ ) = π and r dθ =
64 16 32 16 64 2
3 1 5
π+ π= π respectively.)
64 32 64
• Grading policy: for the astroid part: 3% for formulation, 3% for integration and 2% for evaluation; 2% in
total for the one-eighth circle part.

(b)
(1) For the astroid part:
ˆ π4 r ˆ π4 q
dx 2 dy 2
ˆ
L1 = ds = ( ) + ( ) dt = (3 sin2 t cos t)2 + (−3 cos2 t sin t)2 dt (3%)
0 dt dt 0
ˆ π4 p 1 π 4
= 3| sin t cos t| sin2 t + cos2 tdt = 3 [ sin2 t]04 = (2%)
0 2 3

(2) For the circle part:

ˆ π2 r ˆ π2
1 1 1 π
L2 = ( cos t)2 + (− sin t)2 dt = dt = (1%)
π
4
2 2 π
4
2 8

1 1 π
Or directly L2 = (2 · π · ) = since it is one-eighth of a circle.
8 2 8
3 π
Thus the total length is L = L1 + L2 = + .
4 8

Page 10 of 10