ener ed TUT B. Tech II II l_yr rll SEM MAM ETRE Ym RRP He sie) ower 2 Subject- Builds Construction and Cost Estimation Topic- Damp Proofing and — Water Proofing Er. Y.N.Shrivastaya : Scanned with CamScanner7 L 5, s 51. cw essential requirements of a building is that Wes be dry. Dampness in building may occur due to ba esign, aulty y: traction and use of poor quality of materials. Dampness no! only affects the life of the building adversely, but also creates unhygenic conditions for the occupants. Hence, treatment to check dampness is considered to be one of the important items of work in the construction of a buil ing. The of water from roof is generally tment given -to prevent leakage / jaa a he reatment given to keep the walls, termed as water-proofing, whereas the t floors and basement dry is termed as damp-proofing. 52, DEFECTS CAUSED BY DAMPNESS The various defects caused by dampness in buildings may be sum- marised as under‘: 1. It causes efflorescence which may ultimately result in disinte- gration of bricks, stones, tiles etc. 2. It may result in softening and crumbling of plaster. : 3. It may cause bleaching and flaking of paint with the formation of coloured patches. 4. It may result in the warping, buckling and rotting of timber. 5. It may lead to the corrosion of metals. 6. It may deteriorate electrical fittings, 7. It promotes growth of termites. 8. It breeds mosqui ‘ for the occupants, quitoes and creates unhealthy living conditions Scanned with CamScanner53. CAUSES OF DAMPNESS | Absorption of moisture by the buildin, ials ii ‘ crue of apace, On aecoul af gan ata Ht fe chit finds an easy access through the voids and this aided by capillary action assists the moisture to travel in dilferent dliteétion’, Thus thet 7 account of faulty design of structure or bad workmanship or by use of defective materials, moisture may find its way to inténo? of the purhifng either through the foundations and plinth, walls, chhajjas, flo : the roof. J iar i acre bed 54. SOURCES OF DAMPNESS The important sources of dampness may be summarised as below : 1, Dampness rising through the foundation walling. Moisture from wet ground mzy rise well above ground level on account of capillary action. ° 2. Splashing rain water which rebounds after hitting the wall surface may also cause dampness. 3. Penetration of rain-water through unprotected tops of walls, parapets, compound walis etc. may cause dampness. 4. In case of sloped roofs rain-water may percolate through defective roof covering. In addition, faulty eaves course and eaves or valley gutters may allow the rain-water to descend through the top of supporting wall and cause dampness. 5 On condensation, the moisture present in the atmosphere gets deposited on the components of the building which may cause dampness. . 6. In case of flat roofs, inadequate roof slopes, improper rain-water pipe connections and defective junction between roof slab and parapet wall may prove to be the sourcesof dampness. 7. Dampness caused due to leakages in wet areas of a building which include kitchen, bathroom, water closet etc. The leakages could be on account of use of sub-standard plumbing fittings and fixtures as well as faulty execution of work and bad work- manship. 55. METHODS OF DAMP-PROOFING Following methods are generally adopted to prevent the defect of dampness in a structure. 1. Membrane damp-proofing 2. Integral damp-proofing 3. Surface treatment Scanned with CamScannerGuniting 5. Cavity wall construction 1, Membrane Damp-proofing . This consists in providing layer or membrane of water repellent menial between the source of dampness and the part of the structure adjacent to it. This type of layer is commonly known as damp proof course (or D.P.C.) and it may comprise of materials like bitumtenous felts, mastic asphalt, silicon, epoxy, polymers,plastic or polythene sheets, cement concrete etc, Depending upon the source of dampness, D.P.C. may be Provided horizontally or vertically in floors, walls etc. Provision of D.P.c in basement is normally termed as‘tanking’. General principles to be observed while laying D.P.C. are as under, (®) The D.P.C. should cover full thickness of walls excluding ren- dering. (ii) The mortar bed upon which the D.P.C. is to be laid should be made levelled, even and free from projections. Uneven base is likely to cause damage to D.P.C. (ii) When a horizontal D.P.C. is to be continued to a vertical face, a cement concrete fillet 75 mm in radius should be provided at the junction, prior to the treatment. (Ref. Fig.5.5). (iv) Each D.P.C.° should be placed in correct relation to other D.P.C. so as to ensure a complete and continuous barrier to the ‘passage of. water from floors, walls or roof. 2, Integral Damp-proofing This consists in adding certain water-proofing compounds with the concrete mix to increase its impermeability. Such compounds are available in market in powdered as well as liquid form. The compounds made from clay, sand or lime (chalk, talc, fuller’s carth etc.) help to fill the voids in concrete and make it water proof. Another form of compound like alkaline silicates, aluminium sul- phates, calcium chlorides ete. react chemically when mixed in concrete to produce water proof concrete. Pudlo,: Permo, Impermo, etc. are some of the many commercially * made preparations of water-proofing compounds commonly used. The quantity of water proofing compound to be added to cement depends upon the manufacturers recommendations. In general, one kg. of water proofing compound is added with one bag of cement to render the mortar or concrete water proof. 3. Surface Treatment As described earlier the moisture finds its way through the pores Scanned with CamScanneri din finishing. In order t he ‘ © of materials use 7 t lo check the entry of the moisture into the pores, they must be filled up. Surface treatment consists in filling wp the pores of the surfaces subjected to dampn 0 ess. The use of water lent metallic soaps such as calcium and al 7 luminium oleat fe] P ; . leates and acs is much effective in Protecting the building against the ravages, of heavy rain. Bituminous solution, cement coating, transparent coatings, nts and varnishes fall under this category. In addition to other surface treatments given to walls, the one commonly used is lime cement plaster. ‘The walls plastered with cement, lime and sand mixed in Proportions of 1:1: 6is found to serve the purpose of Preventing dampness in wall due to rain effectively, 4. Guniting This consists in depositing an impervious layer of rich cement mortar over the surface to be water-proofed. The Operation is carried out by use of a machine known as cementgun. The assembly broadly consists of a machine having arrangements for mixing materials and a compressor for forcing the mixture under pressure through a 50 mm dia flexible hose pipe. The hose pipe has nozzle at its free end to which water is supplied under pressure through a separate connection. The surface to be treated is first thoroughly cleaned of dirt, dus', grease or loose particles and wetted properly. Cement and sand (or fine aggregate) usually taken in proportion of 1: 3 to 1: 4 are then fed into the machine. This mixture is finally shot on the prepared surface under a pressure of 2 to 3 kg/em? by holding the nozzle of the cement gun at a distance of 75 to 90 cm from the working face. The quantity of water in the mix can be controlled by means of regulating value provided in the water supply hose attachment. Since the material is applied under Pressure it~ensures dense compaction and better adhesion of the rich cement mortar and hence the treated surface becomes water proof. 5. Cavity wall Construction This consists in shielding the main wall of the building by an outer skin wall leaving a cavity in between the two. The cavity prevents the moisture from travelling from the outer to the inner wall. The cavity wall has been described in detail in Chapter 6. 56. MATERIALS USED FOR DAMP-PROOFING An efféctive damp proofing material should have the following Properties; () It should be impervious. (i Mt should be strong and durable and, should be capable of withstanding both dead as well as live loads without damage. (ii). It should, be dimensionally stable, Scanned with CamScanner(iv) It should be free from deliquescent S18 Tike sutppay, iv) Ws , chlorides and nitrates. The materials commonly used to check dampness can be divideg into the following four categon Fa he ; (1). Flexible material, Material lke itunes felts (which ma ‘an based or fibre/glassfibre~based), plastic: $ B (Polythene sheet) etc. (2) Semi-rigid materials. nation of materials or layers. : | (3) Rigid materials, Materials like first class bricks, stones, slates, cement conerete ete, : (4) Grout consisting of cement slurry and acrylic based chemicals polymers. 57. SELECTION OF MATERIAL FOR D.P.C. The choice of material to function as an effective damp-proop course requires a judicious selection. It depends upon the climatic ang atmospheric conditions, nature of structure and the situation where D.P.C. is to be provided. The points to be kept in view while making selection of D.P.C. materials are briefly discussed below. (i) D.P.C. above ground level. For D.P.C. above ground level, with wall thickness generally not exceeding 40 cm, any one of the type of material mentioned above may be used. Cement concrete is however, commonly adopted material for D.P.C. at plinth level. A 25 to 50 mm thick layer of cement concrete M15 (1: 2:4 mix) serves the purpose under normal conditions. In case of damp and humid atmosphere richer mix of concrete should be used. The concrete is further made dense by adding water-proofing materials like Pudlo, Impermo, Waterlock etc. in its ingre- dients during the process of mixing. It is usual to apply two coats of hot bitumen over the dried surface of concrete. D.P.C. Materials like mastic asphalt of comp: i. (i) D.P.C. material for floors, roofs etc. : For greater wall thickness or where D.P.C. is to be laid over large areas such as doors, roofs etc, the choice is limited, to flexible materials which provide lesser number of joints like mastic asphalt, bitumen felts, plastic sheets etc. The fells, when used should be properly bonded to the surface with bitumen and laid with joints properly lapped and: sealed. (iii) D.P.C, material for situations where differential thermal move- ‘ments occur, In parapet walls and other such situations materials like mastic asphalt, bitumen felts and metal (copper or lead) are recommended. It is important to ensure that the D.P.C. material | i damage or puncture of the material due to between the material of the roof and the parapet wall. () D-P.C, material for cavity walls. In cavity wall construction Scanned with CamScannercavity over the door or window should be brid, ri the iy like bitumen felt, strips of lead etc, ged by the flexible c mate! (v)_ Incase of expansion and construction walls in’ basements it is tieecessary to mt of PVC oF G.l. sheet to seal the joint aj seater into the building. 58. DAMP-PROOFING TREATMENT IN BUILDINGS Damp-proofing treatment in buildin, i ine following categories : gs can be broadly divided into (j) Treatment to foundat’-ns (ji) Treatment to floors (iii) Treatment to walls (iv) Treatment to flat roof (v) Treatment to parapet wall (vi) Treatment to pitched roof. 59. DAMP-PROOFING TREATMENT TO FOUNDATIONS ¢ Before dealing with the problem of damp-proofing treatment to ‘be iven to foundations, it is necessary to have an idea about the ground joints, in R.C.C. st , in RCC. stab provide water bar mele petaining Bainst passage of sub-soil water level. When it rains, the rain water seeps through the ground until it is stopped by an impervious layer in the sub-soil strata. WATER COURSE a NS KESSE © Ground WATER LEVEL Fig. 51 hip between the 1 contour of the ground nown as ground water. The top sub soil waler level or ground Figure showing relationst ground water level and the general The water in the pores of soil is k level of the ground water is known as Scanned with CamScannerlevel. The ground water level does not remain constan ior sree rade of rainfall and the nature of sub-soi et Vat ground water generally follows the contours of the ground cat from higher level to lower evel underneath the ground, Thats avs appears at greater depth in high ground (ridge) and at shallower it in low ground (valley). In addition, irregular distribution of son, fe ths strata, in the composition of the ground may also cause the groung harg level to rise or drop appreciably within small areas. It is observed that the soil above the water table contains amount of moisture in their voids. Near the ground level the soi it are only partly filled with water and they gradually, get fully s, ids with water by the time the depth of ground water level is teacbeq ted strata of ground above the water table attfacts water by capillary Be nds on the size of voids in the ae . tt The height of capillary rise depei n the is noticed that in case of fine grained soils like clay, silty clay etc,, pi water can rise more than 6 m by capillary action. In case of granular soi, like gravel, coarse sand etc. the capillary rise of water is almost negligible he depth of the ground level, the treatment to Depending upon be given to the foundation can be subdivided into the following four categories. (1) Treatment to foundations on ordinary soil (2) Treatment to foundations on damp soil (3) Treatment to basements in ordinary soil (4) Treatment to basement in damp soil. Water Fig, 52 Fig. 53 Alternative methods of providing D.P.C. for buildings on ordinary Sl Scanned with CamScanner1 Treatment to foundations on ordinary soil iding foundations of ordinaty soil where the sub-soi aot high are also liable to get damp. Bricks TINg foes Sick ry below ground level can absorb nioisture from adjacent growed mason jsuure travels wp from one vourse to another by capillary selon can make the wall damp for a considerable height, This can be ed by providing D.P.C. at appropriate place. tn. case of buildings without basement, the best Portion for damp- sot course lies at plinth level. In case of structure without plinth, D.P.C. mri be provided at Teast 150 mim above ground level. If the damp- sr course is laid just at the ground level, earth, dust of leaves might pres mlate outside the wall and by the passage of time the level of utside earth may be raised above the D.P.C. level. In such a case, % wsture cat travel from outside ground level to brickwork above D.P.C. my bence the purpose of providing D.P.C. will not be served. chee! 2, Treatment to Foundations on Damp Soil In case of building constructed on damp soil in wet areas, both the walls as well as the ground floor are liable to become damp due to capillary vee of moisture from ground. In such cases, the D.P.C. is laid over the nti area of ground floor including wall thickness. Bitumen felts can be used for damp-proofing treatment. The sequence of operations for laying. DPC. can be divided in the following steps + FLOOR FINISHING [—— CEMENT CONC, r- FLAT BK. COURSE RL. > / CEMENT _ CONC. £| FILLET- ao § oa ‘ 30) K Zo ze] GL. ~ | DAMP PROOFING 2 S| TREATMENT WRT NS KL LEAN coNcRETE K 4- Fig. 54 Figure showing provision of D.P.C. for buildings in damp soil ( Apply hot bitumen at the rate of 1°5 kg/m? over the prepared surface to serve as primer coat. i Scanned with CamScannerer the primer Coat. (i) Lay bitumen felt in single layer ov g/m? over the bitumen fel, (iii). Apply hot bitumen at the rate of 1°5 k to serve as finishing coat. Immediately after laying, the DP. bricks laid flat on a cushion of fine s@ D.P.C. specification on account of droppa or other materials during construction. 3. Treatment to basements in ordinary soil In sites where subsoil water table is low oF, where the Hydrostatic pressure is not much, the treatment consists in providing a horizontal DP.C. over the entire area of basement floor and then extending it in efor ces of the basement walls, értical D.P.C. on the external fa oe Bre \raterial thus functions like a water-proof tank on the external faces of the basement and keeps it dry. C. is protected with a course of nd. This prevents damage to ge of sharp edged implement CONTINUOUS GROOVE FOR TUCKING. Guy OUTER PROTECTIVE WALL | “DAMP- PROOF TREATMENT {50 MAIN WALL [— FLOOR SLAB CONCRETE FILLET FLAT BRICK COURSE DAMP. PROOF TREATMENT LEAN CONCRETE Fig 55 Provision of D.P.C. for basement in ground where the sub-soil water ti It is common. to use bitumen felts in multiple layers for damp- proofing treatment to basements. For normal duty treatment or in places where moisture ingress is not considered excessive, two layers s table is not very high- i Scanned with CamScannervpn are WCE, PN CANE OF heavy diy an fell tres wi avy moisture Ingrean Wn cucountered. rhenimenis OF in places whi ve usc e sequence Of operntions for haying 4YCHS Of bitumen felt duty treatment can be divided in the following ; A basement ff fof (iy Apply hot bitumen at the rate of 15 ky? ove pn, gurface to serve As primer coat, ver the prepared ji) Lay bitumen felt in single layer over the Primer coat C0) (iid) Apply hot bitumen at the rate of 15 kg/m? over the ha (iv) Lay another layer of bitumen felt in single layer ien felt, bitumen layer in step (ii) above, over the hot ) Apply hot bitumen at the rate of 1°5 kp/m* . Meech step (iv) above. /mm? over the bitumen felt ‘The horizontal D.P.C. is Inid on the smoothened top of the fea cone bed. The fan concrete bed shoud be thik o slg ennghn withstand the construction traffic. As explained earlier, immediately after ning, the D:P.C. is protected with a course of bricks laid flat on a cushion of fine sand to prevent damage to D.P.C. specification on account of droppage of sharp edged implement or other material during construction, ‘The vertical D.P.C. is laid continuous with the horizontal one on the external face of the basement wall and it is continued 150 mm above the ground level where it is tucked into a 65 mm deep groove made in the wall. The groove is subsequently filled with cement mortar 1:4. The vertical D.P.C., unless protected, is likely to get punctured by roots of trees or get damaged by the salts/acids in the soil.. Necessary protection inthis regard is given by constructing half brick outer skin wall as shown in Fig. 55. 4. Treatment to Basements in Damp Soil Ground water’ ‘always produces hydrostatic pressure and as such poses great problem in the design of basement. In_sites where the ground water table is high, the problem of damp-proofing of basement can be tackled by one of the following three methods. () By providing foundation drains and D.P.C. (ii) By providing R.C.C. floor and wall slab and D.P.C. (iii) Water proofing treatment by using grout consisting of cement mortar admixed-with acrylic based chemicals alongwith rough stone slabs. _ (By providing foundatior ne help in lowering the ground ilding up of hydrostatic pressure agains! is in turn helps in preventing leakage an it In this method, the area of the basement is di Vacent ground by making a 70 to 100 cm wide n drains and D.P.C. The foundation water level of the site and avoid { floor or walls of the basement. id in keeping the basement dry. isconnected from the rench at basement Scanned with CamScannerSLOPE OF DRAIN BRICK WALL DAMP PROOF TREATMENT MAIN wat —4 DRAIN PIPE q on BASIN SLOPE OF DRAIN Fig, 56., Plan showing layout of Foundation drains and catch basin. level along the periphery of the basement. Open jointed drainage pipes are then laced inthe ‘trench for drainage of sub-soil water, the bed of the trench being given adequate slope to ensure easy flow of the water. bbe MAIN WALL |__ conTinuous GROOVE FOR TUCKING DAMP PROOFING TREATMENT ~“|___ DAMP PROOFING TREATMENT GL. 1 QUTER PROTECTIVE BRICK WALL GRAVEL FILLING FLOOR SLAB T—FLAT BRICK COURSE DAMP PROOFING TREATMENT LEAN CONC, BED. GRAVEL BED DRAIN PIPE SECTION AT XX Fig. 57 Provision of D.P.C. in damp soils using foundation drains Scanned with CamScannerIn case of large basement, it is desi i ir i | gerow the concrete floor of the basement as well The pines seul be id on a bed of gravel and covered with selected filter material. The trench js also filled upto ground level in a similar manner. The open joints and bed of gravel around drains permit entry of water in the drains, but prevent the soil or'silt from getting in and clogging the drain. The sub-soil water collected in the drains is discharged into an out fall point. The out fall point may be storm water drain or an area at a Jevel lower than the footings of building. In case it is not possible to have an out fall point lower than the footing, the subsoil water from the drains is collected in a catch basin or sump and theieafter, it is pumped out to the nearest surface drain, (i) _ By providing R.C.C. floor and wall slab and D.P.C. In some situations where the underground water pressure is severe, mere provision of drainage pipes or pumping out the sub-soil water may not solve the problem. In such cases both the basement walls as well as the floor slab have to be designed and suitably reinforced to substain the hydrostatic pressure safely: The construction of such basements can be treated to be almost similar to the construction of under ground water tanks provided with D.P.C. treatment. The other details remain more or less same as applicable to treatment of basements in ordinary soil, except that at least three layers of bitumen felts are used for D.P.C. The }. CONTINUOUS GROOVE +- FOR TUCKING 1 OUTER PROTECTIVE WALL t7~ DAMP PROOF TREATMENT bs |}-—-MAIN R.C.C WALL l C.C. FLOOR SLAB FLAT BRICK COURSE DAMP ROOF TREATMENT LEAN CONCRETE Fig 58 in dat soil Sectional elevation showing provision of D.P.C. for basement 1? soil Scanned with CamScanner|S mm THK CEMENT PLASTER 1:6 § mm Tu 2umm ROUGH QUARK Y FINISHED KOTA STONE, SLAB 15mm TO 20mm GAP FILLEO ‘WITH A GROUT MADE UP OF CEMENT ISLURRY MIXEO WITH ACRYLIC BASED WATER PROOFING CHEMICAL RCC RETAINING WALL aaa eee eee es Sao 5 20 mm_THK CEMENT MORIAK 1:6, ADMIXEO WITH ACRYLIC BASED WATER CHEMICAL WITH I2mm PROOFING SIZE_ STONE AGGREGATE EMBEDED AT RANDOM RCC RAFT SLAB Lez LSS ES H Pores UL Par er I par Pe igll fla PZZLZ2ZZ¢ a VPZZL Lian ld Selene Pei et ole aaetl 75mm THK PCC 4:3:6 zumm THK CEMENT MORTAR 1:4) AOMIXED WITH ACRYLIC BASED WATER PROOFING CHEMICAL Smm Tl Re AERTS RABBIS RE Fig. 59 Water prooofing treatment for basement in damp soil by using grout consisting of cement mortar admixed with acrylic based chemical alogwith rough stone slabs (ii) Water proofing treatment by using grout consisting of cement mortar admixed with acrylic based chemicals alongwith rough stone slabs. This treatment is presently being commonly adopted for ensuring watertightness of basement in damp soil or at site where sub- soil water table is high. The treatment consists in enclosing the entire basement within a water-proof box constructed by use of rough stone slabs and cement mortar admixed with acrylic based chemical: The various steps involved in applying this treatment are described on the next page Scanned with CamScannerstep 1. The excavation of the ground for the basement i guch a manner that a working space of at teal 30 cane out : is available in eriphery of the orna nd the pt t external walls jrontd oe cd area is kept dry by continons mais peo eosed basement. fe excavared area is Kep pumping usin i dry ; sing well-point M pent or by pling any other suitable method cae ground 275 t0 100 nm thick ayer of Fan contréle (6 ath “3:6 is lai fee gs mud mat or levelling course H fea concrete should project by 130 mm Hai Hie ae si it : of the proposed raft slab or the external wall. Over ae sarin concrete a layer of 15 10 20m thick rough quary-finished sof ot ais Inid over 20 mm thick cement mortar (1:4) admixed with ac vic red chemical. The stone slabs are laid side by side leaving a a of shoul 15 to 20 mm between them. The joints thus Jeft are eed ne atm outed with cement slurry admixed with acrylic based chemical mA ame thick layer of cement mortar (I:4) admixed with acrylic based ad is laid over the stone slabs and stone chips 12 mm & down are npou coped at random in this layer of mortar. 10 of gurlace The total maximum thickness of the above wate: should be around 60 mm. This layer should cover Groat orezer ea concrete ie. it should be extended 150 mm beyond the external face of raft slabAvalls. Step 2. The R.C.C. raft slab suitably designed to withstand the highest applicable water pressure during monsoon is laid over the water proofing layer in’ step (1). The R.C.C. walls of the basement are constructed monolithically with the R.C.C. raft. After the curing of the R.C.C. wall is over, the water proofing treatment is continued unbroken on the external sides of the walls, so as to form an external box of the water proofing layer. Step 3. To-continue the treatment along the vertical plane, a groove about 30 to 40 mm deep is made in top mortar layer or bottom layer of the water proofing treatment [laid in step (1)] ata clear distance of about 18 mm from the external face of the wall all along the periphery of the basement. Rough quarry-finished stone slabs 15 mm to 20 mm in thickness are fixed vertically in the above groove. The stone slabs are fixed side by side without leaving any gap between the edges. Maximum of wo to three horizontal layers of stone arc laid at a time one over the other vertically up. A coat of very rough cement plaster (1:4) is applied to the external face of the rough stones. After the layer is set, the gap between the wall and stone layer is filled with a grout made up of cement Slury admixed with acrylic based chemical, which on gellation forms an impermeable layer, monolithic with the external face of the wall. wa ae final coat of 15 mm cement plaster (1:4) is applied x met external cement plaster and finished smoothly. This rea ne al face of walls is continued upto 300 mm above ground level. Scanned with CamScanner