Chapter 4 Part 1: Input and Output

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology
BIC 10204 Algorithm and Programming
CHAPTER 4 Part 1
Input and Output
Objectives
• After this lesson, you should be able to:
Understand and identify the usage of input
functions and operations using keyboard and
file
Understand and identify the usage of output
functions and operations (screen and into a
file)
Write C program using input and output
operations.
1
Sub topics in Chapter 4
File I/O
Introduction
Formatting Output
Chap 4 printf() function
Part 1
Other I/O functions

scanf() function
3
Introduction
• Input and output are two important
operations in computer programming.
• Data will be read as input to computer
and will be processed as output.
• Input and output (I/O) can be done either
through interactive or file batch
processing.
2
Input/Output
operation
input output
use use
scanf() function printf() function
Read data (input) Write out data (output)
include <stdio.h> include
printf() function
printf() purpose
Send data to output device regarding to a
given format
Write out data and display as output
format printf(“output_format”,print_list) ;
example
Output
printf(“First example“) ;
printf(“The bread price is RM %lf“,price) ; 6
3
printf() function (continued..)
format printf(“output_format”,print_list) ;
text
may
output_format
consist of placeholder ““
combination
may variable
print_list consist of constant
expression
function_name
Example 1:
printf(“Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia”);
Format output –text/string

Output:
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
4
Example 2:
printf(“%lf”, salary);
variable
Format output- placeholder
Output:
Example 3:
printf(“Monthly salary is RM %lf”, salary);
Output format -Text variable
placeholder
Output:
Monthly salary is RM
10
10
5
Example 4:
const float porosity 16.78;

printf(“The porosity of sand = %lf ”, porosity);
Output format -Text

constant
placeholder
Output:
The porosity of sand = 16.78000
11
Exercise
What are the output produced from the following statements?
1.printf(“Welcome to C programming world!>”);
2.printf(“Now “);
printf(“See “);
printf(“Heart “);
3.printf(“BIC 10204\n”);
printf(“Algorithm and Programming”);
12
6
escape Character
purpose
To tell the compiler additional formatting
to be performed with the printf() function
Character Explaination
\n New line
\t Tab
\a Beep sound
***Other escape characters are described in pg 56 (text book)

13
Placeholder
purpose
A symbol beginning with % in a format string that
indicates where to display the output value
format Using percent symbol (%) followed by character

which represent particular data type
Placeholder Output to be print

%d Integer number
%f/%lf Floating number(float/double)
%c Character
14
%s String
7
Example 5 (Printing character value ) :

char huruf1, huruf2;
huruf1 = ‘B’;
huruf2 = ‘P’;
printf(“%c %c %c”, ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘U’);

printf(“\nI live in %c%c”,huruf1,huruf2);
Output:
ABU
I live in BP
15

Example 6 (Printing integer value) :
int number1, number2;
printf(“My house number is %d”, 26);

number2=10;
printf(“\n\tNumber %d and %d”,number1,number2);
number2=2;
number1= 15;
printf(“Number %d and %d”,number2,number1);
Output:
My house number is 26
Number -858993460 and 10Number 2 and 15
16
8
Example 6 (Printing floating point number) :
double sahih1, sahih2;
printf(“The value of pi is %lf”, 3.142);

sahih1= 23.46;
printf(“\nThe value of sahih1 is %lf”,sahih1);
sahih2= 15.78;
printf(“\tThe value of sahih2 is %lf’,sahih2);
Output:
The value of pi is 3.142
The value of sahih1 is 23.46 The value of sahih2 is 15.78
17
Exercise
1. Given a = 2, b = 4. What are the output produced by the following
statements?
a) printf(“The additionresult of two number >> %d”,a + b);
b) printf(“\nThe addition of %d and %d “, a,b);
2. Write a valid C programming statement to display the following output
(use variables):
(Notes: Given the value of variable x = 2.5 and y = 3.1
The value of x is 2.5cm and y is 3.1cm
The mutiplication result of x and y is 7.75cm
18
9
scanf() function
scanf() function Read data with specified

format
Read input from keyboard
format scanf(“input_format”,&variable_list) ;
example scanf(“%d“,&nom) ;
scanf(“%s %d %lf”,&name,&age,&weight) ;
19
scanf() function (continued)
Consists of example
input_format placeholder %d @ %c @%lf
Called as ampersand
‘&’ symbol
Variable address/location reference
Must consist
variable_list variable
expression constant function
Not allowed!!!
20
10
Example1:
scanf(“%lf %d %c”,&float_num, &num,&letter);
Placeholder Variable
The above statement is valid!
Important Note!!!!!
Every variables to be used in the program MUST be declared
first!!!
21
Example 2:
scanf(“ %d ”, 15);
Placeholder Constant value
The above statement is INVALID!
scanf(“ %lf ”, &price + 0.05);
Conversion character Expression
The above statement is INVALID!

22
11
Example 3(program code):
#include <stdio.h> Any
?
void main() mistakes?
{ int semester;
float CPA;
printf(“Enter the semester : “);
?
scanf(“%d”, &semester);
printf(“\nEnter your CPA : “);
scanf(“%lf”,&CPA);
printf(“\nYour CPA for semester %d is %f”,semester,CPA);
}
? 23
Output:
Enter the semester : 3

Enter your CPA : 3.45
Your CPA for semester 3 is 3.45
24
12
Exercise
1).Write the scanf() statement to accept the following type of variables:
a. char jantina;
b. float berat;
c. int tempoh;
2).State whether the following scanf() statements is VALID or INVALID.
Given the following declaration:
int a, b;
char c;
a) scanf(“%d”, &a + b);
b) scanf(“%c”, &c);
c) scanf(“%d”,&a,&b);
25
Other I/O functions
There are other functions can be used in the input and

output operations in C programming such as:
getchar() and putchar() function

getch() and putch() function
gets() and puts() function
26
13
Other I/O functions (continued)
To read any input from input device

getchar() function as character data type
format variable= getchar();
example usage
char letter;
printf(“Enter one letter>>”);
letter= getchar();
27
To display output in a single character

putchar() function value
format putchar(variable);
example usage
printf(“The input letter is ”);
putchar(letter);
28
14
Example 1: getchar() and putchar()

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ char letter;
Enter one letter : e
The input letter is e
printf(“Enter one letter : “);
letter = getchar();
printf(“The input letter is\t“);
putchar(letter);
}
29
Example 2: getchar() and putchar()
However, we can also program like this :

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int number; Enter one number : 123
The input number is 49
1
printf(“Enter one number : “);
number = getchar();
printf(“The input number is %d\n“,number);
putchar(number);
}
30
15
To read an input and terminate the

program automatically
getch() function
format variable= getch();
example char letter;

printf(“Enter one letter >>”);
letter= getch();
getch() have same function like getchar(), but different action

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Example 3: getch()
We can use getch() to hold user screen, and terminate once
any input is read
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int number;
printf(“Enter one number : “);

number = getchar();
printf(“The input number is %d\n“,number);
getch();
}
32
16
To display output , have similar function as

putch() function putchar
format putch (variable);
example printf(“The input letter is ”);

putch(letter);
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To read string input from input device

gets() function
format gets(variable);
example
char name[20];
printf(“Enter your name >>”);
gets(name);
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17
Example 4: gets()
If we use scanf() function to read string input, it will only takes
the first data between two words (if any)
#include <stdio.h>
void main() Enter your name: Siti Aminah
{ char name[20]; Your name is Siti
printf(“Enter your name : “);

scanf(“%s”,&name);
printf(“Your name is %s “,name);
getch();
}
35
Example 5: gets()
If we use gets() function to read string input, it will takes all the
data including space between two words (if any)
#include <stdio.h>
void main() Enter your name: Siti Aminah
{ char name[20]; Your name is Siti Aminah
printf(“Enter your name : “);

gets(name);
printf(“Your name is %s\n“,name);
getch();
}
36
18
puts() functions To display string output to output device
format puts (variable);
example
printf(“Your name is ”);
puts(name);
37
Formatting Output
formatting To format the display of an integer

Integer functions value
format %spaced
Where to use? Use the integer formatting in the
output statement
How it works? •Provide spaces according to formatting

•Put the value to display starting from right to left
side
•If there is – sign in the formatting, values will
be printed starting from left to right side
38
19
Formatting Output (continued)
Assume _ is
an empty
Formatting Integer space
example output
printf(“%3d”,123); 123
example output
printf(“%5d”,123); _ _123
example output
printf(“%10d”,123); _ _ _ _ _ _ _123
example output
printf(“%-6d”,123); 123_ _ _
example output
printf(“%-4d%4d”,123,456); 123_ _456
39
Example 1: Formatting Integer

#include <stdio.h>
Output?
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
printf("%d\n",123);
printf("%3d\n",123);
printf("%-3d\n",123);
printf("%5d\n",123);
printf("%-5d\n",123);
printf("%-10d\n",123);
printf("%10d\n",123);
printf("%4d\%-4d",123,456);
getch();
} 40
20
Formatting To format the display of the floating

Floating functions number value
number
format %precisionf
Where to use?
Use in the output statement
How it works? •Provide spaces according to formatting

•Put the value to display starting from right to left
side
•If there is – sign in the formatting, values will
be printed starting from left to right side 41
format
Formatting Floating number %precisionf
example output
printf(“%10f”,57.78); _57.780000
example
output
printf(“%15f”,57.78); _ _ _ _ _ _57.780000
example
output
printf(“%-10f”,57.78); 57.780000_
example output
printf(“%-15f”,57.78); 57.780000_ _ _ _ _ _
42
21
format
Formatting character %precisionc
example char letter = ‘A’; output A

printf(“%c”,letter);
printf(“%2c”,letter);
_A
printf(“%-5c”,letter); A_ _ _ _
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format
Formatting String %precisions
char ayat[] =“UTHM PARIT RAJA”

printf(“%s”,ayat);
example printf(“%4s”,ayat);
printf(“%22s”,ayat);
printf(“%.7s”,ayat);
printf(“%-20.13s”,ayat);
output
UTHM PARIT RAJA
UTHM PARIT RAJA
_ _ _ _ _ _ _UTHM PARIT RAJA
UTHM PA
UTHM PARIT RA_ _ _ _ _ _ _
44
22
Exercise
1. What is the output of this statement?
printf(“%8.5s”,”BIC 10204”)
2.State the output of these statements:

float h = 253.7654;
int g=6789;
printf(“%5d %5.1f ”,g,h);
printf(“%10d %10.3f ”,g,h);
printf(“%-7d %-7.5f ”,g,h);
45
READING DATA FROM A FILE

• Advantages
– Overcome lengthy data
– Executing a program many times
– For example:
• Monthly income for an employee is same every month and only her/
his expenses change
• It is cumbersome (etc for Financial department) to repeatedly key in
the same number for each month in order to print pay slips
• It is more convenient to set up a file that has employee income and
expenses
• Your computer program can read that file during execution instead
of receiving the input from the keyboard
• If the financial staffs want to rerun system with different input data,
they can simply edit the input file first and then execute the system
46
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47
Extra steps for reading data from a

file
Declaring a pointer variable
Calling fopen() to allow

program to access the file
Calling fscanf() to
read data from a file
Closing the file pointed

by the pointer variable
48
24
Extra steps for reading data from a
file (continued)
• Declaring a pointer variable
– To use with fopen() and fscanf() functions
• Calling fopen() to allow program to access the
file
• Calling fscanf() to read data from a file
– fscanf(file_pointer,format_string,argument_list);
– File pointer is a variable whose memory cell contains an address
instead of an int, float or double value.
• The address gives the key to access the file stores on disk.
• It must begin the declaration with the word FILE and have an asterisk (*)
before the variable name
• Closing the file pointed by the pointer variable

(fclose()) 49
WRITING OUTPUT TO A FILE

• Advantages
– Writing your output to a file instead of to the
screen
– You can use a file editor to view the output
– You can use the editor to print the result on a
printer
50
25
51
Extra steps for writing data into a

file
Any acceptable file
name
Linked with a file

pointer before it is used
Open the file before it

is used (fopen())
Close the file after it is

used (fclose())
52
26
Reading data from a file and
Writing data into a file
53
54
27
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology
Chapter 4 Part 2
Expression 1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
&
Operator 1
O bjectives
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Students should be able to:

understand concepts and fundamentals
in expression/operator.
write expression in C programming
language
1
Introduction to Expression
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
C
Arithmetic Expression
hapter 4 (Part 2)
Logical Expression
Relational Expression
33
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Given the following statement :
2x + 3 – z = y
expression
2
Process involves in money
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
withdrawal scenario
balance – drew out money = current balance
Expression in C :
bakiTerkini =wangKeluar – bakiSemasa;
What is Expression?
1
Combination of more than one variable
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Expression or constant (operand) which separated

by operator
example Operator
x+3 - z
Operand
Consists of arithmetic
relational
logical
3
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Known as
Arithmetic Expression Mathematic Expression
using
Arithmetic Operator
Represents by
Represents by
Unary operator Binary operator
Operator Meaning Operator Meaning

- negative * multiply
+ positive / divide
-- decrement + add
++ increment - subtraction
% modulus
7
Unary Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Unary Operator Operates for one operand

example Computer memory cell
a = -20; a -20
b = +15; b +15
Increment Decrement
prefix ++c; --c;
postfix c++; c--;
8
4
Unary Operator
1
Example 1:
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
int A = 5;
++A;
printf(“%d”, A); output ?

A--;
printf(“%d”,A); output ?
A++;
printf(“%d”,A); output ?
9
Unary Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example 2:
int A ;
A=6;
printf(“%d”,3 + --A); output ?
A=6;
printf(“%d”, 3 + A--); output ?
10
5
Unary Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example 3:
Given the value of num1 = 8 .Determine the value of

num2 after the execution for each of the following
statements:
num2 = num1++ - 2;
num2 = num1;
num2 = ++num1 – 3;
num2 = num1-- +1;
11
Binary Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Binary Operator Located between constants or

variables or both combination
example
A + z
operator
operand
12
6
Binary Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Multiplication Use symbol “ * ”
example
A * z
operator
operand
Mathematic Arithmetic Expression
2x + y 2*x+y
13
Binary Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Divide Use symbol “/”
example
A / z
operator
operand
Mathematic Arithmetic Expression
2÷y 2/y
14
7
Binary Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Modulus Use symbol “%”
example
A % z
operator
operand
Return a balance when 2 numbers is divided
Can only be used with an integer variable

15
Binary Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example:
int A, B;
float C;
A= 2;
B=5;
C= 2.4;
B% A;
Valid! Answer is 1
C % A;
Invalid! C is float
16
8
Assignment Statement
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Used to store value/result of process to a variable
Use operator symbol =
Assignment statement
Double assignment Compound assignment

statement statement
17
Assignment Statement
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
 Format / syntax :
variable = value;
variable = constant; or variable = variable;
variable = expression;
Example : average 44
1.average= ( 6 + 5) * 4;
1500
grossSalary
2.grossSalary = 1500;
nettSalary 1700
nettSalary = grossSalary + 200;
price 50.00
3.price= 50.00;
pay = price; pay 50.00
` 18
9
Compound Assignment Statement
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Use more than one operator (=)

Example :
int a = b= c = d = e = 250;
int b =2, number =0, total = 0,average =3;
number = b++ = 10;
int age = workHour = 0;
19
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Function
To combine two different operator together.

To simplify arithmetic operator
Original function of operator does not affected
Allowed combination are as follow:
operator:
+= , -= , *= , /= , %=
20
10
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example :
Operator Expression Meaning

+= total + = 300 total = total+ 300
-= total - = count+ 300 total = total - (count + 300)
*= total *=300 total = total * 300
/= total /= count– 10 total = total / ( count –10)
%= total % = 7 total = total % 7
21
Arithmetic Operator Precedence Rules
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Compiler will follows the following precedence to execute the

arithmetic expression based on priority.
Operator Arrangement/Priority
() Left to right
++, -- Right to left
*, /, % Left to right
+, - Left to right
22
11
Arithmetic Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example:
1. 5 + 2 * 6 – 4 / 2 2. 3 * 4 / 2 + ( 3 –1)
5 + 12 - 4 / 2 3*4/2+ 2
5 + 12 - 2 12 / 2 + 2
17 - 2 6 + 2
15 8 23
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example:
3. Prefix unary arithmetic expression
int kira = 5, nilai_pertama = 10;

nilai_kedua = 5 * --kira + nilai_pertama;
printf(“%d %d”, kira, nilai_kedua);
Output:
4 30
24
12
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example:
3. Prefix unary arithmetic expression
int kira = 5, nilai pertama = 10;

nilai_kedua = 5 * kira-- + nilai_pertama;
printf(“%d %d”, kira, nilai_kedua);
Output:
4 35
25
Mathematic Library Function
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
•Header file designed for basic mathematical operations

(math.h)
•Syntax #include <math.h>
•Below are lists of some common math functions :
Fungsi Tujuan
sqrt(x) compute the non-negative square root of x
pow(x,y) computes x raised to the power y
cos(x) compute the cosine of x (measured in radians)
sin(x) computes the sine of x (measured in radians)
tan(x) compute the tangent of x (measured in radians)
26
13
Mathematic Library Function
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
Output :
void main() 4
{
int x = 16, y ;
y = sqrt(x);
printf(“%d”,y);
}
27
Exercise:
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
1. Convert the following mathematic expression to a valid

arithmetic expression :
a) b = 3 + b b) x = (a – b)(a – c2)
a+4
c) d = (3e – d) - ( 4 – 3c3 ) d) r = 2s + 3(s – 9)

x–9 4y s
2. Given a= 3, b = 5, c=1. What is the output of the following

expression?
a. ( 6 * c – 6 / a) - b b. (5 * c) +( a* b / b)
c. ++a d. c + a * c / (3 * c)
28
14
Exercise:
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Assume i,j and k are integer variables with i = 5 and j=3. Determine
the value for each of the following statement:
a) k = j++; d) k = ++j;
b) k = i * j--; e) k = i * --j;
c) k = j + i * j++; f) k = 27 / j++ - 16 % i;
29
1
Relational
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
use
Relational operator
expression
Combination of more than one statement
Can consists of variable vs variable
produce variable vs constant
constant vs constant
0 (if false) 1(if true)
30
15
Relational Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Operator Description
== Equal to
> Greater than

< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal

!= Not equal
31
1
P/s:
Example 1:
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
a, b and c are variables,
Replaced with the given values
int a=6, b =1, c = -2;
1) a+ b == c 2) a != b
6 + 1== -2 6 != 1
7 == -2
Answer: 0(False) Answer : 1 (True)
32
16
0011 0010Example 2 :0001 0100 1011
1
1010 1101
int a=6, b =1, c = -2;
3) b<c 4) b + c <= a
1 < -2 1 + -2 <= 6
-1 <= 6
Answer: 0 (False) Answer : 1 (True)
33
P/s:
Relational operator has less
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Example 3:
priority than other operators.
Start evaluating from left to
int a=10, b = 3, c = 7; right.
(a+b >= 3*c)==( a != 2*c+b)
(10+3 >= 3*7)==(a != 2*c+b)

(13 >= 21)==(10 != 14+3)
(13 >= 21)==(10 != 17)
0 == 1
0 (false)
34
17
An example program which uses relational expression
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int age;
printf(“\nPlease enter your age >>”);

scanf(“%d”,&age);
if (age > 21) Relational expression
printf(“\nYou are qualified to vote”);
}
35
Logical Expression
Logical expression
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 Logical Operator
use
Combination of one or more expressions
Can consists of
Relational expr. vs logical expr.
produce Relational expr. vs variable
Relational expr. vs constant
0 (if false) 1(if true)
36
18
Logical Expression
Logical Operator
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Operator Description
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT
Logical operator && dan || is used between 2 or more

relational expression
37
Logical Expression
1
Logical
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 operator
0100 1011 truth table for AND
AND (&&) Logical Operator Result

False AND False False
Value 0 1
False AND True False
0 0 0
True AND False False
1 0 1
True AND True True
38
19
Logical Expression
1
Logical
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100operator
1011 truth table for OR
OR (||) Logical Operator Result

False OR False False
Value 0 1
False OR True True
0 0 1
True OR False True
1 1 1
True OR True True
39
Logical Expression
1
Logical
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100operator
1011 truth table for NOT
NOT(!)
Value Result Logical Operator Result

!0 1 Not false True
!1 0 Not true False
40
20
Logical Expression
1
Example
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 1:
Evaluate the following logical expression:
a) (2 < 5 ) && ( 5 < 10) b) (7 % 2 < 2) || ( 2 * 3 == 6)
1 && 1 (1 < 2) || (6 == 6)
1 1 || 1
41
Logical Expression
Example 2:
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
Evaluate the following logical expression:
Given a = 3, b = 4;
c) !((5 * b <= 23 - a )) d) ! ((b +3 != 8) &&( 3 * a < 2))
!((5 * 4 <= 23 – 3)) !(( 7 != 8 ) && ( 9 < 2 ))
!(20 <= 20) !( 1 && 0 )
!(1) ! ( 0)
0 1
42
21
Logical Expression
An example program which using Logical Expression:
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int mark;
printf(“\nEnter your mark >>”);

scanf(“%d”,&mark);
if (mark >= 85 && mark <= 100)

printf(“\nGred A”);
else if( mark >=80 && mark <=84)

printf(“\nGred A-”);
}
43
Logical Expression
Exercise:
1
0011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011
1. Given with i=2, j = 5 and k = 15. Evaluate each of the
following expression:
a) i > j – k g) k == j + i * j
b) i != k h) k <=k /j
c) (i >= 1) && (j == 5) i) (j < i) || (k > j)
d) !( i > j) j) (i >0) && (j <k) || (k <i)
e) i < j < k k) i * k < k / j
f) (i < j) && (j < k) l) i – j > k
2. Complete the following statements with suitable logical

expression.
int angka1,angka2;
if (angka1 is less than or equal to angka2)

printf(“%d is less than or equal to
%d”,angka1,angka2); 44
22

Chapter 4 Part 1: Input and Output

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Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology

BIC 10204 Algorithm and Programming

Other I/O functions

Read data (input) Write out data (output)

include <stdio.h> include

Write out data and display as output

printf(“The bread price is RM %lf“,price) ; 6

printf() function (continued..)

printf(“Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia”);

Format output –text/string

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

printf() function (continued..)

printf(“Monthly salary is RM %lf”, salary);

Output format -Text variable

const float porosity 16.78;

Output format -Text

printf() function (continued..)

***Other escape characters are described in pg 56 (text book)

printf() function (continued..)

format Using percent symbol (%) followed by character

Placeholder Output to be print

Example 5 (Printing character value ) :

printf(“%c %c %c”, ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘U’);

printf() function (continued..)

int number1, number2;

printf(“My house number is %d”, 26);

double sahih1, sahih2;

printf(“The value of pi is %lf”, 3.142);

printf() function (continued..)

scanf() function Read data with specified

Read input from keyboard

scanf() function (continued)

expression constant function

scanf(“%lf %d %c”,&float_num, &num,&letter);

The above statement is valid!

scanf() function (continued)

Placeholder Constant value

The above statement is INVALID!

scanf(“ %lf ”, &price + 0.05);

Conversion character Expression

The above statement is INVALID!

Example 3(program code):

#include <stdio.h> Any

printf(“Enter the semester : “);

scanf() function (continued)

Enter the semester : 3

Other I/O functions

There are other functions can be used in the input and

getchar() and putchar() function

To read any input from input device

format variable= getchar();

Other I/O functions (continued)

To display output in a single character

Example 1: getchar() and putchar()

Other I/O functions (continued)

Example 2: getchar() and putchar()

However, we can also program like this :

To read an input and terminate the

format variable= getch();

example char letter;

getch() have same function like getchar(), but different action

Other I/O functions (continued)