¢ Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms is the scientific study of organisms in the sea is the scientific study of organisms in the sea or other marine is the scientific study of organisms in the sea or other marine bodies of water is the scientific study of organisms in the sea or other marine bodies of water, many phyla is the scientific study of organisms in the sea or other marine bodies of water, many phyla, families and genera is the scientific study eles eu MR eR ele water, Bite Ce gene* Marine Biology is the study of life in the oceans and other saltwater environments such as estuaries and wetlands. All plant and animal life forms are included from the microscopic picoplankton all the way to the majestic blue whale, the largest creature in the sea—and for that matter in the world. (MarineBio Conservation Seciety: https://marinebio.org/creatures/marine-biol ogy/) * Marine Biology is the study of marine SJ olclol(-tiing 1M lg alono oc lemTa oli salt-water environments.* Marine biology is the study of marine organisms, their behaviors and interactions with the environment. ¢ Marine biologists study biological oceanography and the associated fields of chemical, physical, and geological oceanography to understand marine organisms. The University of Texas at Austin. Marine Science Institute. https://utmsi.utexas.edu/academics/undergraduate/what-is-marine -biology xZonasi Ekosistem LautEstuarine Loc M/RM A Lea OLN a/tidal-marshes-powerpoint-ppt -presentationsubtidal ~~ . Benthic microalgae @ Phytoplankton ite Mangroves de Terrestrial vegetationDrought can change estuarine landscapes in three ways: 1 Transten tom treshwaterLow or Pioneer marsh Middle marsh High or mature marsh Typically characterised Typically characterised ‘Typically characterised by by Salicornia and by Atriplex and 2 variety of halophytes and Spartina. Pucainetia semi-halophytes including Juncus and Festuca mean high water spring (MHNS) ater line at neap (MHNN)J> ESTUARINE FISH Estuarine Spawners —>> mm COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE B SS ESTUARINE FISH COMPOSITION AND Ry Estuarine SpawnersA TIDAL FLAT BELOW MMWN Orasnage channel, Undutating tidal fiat lacking any vegetation:1 1 1 ' ' 1 ! 1 1 1 ! ' ! 1 ' ' e 4a 1 1 J t a1 2 3 ma {3 6 1 8) Marine biology and the others of scientific disciplines.... The study of marine biology includes a wide variety of disciplines such as . astronomy, . biological oceanography, . cellular biology, . chemistry, . ecology, . geology, . meteorology, . molecular biology,* physical oceanography * zoology and * conservation biology (the new science of marine ) draws on many longstanding scientific disciplines such as marine ecology, biogeography, zoology, botany, genetics, fisheries biology, anthropology, economics and law.MARINE BIOLOGY OeAPHY APHY Oceanography Chemical Oceanography | me gs |Geological Oceanography ¢ Marine geology or geological oceanography is the study of the history and structure of the ocean floor. It involves geophysicallt involves geophysical, geochemicallt involves geophysical, geochemical, sedimentologicallt involves geophysical, geochemical, sedimentological and paleontologicallt involves geophysical, geochemical, sedimentological and paleontological investigations of the ocean floorlt involves geophysical, geochemical, sedimentological and paleontological investigations of the ocean floor and coastal zone. studies the tophography, structure, and geological processes of the ocean floor to discover how the Earth and oceans were formed and how ongoing procesPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean Clee “the physical and chemical properties of ocean water and the topography and composition of the ocean bottom(Webster) “focuses on describing and understanding the evolving patterns of ocean circulation and fluid motion, along with the distribution of its properties such as temperature, salinity and the concentration of ColSte)NY-10] chemical rts and eros} (iii Aare DRE le | OAR CeO OLN ia ier Ole Ul* tT) “the exploration and study of the physics and geography of the ocean currents and water properties. It has important applications in global climate, oceanic mixing, and coastal studies, as well as being a key element in interdisciplinary studies of primary production, hydrothermal vents, and oceanic flux and storage of carbon dioxide (PAOC)Chemical oceanography the study of ocean chemistrystudy of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the chemical elementsstudy of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earthstudy of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. fundamentally interdisciplinary: = Carbon Cycle Paleoclimatology Geochemistry of Rivers and Estuaries Biogeochemistry Sediment Geochemistry Hydrothermal Systems & Chemistry tlHISTORY OF OCEANOGRAPHY 0 Ancient people living along the coast must have been very curious about the regions underneath the ocean surface as well as waves, the rise and fall of the tides, and other coastal processes. Such people were actually the first oceanographers Gathering food, fishing, trading, migrating to more promising regions, etc. are other endeavors that yielded lots of information about the sea. These early investigations of the sea were motivated by the requirements of daily survival rather than by the reasons driving oceanographic exploration today: exploiting marine food, energy, and mineral resources understanding climate change minimizing the impact of natural disasters such as tsunami, hurricanes assessing humanity's impact on our environment understanding earth processes such as biogeochemical cycling, plate tectonics, etcC. Later in history conquest, enrichment of government treasuries, and enhancement of political power became pressing reasons for venturing out onto the seasA number of maps go so far back into antiquity that historians suggest that they originated in a prehistoric civilization much more advanced than Greece or Egypt. Their existence and accuracy is often difficult to explain in terms of what historians and anthropologists believe some ancient cultures knew about their world. For example, a Turkish map of 1559 is remarkable in that it draws the entire United States in almost perfect outline, including the west coast and Canada even up to the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska. This land bridge could only have existed during the Ice Age no less than 10,000 ybpThe History of Marine Biology » Aristotle considered by many to be the first marine biologist lived in the 4th century B.C. : Greece ae. ee aie recognized many basics of cadena met marine biology, including ow em that fish breathe using gills an act but a habit." - Aristotle: — eee ee ee)The History of Marine Biology » James Cook one of the first explorers to make scientific observations along the way and to include a full- time naturalist among his crew created first dependable charts brought back plant and anne specimensThe History of Marine Biology » James Cook (cont.) one observation he made was when the crew ate citrus fruits they did not develop scurvy today we know that scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet he proved that through careful observation, scientific discoveries can be made by non scientists ScurvyThe History of Marine Biology » Charles Darwin most likely the most famous shipboard naturalist sailed around the world on the HMS Beagle for 5 years best known for his theory of evolution POY eC eT tia a RE RERCE LS)The History of Marine Biology » The “Wilkes Expedition” 1838-1842 (United States Exploring Expedition) Led by Lt. Charles Wilkes of the U.S. Navy discovered at least 2,000 previously unknown species Laid the foundation for government funding of scientific research ‘ .The History of Marine Biology » Edward Forbes discovered many previously unknown organisms and recognized that sea floor life at different depths "Moreover, all our onset of organic remains teaches us, that species havea eee existence, andThe History of Marine Biology » The Challenger Expedition 1872-1876 Led scientifically by Charles Wyville Thompson + often considered the “founder of oceanography” took 19 years and 50 volumes to publish all the results brought back more information about the ocean than had been previously recorded in all human history set new standards for studying the oceanGrowth of Marine Laboratories » Henri Milne Edwards and Victor Andowin French zoologists and naturalists first to study shore life and bring equipment to the shoreGrowth of Marine Laboratories » The first U.S. marine laboratory was founded in 1930 in Woods Hole, MA It is now called the Woods Hole OceanographicImproving Marine ResearchSONAR » SONAR: SOund NAvigation Ranging developed in response to the growing importance of submarine warfare based on the principles of echolocation used by marine organisms refers to the use of sound to discover the location and distribution of underwater objects or eatures.SONAR » It can also be used to generate underwater images and measure the speed of objects » Sound travels more efficiently through water than it does through air, radar does not work well in waterPassive SONAR » Passive sonar detects sound waves given off by objects involves listening to underwater sounds from marine mammals, such as whales, or from submarines or other underwater vesselsPassive SONAR » Passive sonar can primarily determines the direction of objects » Submersibles and submarines utilize Passive sonar as it does not reveal their location in the water == ~~Active SONAR » With active SONAR, sound is emitted into the ocean in short bursts or “pings” and then the reflections are detectedActive SONAR » The distance to an object is calculated from the echo transmission and return interval and the speed of sound in water (~ 1 mile per second or 1.6 km/s) ACTIVE SONAREcholocationEcholocation Dolphin EcholocationSCUBA » Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus » British inventor William James made the first scuba unit in 1825. » However, Frenchman E Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan did not develop the aqualung used today A» Ascuba diver wears metal tanks that hold compressed air. » They supply air to the diver at the same pressure as the surrounding water pressure. A diver uses air more quickly at deeper depths » The diver exhales used air into the water > The limit of a scuba device is commonly considered to be 50m (160 ft)a Three Types of SCUBA a » 1. Open Circuit » 2. Closed Circuit » 3. Semi-closed Circuit—— 1. Open-circuit “Open-circuit” scuba: The scuba equipment most often used by amateur divers (all nonhelmeted divers). This consists of a compressed air tank that is carried by the diver. Its mouthpiece is a regulator supplying air at normal atmospheric pressure into a face mask. The diver exhales into the mask and the characteristic stream of bubbles is produced. = ~1. Open-circuit2. Closed-circuit “Closed-circuit” scuba: This apparatus involves either pure oxygen or an oxygen- helium mixture. Neither of these techniques is safe without extensive training or preparation. Closed-Circuit Rebreather3. Semiclosed Circuit » “Semiclosed” scuba: These circuits recycle the exhaled oxygen used while diving.Submersibles » Submersible: small, underwater research vessels » Two common types are AUVs and ROVs The most famous of which are the A/vin and the JasonROVs and AUVs » ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle): A robotic device controlled from a distance that is used to explore inhospitable environments such as the deep sea. » AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle): A robotic device programmed to its job independently of direct human control that is also used to explore inhospitable environments such as the deep sea.» Remote sensing technology: technology used to study the earth and its oceans from afar track ocean currents, animal migration patterns, natural disastersCrittercam » Research tool designed to be worn by wild animals. » It combines video and audio recording with collection of environmental data such as depth, temperature, and acceleration. vOrigin of Crittercam The Crittercam was created in 1986 by marine biologist and filmmaker Greg Marshall A shark approached Greg during a diving trip off Belize, then disappeared into the murk with three quick strokes of its tail. Greg noticed a remora clinging to the shark. As Greg watched the shark disappear, it occurred to him that if he could put a camera in the place of the remora, he could see the shark's behavior unfold without disturbing the shark.» These compact systems allow scientists to study animal behavior without interference by a human observer