PREPARATION GUIDE TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE @ Written by testing experts @ Intensive grammar review @ Thorough analysis of each exam area @ Cross-referenced answers and explanations @ Ideal for individual or classroom use @ Six full-length practice tests py Michael A Pyle, MA and ary Ellen Murioz Page, MA series Editor *rry Bobrow, Ph D . AN n@e:22>ae at) tea mom Cele oe cea ey This Clif fs Preparation Guide can help you score higher It provid understanding of the TOEFI, which can help you take the test s backgrouna 1 | with m, make the kind of score hat can g? e you a wide choice of colleges orgs Stine vyand uate schools, Our testing experts designed this Preparation Guide to help you ge: ' it while using your study time effectively Right from the start, you'll ‘ind that Torre concise, to the po nt and asy to understand This Guide includes thorough, Analysis of Each Type of Question and Explanation of the Most Successful Approaches to each area tested Listening Comprehenston, Structure and Whitten Express! ©, Reading Comprehension, and the Test of Written English (essay) Intensive Grammar Review, Exercises and Mini-Tests to guide and simphfy sour study Six Full-Length Practice Tests that correspond to the actual TOEFL in type and number of questions Answers and Explanations, C:oss-Referenced to the Review, for each practice test Self-Scoring Charts 0 analy72 your performance on the sample tests Two Audio Cassettes containing six Listening Comprehention sections for realistic test preparation Complete Table of Contents and Index to help you quickly find wha: you are Jooking for Be ready Give yourself an edge in taking the TOEFL by using this Cliffs Preparation Guide You'll be glad you did Michael A. Pyle recerveu a Master of Arts from the University of Fiorida tn linguistics and teaching English a a second language He was the coordinater of the reading classes and tavaht grammar, composition and spoken Engush at !a1 University of Florida's English Language institute for several years He has presented workshops er 4 papers at regional and national conterences on various aspects of teaching English as a second language, including the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Lanquages (TESOL) conference in 1994 Mary Ellen Munoz Page received a IMaster of Arts from Western Reserve University n Cleveland, Ohio She teaches English to foregn students at Valencia Community College in Orlando, Florida, ard has taught English, orimarly to foreign students at the college and university levels since 1976 She has also present =4 sumerous workshop to student teachers and other teachers of English in Costa Rica She developed iour English classes at Santa Fe Community College in Gainesville, Florida, and collaborated with Mr ®yle in develop ng the English for the Foreign Born Test Rewew classes there Students in these English classes, which were offered ‘n conunction with the English canguage Instrtute, extensively tested the materials in this guide and received them enthusiastically Jerry Bobrow Js executive director of Bobrow Test Preparation Services and coriducts test preparation programs at over twenty five colleges, and law schools ISBN 0-8220-2079-3 | | ‘iu < SEMANA UMMACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to many for providing us incentive and support during the time that we were writing this manuscript. We dedicate this book to our families, including Maria, Maria Elena, Rita, Louie, and our parents; their understand- ing and support during the many months of writing was essential. We are also grateful to Dr. Clyde C. Clements, Jr, Dean of Community Education at Santa Fe Community College, for providing us the opportunity to organize a class for test preparation and supporting us in our quest to write this book. Special thanks are due Dr. Patricia Byrd, Assistant Director of the University of Florida’s English Language Institute, for providing us classroom Space, equipment, students, publicity, and encouragement. We wish to thank Dr. Manuel Lopez Figuera, Maria Lopez de Pyle, Dr. Felipe Sierra, Dr. José Zaglul, and Paul F. Schmidt for writing materials for the practice tests. We also wish to thank Jerry Bobrow of Bobrow Test Preparation Services for recommending our book and Michele Spence of Cliffs Notes, Inc., for her invaluable assistance in editing. We are indebted to our students, who acted as our critics while we were Preparing the materials. We have revised this book several times since it was first written. The changes in this edition are extensive to parallel the 1995 changes to the TOEFL. We are now indebted to even more people who provided reading and listening passages or reviewed materials for us. They include Margarita Bardgett, Elizabeth Eschbach, Joe Romero, Sherry Keyes, Harry Gebert, and Dr. Dana Griffin, III. Michael Pyle is especially thankful for all the help his wife Maria provided in suggesting materials and typing. In addition to the superb editing work of Michele Spence, the authors were very fortunate to be provided the editing expertise of Linnea Fredrickson. Neither the authors nor Cliffs Notes, Inc., is affiliated with Educational Testing Service or involved in the development or administration of the TOEFL. Neither the directions nor any sample questions were provided or approved by Educational Testing Service. ISBN 0-8220-2081-5 FIFTH EDITION ‘© Copyright 1995 by Michael A. Pyle and Mary Ellen Mufioz Page Previous editions © Copyright 1991, 1986, 1983, 1982 by Michael A. Pyle and Mary Ellen Muiioz All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A.CONTENTS Preface How to Use This Book . . Study Guide Checklist. PART I: INTRODUCTION FORMAT OF RECENT TOEFL EXAMS. ....- 00.0000 esseeeee GENERAL DESCRIPTION ... 6.060 c eee eee eee QUESTIONS COMMONLY ASKED ABOUT THE TOEFL ......... TAKING THE TOEFL: A SUCCESSFUL OVERALL APPROACH ... PART II: ANALYSIS OF EXAM AREAS Ability Tested + Basic Skilis Necessary Directions »* Suggested Approach with Samples SECTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSION ....... 00.0 0eeeveee PartA.... PartB.. Part... cece eee eee eee A Patterned Plan of Attack .. A Patterned Plan of Attack .. SECTION 3: READING COMPREHENSION . . . A Patterned Plan of Attack 00.0.0... cece ee esse eee eee iii 12iv CONTENTS PART 11: SUBJECT AREA REVIEWS with -Exercises and Mini-Tests GRAMMAR REVIEW ..... 6.06 cece rece eee eee 1 2, 3. . The Verb Phrase. . Rules .......... Method of Study . Normal Sentence Pattern in English eden cece eens Subject Verb....... Complement Modifier The Noun Phrase ............. 0.0 e cece cece eee eee Count and Non-Count Nouns Tenses and ‘Aspects . : Common Irregular Verbs i in English . Simple Present Tense.............. Present Progressive (Continuous) . Simple Past Tense ............ Past Progressive (Continuous) . Present Perfect.......... For/Since..... Yet /Already Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous). Past Perfect ........ 06.0. .cee cence eee Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous) Subject-Verb Agreement. .......... vee Subject Separated from the Verb............5....05 Words That Always Take Singular Verbs and Pronouns None/No ..... Either/Neither ..... Gerunds as Subjects Collective Nouns......... A Number Of/The Number Of .. Nouns That Are Always Plural . There Is/There AreCONTENTS Vv 7, Pronouns........ 78 Subject Pronouns ..... 2 Complement Pronouns -. 79 Possessive Adjectives .................0005 .. 80 Possessive Pronouns. .... eee -. 81 Reflexive Pronouns. . .. 81 8 Verbs as Complements -. 83 Verbs That Are Always Followed by the Infinitive... . . 83 Verbs That Are Always Followed by the Gerund...... 84 Verbs + Prepositions Followed by the Gerund ....... 85 Adjectives + Prepositions Followed by the Gerund.... 86 Nouns + Prepositions Followed by the Gerund....... 87 Adjectives Followed by the Infinitive................ 87 Pronouns Before the Gerund or Infinitive 89 9. The Verb Need sees -» 90 In Need Of ..... . Ot 10. Questions. ....... - 92 Yes/No Questions... 92 Information Questions. 93 Embedded Questions. . 94 Tag Questions.............. 96 11. Affirmative Agreement (Too/So) .. 98 12. Negative Agreement (Either/Neither) . 100 13. Negation .. 102 Some/Any 0.62.6... eee eee 102 Hardly, Barely, Rarely, Seldom, et 103 14. Commands................. 103 Negative Commands .. 104 Indirect Commands ....... .» 104 Negative Indirect Commands ..... .. 104 Mini-Test 1: Grammar Items 3 Through 14.............06 105 15. Modal Auxiliaries Negation of Modals ... Questions with Modals. Real Conditions (Possibly True). Unreal Conditions (Not True) As If(As Though ........6044 Hope/WishMust... an HaveTo......... -. 130 Modals + Perfective. Could /May/Might + Perfectiv . Should + Perfective ....... .. 131 Must + Perfective..... 132 16. Adjectives and Adverbs. . 134 Adjectives ........... 134 Adverbs 134 Adjectives with Linking (Copulative) Verbs -. 136 17. Comparisons..............0006 .. 138 Equal Comparisons ... 138 Unequal Comparisons . 140 Mlogical Comparisons.......... .» 142 Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives .. Multiple Number Comparatives . . . Double Comparatives ....... 146 No Sooner... 0.0.0.0. ccc cece 146 Positives, Comparatives, and Superlatives. . 147 18. Nouns Functioning as Adjectives .........-. 150 19. Enough with Adjectives, Adverbs, and Nouns. .. 152 20. Cause Connectors. ...... 66 c cece eee eee ee 2. 153 Because /Because Of ..........+ -. 183 Purpose and Result (So That). Cause and Effect (So, Such) .... . Mini-Test 2: Grammar Items 15 Through 20............. 160 21. Passive Voice 22. Causative Verbs Have/Get...... Make... Let... Help .CONTENTS vii 23. Relative Clauses... ce eceeeeeneeeeees .. 174 The Relative Pronoun 174 176 177 178 Optional Relative Clause Reduction . 180 24. That—Other Uses. . 181 Optional That 181 Obligatory That. . 182 That Clauses .. 182- 25. Subjunctive . 183 26. Inclusives Not Only... But Also occ ccc cece cena 185 As WellAs ...... . 186 Both... And .. 187 27. Know/Know How -. 188 28. Clauses of Concession .................02-5 ~ 189 Despite/In Spite Of ..... 004.045 189 Although/Even Though/Though . 190 191 192 192 193 193 194 194 Idiomatic Expressions with Set, Lay, and Raise. 195 Mini-Test 3: Grammar Items 21 Through 29 .... 196 STYLE IN WRITTEN ENGLISH 2.000000 ees e eee e eet e ee ee ee 204 1. Common Stylistic Problems That Appear in Grammar Questions Sequence of Tenses . - 204 Say/Tell .......0005 . 207 Antecedents of Pronouns ... - 209 The Pronouns One and You...........0. 00s eee 211 Illogical Participial Modifiers (Dangling Participles) . 212 Participles as Adjectives ............--.....064 Redundancy ... Parallel Structure ...viii CONTENTS Transformation of Direct and Indirect Objects . . 22¢ Adverbials at the Beginning of a Sentence 22 2. Elimination of Incorrect Answers in Style Questions 225 Examples of Style Questions... . 23 Mini-Test 4: Stylistic Problems. +» 233 ANSWERS FOR EXERCISES 1 THROUGH 53 AND MINI-TESTS 1 THROUGH 4.00.0. e cence teens 238 PROBLEM VOCABULARY AND PREPOSITIONS 26: 1. Commonly Misused Words ...... . : : 26¢ 2. Confusingly Related Words. 268 3. Use of Prepositions .. 27 During........ 27) From 277 Out of 27 By.. 278 In.. 275 On.. 28¢ At.. 287 Miscellaneous Expressions with Prepositions . 287 4. Verbal Idioms. ..................2..2000- 5, Common Combinations with Prepositions. Nouns + Prepositions Verbs + Prepositions Adjectives + Prepositions Mini-Test 5: Problem Vocabulary and Prepositions . . Mini-Test 6: Problem Vocabulary and Prepositions ANSWERS FOR EXERCISES 54 THROUGH 57 AND MINI-TESTS S AND 6... 0666 cece ccc eee tence eens 297 PART IV: PRACTICE-REVIEW-ANALYZE-PRACTICE Six Full-Length Practice Tests ANSWER SHEETS FOR PRACTICE TESTS 1-6 .......--...-0005 303 Practice Test 1 31 Section 1: Listening Comprehension. . 31 Section 2: Structure and Written Expression 324 Section 3: Reading Comprehension 33PRACTICE TEST 2 ......- 20sec ee eeee Section 1: Listening Comprehension. . Section 2: Structure and Written Expression Section 3: Reading Comprehension ..................65 361 PRACTICE TEST 3 Section 1: Listening Comprehension. . Section 2: Structure and Written Expression............. 383 Section 3: Reading Comprehension ... . 391 _ PRACTICE TEST4 .........-.---.- . 404 Section 1: Listening Comprehension. . - 404 Section 2: Structure and Written Expression we. 413 Section 3: Reading Comprehension ............-.0e0005 421 PRACTICE TEST 5 Section 1: Listening Comprehension. . 434 Section 2: Structure and Written Expression - 443 Section 3: Reading Comprehension . . PRACTICE TEST 6 Section 1: Listening Comprehension. Section 2: Structure and Written Expression . tee Section 3: Reading Comprehension ...............e0005 480 PART V: LISTENING COMPREHENSION SCRIPTS, ANSWERS, AND EXPLANATIONS FOR PRACTICE TESTS 1 THROUGH 6 How To UsE ParTV..... CONVERTED SCORE SHEET PRACTICE TEST 1 Answer Key for Practice Test 1...... 498 Practice Test 1: Analysis-Scoring Sheet . 500 Section 1: Listening Comprehension Script .............. 501 Explanations for Practice Test 1 ......... s+. 509 Section 2: Structure and Written Expression 509 Section 3: Reading Comprehension .............-+055 513x CONTENTS PRACTICE TEST 2 : Answer Key for Practice Test 2.... Practice Test 2: Analysis-Scoring Sheet ................- Section 1: Listening Comprehension Script . +e Explanations for Practice Test 2 .......0... cece cence eee Section 2: Structure and Written Expression... . 530 Section 3: Reading Comprehension 534 PRACTICE TEST 3 S41 Answer Key for Practice Test 3 .... 541 Practice Test 3: Analysis-Scoring Sheet 543 Section 1: Listening Comprehension Script 544 Explanations for Practice Test 3 Section 2: Structure and Written Expression . . Section 3: Reading Comprehension PRACTICE Test 4 Answer Key for Practice Test 4 Practice Test 4: Analysis-Scoring Sheet . Section 1: Listening Comprehension Script eee Explanations for Practice Test 4 .......... 000s essen eee Section 2: Structure and Written Expression a Section 3: Reading Comprehension .................6 PRACTICE TEST 5 Answer Key for Practice Test 5 .... Practice Test 5: Analysis-Scoring Sheet Section 1: Listening Comprehension Script . Explanations for Practice Test 5 .........6.. 000. c eee ee Section 2: Structure and Written Expression... Section 3: Reading Comprehension PRACTICE TEST 6 Answer Key for Practice Test 6 .... Practice Test 6: Analysis-Scoring Sheet Section 1: Listening Comprehension Script Explanations for Practice Test 6 .......... Section 2: Structure and Written Expression . . oe Section 3: Reading Comprehension ..............+...CONTENTS Xi PART VI: TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH Ability Tested » Basic Skills Necessary * General information + PLANNING YOUR Essay Standard Outline... Cluster Outline ....... Introductory Paragraph Body Conclusion SAMPLE ESSAYS ... Sample Essay 1. . Sample Essay 2. . Sample Essay 3............ A Patterned Pian of Attack SAMPLE TOPICS......0- 0000 e ccc c cece cece cece teens Essay EVALUATION FoRM Final Preparation: “The Final Touches” .................. 655 Index to the Reviews... 0.0.0. c cece cece cee e eee eee e ee 656HOW TO USE THIS BOOK This guide is ideal for either individual or classroom use. To use this material most effectively, it is sometimes best not to simply begin at the beginning and go through to the end. Pace yourself. Make full use of the cross-referenced answers, table of contents, index, and clearly organized review for efficient study throughout your TOEFL preparation. The following suggestions have proven helpful for many students. 1. Carefully read all of the introductory material found in Part I. 2. Read Part II concerning Ability Tested, Basic Skills Necessary, Directions, and Suggested Approach with Samples for each of the question types in the three test sections. 3. Decide how many weeks of study time you will have before the actual TOEFL or, if there is a class, how many class sessions will be scheduled. 4. Divide the total number of pages in the Part III Grammar Review by the number of weeks before the TOEFL or the number of class sessions involved. Study this number of pages and do the accompanying exercises each week or session. 5. Divide memorizing tasks, such as the lists of irregular verbs and verbal idioms and the remaining review material in Part II} in the same way. 6. When you are about halfway through the review, stop. Now carefully reread the Suggested Approach to each question type (Part II) and review once again the Successful Overall Approach (Part I). 7. Now take Practice Test 1. It will contain some familiar and some unfamiliar material. Use the listening comprehension cassette xiv