Journal of Cleaner Production 29-30 (2012) 46e52

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Journal of Cleaner Production

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A comparative study on the feasible use of recycled beverage and CRT funnel
glass as fine aggregate in cement mortar
Tung-Chai Ling a, b, Chi-Sun Poon a, *
a
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
b
School of civil engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The rapid development of the electronic industry has led to a growing hazardous waste management and
Received 5 October 2011 disposal problem related to the management of cathode ray tube (CRT) waste. This study aimed to
Received in revised form compare the feasibility of using CRT recycled glass: non-treated funnel glass (n-TFG, crushed without
11 January 2012
treatment) and treated funnel glass (TFG, crushed and treated with acid nitric to remove lead on the glass
Accepted 15 February 2012
Available online 22 February 2012
surface) as fine aggregates in cement mortar. Fresh and hardened properties of the cement mortars,
including their x-ray radiation shielding and potential lead leaching were investigated. The mortar
prepared with crushed beverage glass (CBG, lead-free) was also evaluated for comparison purposes. The
Keywords:
Cathode ray tubes
experimental results show that the use of glass cullets, irrespective of glass type, improved the fluidity
Recycled funnel glass and drying shrinkage but reduced the strength. About 60% enhancement in x-ray radiation shielding
Beverage glass property was achieved with the use of 100% CRT glass in the cement mortar owing to the increase of
Lead leaching mortar density due to the presence of lead in the CRT glass. Furthermore, lead leaching (based on TCLP
Radiation shielding test) from the mortar samples prepared with the TFG complied with the regulatory limits. The results
Mechanical properties have demonstrated that the CRT glass (an original hazardous material) can be treated, processed, and re-
utilized for making cement mortars. The mechanical performance of the cement mortar is comparable to
that made with beverage glass.
Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction One of the promising ways to identify opportunities for opti-

One of the biggest technology revolutions in image displays for
TV and PC monitors was the change from the cathode ray tube
(CRT) type to LCD (liquid crystal display) and LED (light emitting
diode). One challenge posed by the revolution is the need to
dispose of and manage the growing magnitude of CRT waste
(Socolof et al., 2005; Poon, 2008). It was estimated that the amount
of CRT TVs required to be disposed of in United States alone was
approximately 20 million units each year and the amount was
expected to increase beyond the next 10 years (Jefferies, 2006).
Similar situation are also found in most of the developed and
developing countries (Nnorom et al., 2011). If the CRT waste is not
handled properly then the lead (or other heavy metals) included
within the CRT glass may pose serious soil and ground water
pollution (Ravi, 2011; Cherry and Gottesfeld, 2009; Nnorom and
Osibanjo, 2008).
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ852 2766 6024; fax: þ852 2334 6389.
E-mail addresses: tcling611@yahoo.com, cetcling@inet.polyu.edu.hk (T.-C. Ling),
cecspoon@polyu.edu.hk (C.-S. Poon).
mizing and reducing environmental impact of this CRT waste is to
implement an environmental management system (EMS) stan-
dardized by ISO 14001 (Boudouropoulos and Arvanitoyannis, 1999,
2000). According to Rahman and Subramanian (2012), a recycling
company in Australia (with an ISO 14001 accredited) applied an
innovative technology of disassembly which was able to reclaim
valuable metals for reuse and divert up to 98% (by weight) from the
total discarded 60,000 CRT monitors collected each year. Also, a life
cycle assessment (LCA) methodology complying with ISO 14040
had been proven to be a reliable approach to assess the entire life
cycle of CRT glass from the environmental perspective (in terms of
extraction and treatment of raw materials, production, trans-
portation, reuse, recycling and disposal) as well as its economic and
social point of view (Arvanitoyannis, 2008; Noon et al., 2011;
Andreola et al., 2005).
In Hong Kong, a recycling facility has been in existence since
2005 by the Environmental Protection Department (EPD) to recycle
discarded old computer monitors and TV sets. In the facility, the
external components such as electronic, plastic casing and metallic
parts are first removed from the computer monitors and TV sets.
The funnel and panel glass from the CRT glass is then separated by

0959-6526/$ e see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.018
 T.-C. Ling, C.-S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 29-30 (2012) 46e52 47

a hot wire separation method. Since the lead content of these two Table 1
types of glass are different, they are processed using two different Chemical compositions and physical properties of cement and fly ash.

recycling methods. The recycling process of CRT panel glass mainly Chemical compositions (%) Cement Fly ash
involves the removal of fluorescent powder present on the inner Calcium oxide (CaO) 63.15 <3
surface of the glass by suction, and then using a mechanical crusher Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 19.61 56.79
to break it down into smaller particle sizes in a safe manner. The Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 7.33 28.21
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 3.32 5.31
glass can be used directly as a clean recycled aggregate in
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.54 5.21
construction products due to its low lead content. Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.13 0.45
As for the funnel glass, since it contains a significant amount of Potassium (K2O) 0.39 1.34
lead (PbO) with an average content of 22e25% by wt., a specifically Sulphur trioxide (SO3) 2.13 0.68
designed treatment process (elution) is required before it can be Loss on ignition 2.97 3.90

disposal to landfills or reused as a recycled material. The recycling Physical properties

process for the funnel glass involves crushing, acid washing and
water rinsing. The lead present on the surface of crushed funnel
glass is removed by immersing the crushed glass cullets (<10 mm)
in a bath of 5% nitric acid (HNO3) solution for 3 h. After that, the
treated funnel glass (TFG) is removed from the nitric acid bath and
thoroughly rinsed using tap water to remove the remaining acid.
The TFG produced is typically considered safe because the leach-
able lead concentration is below the toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) limit of 5 mg L1 as per the requirement of the US
Environmental Protection Department (1992).
A number of previous studies have been conducted to investi-
gate the possibility of using recycled aggregates derived from
diverse sources as fine aggregates replacement in cement mortars
or concrete for diverse purposes (Ling et al., 2011; Ho et al., 2012;
Mohammed et al., 2012; Pelisser et al., 2012; Richardson et al.,
2012; Bravo and de Brito, 2012). It was found that the use of glass
aggregate in mortar slightly reduced the strength properties, but
this negative effect could be reduced when finer glass particles
(700 mm or less) were employed (Shi et al., 2005). This is because
the pozzolanic property of fine glass powder and its filler role can
significantly improve the micro-structural and mechanical prop-
erties of the cement mortar (Corinaldesi et al., 2005). It is generally
agreed that utilizing recycled beverage glass aggregate in mortar is
a promising and effective method for waste glass recycling (Ling
and Poon, 2011b; Ling et al., 2011). Although a preliminary study
has been conducted by the authors to assess the feasible use of
crushed and treated CRT funnel glass for the production of cement
mortar (Ling and Poon, 2011b), a systematic comparison of the
effect of using untreated CRT and other types of glass on the
properties of the produced cement mortar is still relatively limited.
The objective of this study is to investigate the feasible use of
untreated funnel glass (n-TFG, crushed without treatment) as fine
aggregates in cement mortar. The effect of using n-TFG as 50% and
100% replacement of total sand volume on the fresh and hardened
properties, and the x-ray radiation shielding ability of the cement
mortar were assessed. The expansions due to alkaliesilica reaction
(ASR) and potential leachability of lead from the cement mortar
were also studied. The cement mortar prepared with treated funnel
glass (TFG, crushed and treated with nitric acid to remove lead on
the glass surface) and crushed beverage glass (CBG) was also
studied for comparison purposes.
Specific gravity 3.16 2.31
Blaine fineness (cm2/g) 3519 3960
The chemical compositions and physical properties of the cemen-
titious materials are given in Table 1.
2.1.2. Fine aggregates
All the fine aggregates investigated in this study were of particle
sizes less than 5 mm. River sand with a fineness modulus (FM) of
2.09 was used as the natural fine aggregate (as a control) in the
sand-mortar mix. The CRT recycled funnel glass with relatively
higher fineness modulus than sand (FM ¼ 3.17 for n-TFG and
FM ¼ 3.61 for TFG) was obtained from a local CRT Waste Recycling
Centre. TCLP results of both CRT funnel glass are presented in
Table 2. Crushed beverage glass (CBG) derived from post-consumer
beverage bottles was obtained locally from a waste glass recycler.
CBG had an of fineness modulus of 3.14. The particle size distri-
butions and physical properties of all the fine aggregates used are
presented in Table 2. Fig. 1 shows the photograph of sand, recycled
beverage and CRT glasses.
2.2. Mix proportions
All the mortar mixes were prepared with an aggregate-to-
cementitious material ratio of 2.5 and a water-to-cementitious
material ratio of 0.45. These mix proportions are common for
cement mortar applications (Ling and Poon, 2011b; Choi et al.,
2009). 25% of the OPC was replaced by fly ash to mitigate the
potential of ASR expansion (Lee et al., 2011). Including the control
(sand) mortar mix for comparison, a total of seven mortar mixes
were prepared and investigated. The three different types of glass
n-TFG, TFG, and CBG were used to replace 50% and 100% of the sand
(by volume) in the mortar mixes. All the mix proportion mixtures
are shown in Table 3.
Table 2
Particle size distributions, physical properties and Pb concentration of fine
aggregates.

Sieve size (mm) Percentage passing (%)

River sand n-TFG TFG CBG

2. Experimental details
5.00 99.5 99.9 99.2 99.6
2.36 97.6 87.1 73.3 87.4
2.1. Materials 1.18 89.8 59.0 43.1 53.5
0.60 75.3 28.6 18.9 27.6
2.1.1. Cementitious materials 0.30 39.5 7.6 4.5 12.7
0.15 3.7 0.6 0.3 5.1
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of strength class 52.5R
complying with American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) Type Fineness modulus 1.94 3.17 3.61 3.14
I was used as the primary cementing material in this study. Fly Ash Relative density (g/cm3) 2.62 3.10 2.99 2.49
Water absorption (%) 0.87 w0 w0 w0
complying with ASTM class F was used as a suppressor agent to TCLP leachable Pb concentration (mg/L) e 373.5 2.2 e
prevent expansion due to alkaliesilica reaction (Lee et al., 2011).
48 T.-C. Ling, C.-S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 29-30 (2012) 46e52

Fig. 1. Photograph of sand, recycled beverage and CRT glasses with particle size less than 5 mm.

2.3. Sample preparation 2.4.5. Equivalent compressive strength

The proportioned materials in all the mortar mixes were mixed
for 5 min using a standard laboratory rotating drum type mixer. The
fresh mortar mix was then put into steel moulds (size
40  40  160 mm and size 25  25  285 mm) in two layers of
similar depth. Vibration was applied by a mechanical vibrating
table after filling up each layer. After casting, the mortar specimens
were covered with a plastic sheet in the laboratory at 23  3  C for
24 h. After 1 day, the mortar specimens were demoulded and then
water cured at an average temperature of 23  3  C until the day of
testing.
2.4. Test methods
2.4.1. Fresh properties
The flow table test was used for the determination of fluidity of
fresh mortar mixes. The procedures of the flow table test followed
ASTM C 1437 (2007b).
2.4.2. Hardened density
The hardened density was determined according to ASTM C 642
(2006). The presented results are the average values of the three
specimens.
2.4.3. Water absorption
The water absorption values of the specimens were determined
according to ASTM C 642 (2006) and the results are the average
values of the three specimens.
2.4.4. Flexural strength
The flexural strength of the specimens was tested at 1, 4, 7, 28
and 90 days after casting based on ASTM C 348 (2008a). The mortar
bar specimens (40  40  160 mm prisms) were placed under
a central line load with simple support over a span of 120 mm. A
displacement rate of 0.1 mm min1 was used. The reported results
are the average values of the three specimens.
According to ASTM C 349 (2008b), the broken pieces (portions
of the prisms broken in the flexure strength test) were used for the
equivalent compressive strength test. The broken portions of
prisms used had a length of not less than 65 mm and were free from
cracks, chipped surfaces, or other obvious defects.
2.4.6. Drying shrinkage
Drying shrinkage value measurements on the specimens (size of
25  25  285 mm) were conducted according to the procedures
stated in a modified British Standard (BS ISO-Part 8, 2009) method.
After demoulding, the length and initial reading (regarded as zero
reading) of the prisms was measured. The specimens were then
transferred to a drying environmental chamber at a temperature of
23  C with a relative humidity of 50%. Subsequent readings were
taken at 1st, 4th, 7th, 28th and 90th days.
2.4.7. Expansion due to alkaliesilica reaction (ASR)
Three 25  25  285 mm mortar specimens were used for the
alkaliesilica reaction (ASR) test based on ASTM C1260 (2007a).
After 28 days of water curing, a zero reading was taken after further
storing the prisms in distilled water at 80  C for 24 h. The mortar
bars were then transferred and immersed in 1 N sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution at 80  C until testing time at 1st, 4th, 7th, 14th and
28th days.
2.4.8. X-ray radiation shielding
The x-ray radiation shielding test was performed in an x-ray
laboratory designed for medical diagnostic examination. The
laboratory was installed with a medium frequency x-ray unit
(Toshiba, KXO-30R). The distance between the target of the diag-
nostic x-ray tube (DXB-0324CS-A) and the test samples
(100  100  5 mm) was kept at 700 mm. The radiation dose at
a point in free air beneath the samples was measured by a 6 c.c.
ionization chamber linked to a radiation monitor controller (Model
9015, Radcal Corporation). The sensor was placed 100 mm beneath
the test samples.

2.4.9. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)

Table 3 The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test was
Mix proportions of mortar mixtures (kg/m3). used to identify the leaching of lead from the tested samples. The
No Mix notation Cementitious materials Fine aggregate Water
TCLP test was conducted according to the US Environmental
Protection Agency method 1311 (1992). The samples were taken
Cement Fly ash Sand n-TFG TFG CBG
after the mechanical testing at the 28th day and were crushed to
1 Control 456 152 1519 0 e e 273 pass through a 10 mm sieve before the test. This is intended to
mortar (CM)
2 n-TFG50 456 152 759 867 e e 273
simulate the potential lead leaching to assess whether the
3 n-TFG100 456 152 0 1734 e e 273 material would be classifiable as hazardous waste. An extraction
4 TFG50 456 152 759 e 867 e 273 solution with a pH value of 2.88 was prepared using glacial
5 TFG100 456 152 0 e 1734 e 273 acetic acid. As per the TCLP test protocol, 400 mL extraction
6 CBG50 456 152 759 e e 722 273
solution was added into plastic containers containing 20 g of
7 CBG100 456 152 0 e e 1446 273
crushed samples and the mixtures were then tumbled by
 T.-C. Ling, C.-S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 29-30 (2012) 46e52 49

250 0% 50% 100%

0% 50% 100% 10
200
8

Water absorption (%)

Flow table value (mm)

150 6

100 4

2
50

0 n-TFG mortar
n-TFG mortar TFG mortar
Fig. 2. Effect of n-TFG, TFG and CBG on the flow table value of the fresh cement
mortars.
a rotary shaker. After 18 h, the leachable heavy metals in the
solution were then analyzed using atomic absorption spectro-
photometer (AAS).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Fresh properties
Fig. 1 shows the flow table test results of the fresh mortar mixes.
The flow table values increased with increasing glass content,
regardless of the glass type. The improvement in fluidity of the
fresh mortar could be due to the impermeable and smooth surface
of the glass cullets used (Kou and Poon, 2009). Comparing the
influence of glass type, the flow values of CRT (both the n-TFG and
TFG) mortars were slightly higher than CBG mortar, probably due to
the higher fineness modulus of recycled CRT glass that led to
a reduction in total surface area per unit volume which required
less water to enwrap the solid particle.
3.2. Hardened density
Fig. 2 shows the effect of n-TFG, TFG and CBG content on the
hardened density of cement mortars. The hardened density of n-
TFG and TFG mortars increased with increasing glass content. The
hardened density for n-TFG100 and TFG100 mortar mixes were
2,546 kg m3 and 2472 kg m3, an increase of 14.6% and 11.2% in
comparison to the control mortar, respectively. In other words, the
density of the mortars was increased by 7.3% and 5.8% for every 50%
replacement of sand n-TFG and TFG used in the cement mortar,
0
TFG mortar CBG mortar
CBG mortar
Fig. 4. Effect of n-TFG, TFG and CBG on water absorption of cement mortars.
respectively. The higher density could be related to the relatively
high specific gravity of lead present in the funnel glass. As noticed,
the density of TFG mortars was slightly lower than n-TFG mortars.
This is understandable because the TFG cullets were slightly lighter
than n-TFG cullets due to the removal of lead through the acid
treatment process. On the other hand, the hardened density for the
control (sand) mortar and CBG mortar were lower.
3.3. Water absorption
The water absorption results are shown in Fig. 3. The control
mortar shows the highest water absorption value and the water
absorption reduced with increasing glass content. This could be due
to the nature of glass which does not absorb water.
3.4. Flexural and compressive strength
The flexural strength test results are shown in Fig. 4. The 90-day
flexural strength of the control mortar, n-TFG50, TFG50 and CBG50
mortars were 9.0 MPa, 6.7 MPa, 7.9 MPa and 7.8 MPa, respectively. It
can be seen that the flexural strength of mortar was reduced by
approximately 13% when 50% of the sand was replaced by TFG and
CBG, respectively. The strength reduction is probably due to the
poorer bond strength between the smooth surface of the glass
cullets and the cement paste (Ismail and AL-Hashmi, 2009; Ling
and Poon, 2011a). As for n-TFG50, a greater reduction (approxi-
mately 25%) in 90-day flexural strength was observed, probably due
to the retardation effect of lead on the hydration of cement (Shi
et al., 2005; Cheeseman and Asavapisit, 1999). The results show

2600
0% 50% 100%
Hardened density (kg/m3)

2400

2200

2000

1800
n-TFG mortar TFG mortar CBG mortar

Fig. 3. Effect of n-TFG, TFG and CBG on hardened density of cement mortars. Fig. 5. Flexural strength of cement mortars with 50% and 100% n-TFG, TFG and CBG.
50 T.-C. Ling, C.-S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 29-30 (2012) 46e52

0.40
Contro mortar
0.35 n-TFG50
TFG50
0.30

ASR expansion (%)

CBG50
0.25 n-TFG100
TFG100
0.20 CBG100

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Curing age (day)

Fig. 8. Expansion due to alkaliesilica reaction of cement mortars with 50% and 100%
Fig. 6. Compressive strength of cement mortars with 50% and 100% n-TFG, TFG and
n-TFG, TFG and CBG.
CBG.

that the flexural strength was further reduced by 19.5% as the n-TFG
content was increased from 50% to 100%.
Fig. 5 shows the compressive strength results. As can be seen,
a similar trend to that of flexural strength was observed. The
detrimental effect of n-TFG was again shown, particularly at the
100% replacement level.
3.5. Drying shrinkage
Fig. 6 shows the effect of glass type and replacement level on the
drying shrinkage of the cement mortars. During the first 4 days, the
difference of drying shrinkage of all the cement mortars was
insignificant. From the 7th up to the 90th day, the positive effect of
using glass cullets as fine aggregates in reducing the drying
shrinkage became more obvious. The possible reason for this may
be the lower absorption capacity of the glass cullet when compared
with natural river sand.
Comparing Fig. 6(a) and (b), it can be clearly observed that the
drying shrinkage decreased with increasing replacement
percentage of glass cullets. This is consistent with the results of Ling
and Poon (2011b). For a given replacement level, the mortar
prepared by using n-TFG showed the greatest reduction in drying
shrinkage. This might be due to the retardation effects of lead on
cement hydration and is consistent with the strength results.
0.08
Contro mortar
0.07 n-TFG50
TFG50
CBG50
0.06 n-TFG100
Drying shrinkage (%)
3.6. Expansion due to alkaliesilica reaction
Fig. 7 shows the expansion due to alkaliesilica reaction (ASR) of
the cement mortars. It can be clearly noticed that the expansion of
the mortar bars containing glass cullets was higher than that of the
control mortar. The higher the glass content the higher the
expansion. This is consistent with the results reported by Park and
Lee (2004).
For a given glass content, the ASR expansion of the n-TFG and
TFG mortars was relatively higher than that of the CBG mortar. A
reason for this is believed to be the higher solubility (higher %
weight loss in 1 N NaOH) of CRT glass than that of CBG glass,
resulting in higher amount of dissolved glass available in solution
for ASR gel formation. This results and hypothesis had also been
confirmed by other studies (Saccani and Bignozzi, 2010; Trocellier
et al., 2005). The highest ASR expansion was found in the n-
TFG100 mortar mix. Except for the n-TFG100 mortar, at the age of
14 days, all the mortar bar mixes showed ASR expansion below the
permissible limits (0.10%) according to ASTM C1260 Fig. 8.
3.7. Radiation shielding properties
The X-ray radiation shielding properties of the mortar mixes are
shown in Table 4. The linear attenuation coefficient of the samples
was significantly increased when sand was replaced by either n-
TFG or TFG. This could be attributed to the dense atomic structure
in both types of CRT funnel glass actively interacting with x-ray
radiation, thus reducing its energy and the depth of radiation
penetration (Calabrese et al., 1996). However, the mortar mixes
prepared with CBG had no significant effect on the attenuation
coefficient.

TFG100
CBG100 Table 4
0.05 Linear attenuation coefficients, half-value layer and tenth-value layer of cement
mortars.
0.04
Sample Linear attenuation Thickness (mm) HVL (mm) TVL (mm)
0.03 coefficient (mm1) 1 mm lead Eq.
Standard 4.010 1.0 0.2 0.6
0.02 lead sheet
CM 0.069 57.7 10.0 33.1
0.01 n-TFG50 0.121 33.2 5.7 19.1
n-TFG100 0.171 23.4 4.0 13.4
0 TFG50 0.118 34.1 5.9 19.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
TFG100 0.167 24.1 4.2 13.8
Curing age (day) CBG50 0.069 58.2 10.1 33.4
CBG100 0.069 58.5 10.1 33.6
Fig. 7. Drying shrinkage of cement mortars with 50% and 100% n-TFG, TFG and CBG.
 T.-C. Ling, C.-S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 29-30 (2012) 46e52
Table 5
TCLP results of crushed mortar samples.
Number Crushed mortar sample
1 Control mortar
2 n-TFG50
3 n-TFG100
4 TFG50
5 TFG100
6 CBG50
7 CBG100
The half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) were also
computed, and they show that the HVL provided by the n-TFG100
and TFG100 mortars were about 4.0 mm and 4.2 mm, respectively,
which was about 60% more than the attenuation provided by the
control sand mortar. This shows that the mortar prepared with the
recycled funnel glass had a superior performance in shielding
against the x-ray radiation.
3.8. Lead leaching
Table 5 shows the TCLP test results for all types of cement
mortar. The results showed that the leaching of lead from the
control, TFG and CBG mortars regardless of replacement glass
content was below the permissible limit of 5 mg L1.
Comparing the original concentration of the leachable lead from
untreated funnel glass alone (373.5 mg L1) shown in Table 2, the
lead leaching for crushed n-TFG50 and n-TFG100 mortar samples
was significantly reduced to 14.7 and 32.7 mg L1, which indicates
that the alkaline environment in the cement mortar matrix could
provide a medium to immobilize the lead to some extent. These
values were still above the permitted limit of 5 mg L1. But further
reduction of lead leaching was realized by pre-treating the crushed
funnel glass by acid washing. Alternatively, a higher percentage of
fly ash and/or ground blast furnace slag can be used in the cement
mortar mixes to further enhance the immobilization of Pb to
prevent leaching (Qiao et al., 1999; Rha et al., 2000).
4. Conclusions
Crushed CRT funnel glass and other types of beverage glasses
were tested for potential use as a fine aggregate to replace natural
river sand by volume (50% and 100%) in cement mortars. Based on
the experimental investigation, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
1. Incorporation of impermeable glass cullets as fine aggregates in
cement mortar increased the fluidity of fresh mortar mixes and
reduced the water absorption and drying shrinkage of the
cement mortars.
2. The higher the glass cullets used for replacing sand in the
cement mortar the lower the flexural and compressive
strengths. This is due to the weak bonding between the glass
cullets and the cement paste. n-TFG mortar showed the lowest
strength due to the retardation effect of lead on cement
hydration.
3. Increasing glass cullets content led to an increase in the
expansion due to ASR. All the cement mortars satisfied the
permissible limits of 0.10% at the 14th day, except the mortar
containing 100% n-TFG cullets.
4. The performance of the control mortar in radiation shielding
was similar to that of the CBG mortar. However, the inclusion of
CRT funnel glass (n-TFG and TFG) increased the hardened
51
density of the mortar which in turn enhanced the shielding
properties.
Pb (mg/L) 5. The alkaline environment in the cement mortar matrix was
0.41 able to reduce the leaching of lead. The TCLP results of the
14.65 cement mortar prepared with the treated CRT glass complied
32.72 with the regulatory standard.
0.54
6. For the untreated CRT funnel glass, adjustments to the cement
0.75
0.46 binders used is necessary to provide additional immobilization
0.57 of lead to satisfy the TCLP limit.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Environment and Conser-
vation Fund and the Woo Wheelock Greed Fund, and The Hong
Kong Polytechnic University for funding support.
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