American-Eurasian J. Agrie. & Environ. Sei, S (4): 473-479, 2000 ISSN 1818-6769 ‘© IDOST Publications, 2009 Effect of Replacement of Soybean meal by DDGS Combined with Commercial Phytase on Nile Tilapia. (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings Growth Performance and Feed Utilization HA, Abo-State, AM. Tahoun and ¥.4. Hammouda Department of Animal Production, Agric Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt Abstract: A feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of DDGS replacing by soybean meal (0,25,50,75 and 100) with or without supplementation of Commercial phytase (Ronezyme} (0,150mg / kg )on juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis nifotcus) in two factorial arrangements. Each diet was used in luplicate which means 10 treatments and 20 hapas (2x23 Sm) at densities of 4 fish/m* (8 fish hapa), fed 5-3% cof wet body thee times daily for 70 days. The results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) observed insuvival rte, Final weight, WG, ADG and SGR were superior in, T, and, (0,25, 50 DDGS with phytase supplementation 150mg. kg~ dict). Feed intake and WG were improved with phytase supplementation, ‘The other parameters of fed utilization PER, PPV and energy utilization showed significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments where T6, T7 and TS recorded higher values. The results suggested that DDGS replacing soybean meal and supplemented with exogenous phytase can significantly improve growth performance ankl {eed uilization parameters in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloicus) Key words:Distille's died grain with solubles, Commercial phytase, Growth performance, Feed utilization Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) INTRODUCTION Distille's Dried Grains with soluble (DDGS) is f valuable feed ingredient and is one of the three co-products produced in dry grind ethanol plants, along, with fuel ethanol and carbon dioxide [2]. Due to its reasonably high protein content, fairly low phosphorus content and low cost compared to fish meal [3] It was, considered as a protein source that can replace expensive plant protein sources, The nutrient composition of tistillers, depends on the type, variety and quality of the grains used, as well asthe efficiency of starch conversion ‘and the processing teclmique, Colour and handling properties of DDGS can also change substantially between manufacturing. plants [4] and dkying concltions [5]. Up till now, only a litle research has been earried out on utilizing DDGS as a protein source in aquaculture feed, limited work has investigated feeding Trout [6-9], Prawn [10-14], Channel catfish [15-17] Carp [5] Tilapia [18-22], ‘These studies have Found that DDGS in combination with other feed ingredients, could partially or even totally replace fishmeal as protein source and that fish — growth, performance could be maintained at acceptable levels depending on plant protein based diet. ‘Much werk remains to improve and maximize the utilization of these eo-produets in aquaculture via growth performance trails and acceptability testing of these novel, feed produets [3], Several Anti nutritional factor present in soybeans can be partially removed by proper heat lseatment and extraction procedures. [23]. However, phytate is relatively heat-stable. phytate bound P 4s not available to monogasteric animals including fish [24], Furthermore, phytate may interfere with the availability of other minerals [23]and can bind taypsin and decrease protein availability in fish [25.26]. ‘That may induce poor bene mineralization [27], snerease carcass fat deposition [28] and decrease resistance to disease [29] Phytaiae phosphorus in DDGS was. 0.28%, which was about 36% of total phosphorus, This level of phytate: phosphorus was low compared to phytate. Phosphorus in olher cereal. grain and ol seed meas ‘This might be due to the fermentation process used in producing ethanol, which could break the chemical bonds ofthe phytate [}. However phytate is heat-stable and cannot be cffectively semoved without enzymatie reactions {6}. Corresponding Author: Dr. 1LA. Abo-Stat, Department of Animal Production, Agric Research Division, [National Reseach Center, Cairo, Bayt 3Am-Erras. J Agri. & Environ. Set, 5 (8): 473-479, 2009 ‘The objective of the present work was to study the the effect of replacement of soybean meal by DGS. combined with commercial phytase oa Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings growth performance and feed utilization MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Fish: A total muanber of (800) mono sex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings of an initial average body weight of 20 gm were obtained from commercial fish farm located in Kaft El-Sheikh Governorate Egypt. The fish were adapted for 15 day’ to the new environment until started the experiment Experimental Fish were allotted randomly into 20 hapas (2x2x0.5m’) giving net volume of 2m’ at a rate of (8) fingerling/ hapa (4 fish /m’) in erthern pond representing ten treatments each in 2 replicates, ‘oble : Compostin and prima anal af he experince des Allexperimental fish were healthy and free of disease and parasites at arrival and during the whole experimental period. Experimental Diets: Five experimental soybean meal based dicts replaced with DDGS (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were combined with two levels of phytase (0 and 150 mg” kg) dist to obtain 10 treatments, containing (359% CP and 3884 keal/hg ME) as presented in Table 1 were fed to the fish at a feeding rate 5% of the total body weight at the fit momh (G0. days) then decreased t0 3% at the beginning of the 2 month until the end of the experiment, The whole experiment period was 70 days. Fingelings were fed 3 times daily at 2 pm and 8 pm for 6 days / week with feed amount adjusted approximately at 15 days intervals in response to weight gain Die Dit Dat Dat Diese Dies ings Fidel 2%6CP. 1000 eo 1000 1000 100 Sopbean meal (4°). 000 2100 sooo DOGS, G2NCP). ss00 2250 2800 1400 een gen (OCH) 1500 1300 1300 rs0 no Com grin OR) 1400 1800 200 26m oan eget 2» soo soo 40 S00 Choline chlride 0% 030 030 0% 30 Vitamin. 0% 00 030 0% as Lys BCL 5656 040 on : Dieweticnine 1» on 0” 0m Mr Lo» 100 100 Lo» 100 Vitamin? Lo» 100 100 100 1.00 Frocinste epost Dy mtr 3) 3.40 9280 60 am nw Cae presen 8) 3818 3497 3530 ssi2 sss Bier exe 9) 30 sa a2 air 820 Cue (9° s10 a 466 40 410 ah 9 sn sa 556 se 59 Nitrogen re etaet 4591 4629 4627 46a 4695 Masielaable ny (KC Kgy ass 38st 38680 760 38810 Protein ner rato apr KCal) 91.68, 9078 vi26 sos oss incl prem applied par Hloaram at clean. 4p phasphoms, 2! coppa, SO ma: Won di gi ngenese, 120 mg, Hk, 1S a dine 25a. cobalt, Omg, sui, 8m, 2 The visi prix supplied per kieran det vt A, 990 interotconl uit vit B12, 0014 mg ofan (82), 182 niacin. 107 ng: paneenie ci, $7, cine, 715 ng: fle ald 6 ng bln 0.7g acre ae 20 mg rena (3) Omg thiamine CB) 162mg | Chie iber i not inched in clelsing ME tthe dete. 4+ Metal ata cele ws 40, 8153.49 Calo tn, se eat ete, epetiely acon to Panta 1982) anaAm Eras. J-Agri. & Environ, Set, 5(8): 4 Growth Performance and Feed Utilization Parameters: At the beginning of the feeding trail, 200 fish were sampled and stored at -20°C for the analysis. of hole body composition a8 inital zero time), At the end of the experiment period (70 days), samples of Sfish per hhapa were withdrawn for analysis of whole body composition at the end of the experiment. The growth parameters were recorded including. average weight gain (AWG), average daily gain (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), energy utilizaion(EU) and survival rate according to the following equations: AWG (gifish)= [Average final weight (g)-Average initial weight (@)] [AWG (gy experimental periodid)] ADO (g/fish/day)= = (Ln final weight (g)- Ln initial weight (g) experiment period (4}] x 100. Feed intake (give weight going) Live weight gain () / protein intake PPV (96)= [Final fish body protein (g)-initial fish body protein (@)/erude protein intake (g)] x 100. EU (Retnined energy Keal/energy intake, Keal) x100, Samples and Analytical Procedure: Experimental diet tnd fish samples were analyzed for their proximate composition in triplicate following the methods of the AOAC [30]. The Metabolizable energy (ME) content of the tested diets caloulated using values of 450, 8.15 and 3.49 kcal for protein, fat and earbohytate, respectively according to Panthn [31] Water Quality Parameters: Air and water temperature wore determined four times weekly at 6.09 am and 20 pm ty using a thermometer. Water dissolved oxygen (DO) content and water pH wete measuwed weekly at 2.00pm using a digital dissolved oxygen meter _(Jeaway model 9070) and a digital pH meter (model checker 1 prodiced by Hann Instrument Co), respectively Water salinity (mg/L) was determind biweekly using a digital conductivity meter (jenway model 4075), Water alkalinity and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN mg/L) were weekly determind following the methods dscribed by Chattopadhyay (32) 9, 2009 Statistieal Amalysis: Statistical analysis of the experiment was done using SPSS package ver. 15 for windows Data were statistically analyzed in a factorial design procedure, Mean of treatments were compared by Duncan [33] multiple range test, Duncan test (P=0.05) was used to compare means and (F <0.05) was considered for the variance analysis, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All values of the wator quality parameters measured were suitable forthe normal growth of tilapia and warm water fish as mentioned by Taboun [34] and Kholfalla et al. [35]. Average values recorded. were Temperature 27.5C*, pH 7.6, Do 75 gn, total ammonia nitrogen 0040 mg/L and total alkalinity 175 maiL, respectively Initial weight, final weight, WG, ADG, SGR and survival rate of fingerings fed experimental diets for 70 days are preseied in Table 2, there wore no significant ifferences i fis intial weight (P>0.05) After feoding period, significant differences oeoured among, fish fe different diets. Fish fed dicts TL, T2 and 3 (replaced soybean meal by DDGS 0.25, 50%), Showed higher final weight, indicating that the Fish grew faster than the other groups T4 and TS (75, 100% replacement The other parameters WG, ADG and SOR followed the same pattem similar to fish final weight that there were no significant differences between the Gast due teatments TI, T2 and T3 they superior than the last two treatments (T4ond TS), Survival rate showed no significant differences (P> 0.05) among fish fed diferent diets. Survival rate was approximately 100% for fsh fd all het Feed intake, feed ratio, protein cfficiensy ratio, protein prodictive value and energy utilization of fish fed diets containing diferent levels of DDGS regardless of phytase supplementation are shown in Table 3, The sesults indicated that there were no siguiican diferences in feed imtake (P>0.05) between tweatmenta. The best values of FCR was recorded for fish fed 3. Recorded values fer PER and Bu shovsed significant diferences between treatments (P0105) tho best values seconded in TI, T2 and 73 than T4 and TS. the protein productive value had nearly the same trend of PER and Eu Table 4 showed the effet of different levels of DDGS and phytase level on growth parameters of O. riltiour fingerlings. The data demonstrated that all diets fromAm-Erras. J Agri. & Environ. Set, 5 (8): 473-479, 2009 ‘Toble2: Ee of diet Levels of DDS earls of dicta phytase on grt partes of Oreceleoml lots Hinges “Avera ini “avenge Baal ‘Avene “Average diy Spesiiegrowth Suna “Treats weit) lait (@ weit ein) sain de) re ov 6s) rae 0) n iss: 22.60" mas oss sa78" 59.500" B 2050" nes ansise os saase ea00* ™ 1 988° 21.000" ros 270 ase seano* 1s nuns rosist 890" 0268 ate: 1ea00+ cae: Meas inde sane cola with diffe sypaserpts ae sisifcaly diizan @-005) ‘Table: ie of diet levels of DDS reales of dary tae on feed and peti ilizton of Oreochromis tins ingens Tremets FeedinkeG) _—_‘Feedeanenienralo Prati cikiewy mllo-Froeinprodive value) Ben utlzion PO) a 36488" Las 1 sna 21568" n see" Las L780" snsis™ aos a 35338 Leta? L790" 1.288 ss u 3635s La Least 2240" wane ‘cae Means od wane coi ih eet sppasepn we igcaly ina POS) ‘oble: Ete of dite levels of DDGS and itary pitas cn growth parameters of Oreochromis tes fingetngs Avenarinital ——_Avengefina Avena ‘Averge diy Speci roth Treatments —_ wei (@) weight) iat ean) suin(e'dy) se OW dy) Survival tes 86) a 1915 BLAS ans 200° 349% 00 n 1s 21380" arse ox" a0 10000 B 208 21700: 136550" O20" sss 100.00 ™ 1s anaso meas nse sao 500 1 200 608 17630" ons 2408 100.00 16 1.950 24as0: sin 0320+ sas 100.00 " 1s 25850" augis* 0310" ass" 100.00 18 2030 2390" asm 0310 260+ 100.00 ~ 2000 21590 w9s90" ons’ as 100.00 ‘cae Means oe Hane coat df sppaserpn we igicaly tina POS) “Tle: ie of iret levee of DDS i ty tas fed and potentiation partes of Orci alti Sige ‘Trewnens —_Festinake(@) __-Feedvomasonraio Pei eicieny ratio _Preinprodative ale Go) Eber utlizaton ©) a as Ta Tas Tiss™ 110m n sa96s hous Las roa 18.050" n aes ins 160" mse aes ™ 400" asst 25585 rst 1 ss000" Ls osms: 173654 16 ss9300 ins: S30" ahosse 7 satis 1s sano ais 1 3950" 1940" sas anaes 0 siamo Lm0* sng0s" 21.00" no Tso Lease wn anaror cae: Meas inde sane cola with diffe sypaserpts ae sisifcaly diizan @-005) 476Am Eras. J-Agri. & Environ, Set, 5(8): 4 (16 to TLO) were supplemented with commercial phytase (150 mg / kg) had significantly (P<0.05) higher values compared with the other treatments which were not supplemented withthe phytase (11 to TS) Data obtained from (T6 to TIO) revealed that all parameters concerning final W, WG, ADG and specifie ‘growth rate showed no significant difference between TS, 17 and 8 which recorded higher values than the other diets 19 and T1O. Fed intake, fees! conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value and energy utilization of fish fed dicts containing different levels of DDGS with phytase are shown in Table S. Feed intake decreased with phytase supplementation: The best values of FOR was recorded with fish fed T6T7 and TS, ‘There were improvement in PER, PPV and Eu with phytase supplementation The best values where recorded for 16, T7 and TS. ‘The growth performance and FCR of Nile tilapia afler the 70 cay growth til was improved significantly (P0.05) when diets were supplemented with phytase compared with the unsupplemented diets Phytase ‘improved the nutitional quality of the diets [36,37] Similar results was observed in rainbovr trout [25,38,39] Cannel catfish [40]. Carp [41]. However, the inclusion of phytate did not improve the growth of juvenile korean rock. Fish (sebastes schlegelid fed diets containing seybean meal [42] ‘The results of this work had support to the previous studies which showed that DDGS is a good protein source in fish diets that could replace soybean protein based diets with acceptable levels. Trout [6-8 12-14] Channel catfish [15-17], Carp [5], Tilapia (18-22), ‘The level of phytate ~ phosphorus in DDGS was Jow compared to phytate phosphorus in soybean meal due to the fermentation process used in preducing ethanol, which could break the Chemical bonds of phytate [9] suggested that diets containing DDGS mainly supplemented with phytase increased deposition of P in the whole fish body. indicating that P load to the envisonment was reduced ‘Therefore, using phytase in plant based diets ean reduce the need for inorganic P supplementation in diets, leading to the reductions of P ischarged to the environment from fish farms. [8.37.43] hich reflets on improving growth performance and feed utilization up to 50% replacement along with 150mg kg Giet supplementation of phytase, Information obinined from this study will allow flexibility in least cost feed formulation leading to lower feed costs, increased profits for fish producers, as well as inerease the market clemand for the ineresed supply of DDGS, a7 Shurson, 2003, Feeding new generation DDGS to swine, Feed Mgmt 5445): 19-20. US Grains Council 2008. Use of DDGS in Aquacilture dicts DDGS user Handbook. hip ‘vooww grains. orgigalleriesDDGS %20 user %20 Handbook /6% 20% use 36 of 20% DDGSYs 20 IN £420 Aquaculune % 20 Diets, plF& Rosette, KA, Muthukumarappon and 8. kanmudhwson, 2009, Effects of ingredients and extrusion parameters on Aquafeeds containing DDGS and potato starch. J. of Aquaculture feed science and Nutition,. Department of Agriculture and food Goverment of Western Australia Bonnardeaux, 1, 2007. Potential Uses For Distillers Grains. Department of Agricultwe and Food Government of Westom Australia, pp: 1-1 Tangendjaja, B, 2008 Update on DDGS quality consideration 16% Anmal ASA- IM sea feed technology and Nutrition workshop Singapore. Vielma, 1, T. Makinen, P. Ekbolm and J. Keskela, 2000, Influence of dietary soy and phytase levels ‘on performance and body composition of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynofus mykiss) and algal availabilty of phosphorus Toad Aquaculture, 183 349-362 Cheng, 2.3, RW, Mardy and M- Blair, 2003, fects of supplementing methionine hydroxy analogue in Soybean meal and. cistlle's dried grin — based diets on the performance and nutrient retention of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Waiboum). Aquaculture Research, 34 1308-1310, Cheng, Z.J. and RW. Hardy, 2004 a. Effects of ‘ierobial phytase supplementation in com disile’s dried grain with solubles on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of rainbow tuout, Oncorhynchus kiss. J. of Applied Aquneultur, 153/4) 83-100, Cheng, ZI and RAW. Hardy, 20040, Nutitional value of diet containing, Distler's died grain with soluble for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mpkiss. 5 ‘of Applied Aquaculture, 15(3/4: 101-113. Tidwell, TIL, CD. Webster, TA. Clark and LR, DAbramo, 1993a, Evaluation of Distillers criod rains with soluble as an ingredient in diets for pond culture of the fieshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii J. of the World Aquaculture Society, 24(1): 66-70.u 13, 14 1s 18 Am Eras. J-Agri. & Environ, Set, 5(8): 4 Tidwel, IH, CD. Webster, DH. Yancey and LR.D Abramo 1993 b, Partial and total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal and distillers by- products in diets for pond culture of the fresh water prawn (Macrobraciun rosenbergil). Aquacalture, 118: 119-130, Coyle, S. and T. Najeeullah, 1996. A preliminary evaluation of Naturally occurring organisms, Distillery by- products and prepared diets as food for juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergit. 1.of Applied Aquacultuse, 6(2): 57-66. Coyle, S, JH Tidwell, Van A. Amum and L.A. Bright, 2003. comparison of two feeding technologies in freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergit, Raised at high Biomass Densities jin temperate ponds J. Applied Aquaculture, 14(1/2). 123-138. Coyle, SH. Tidwell, L.A. Bright and D.Ya sharian 2004. Effect of different feeding strategies on production and economic setumes for fresh water prawn, Macrobraciu rosenbergi, raised in earthen ponds ina temperate climate J. Applied Aquaculture, 16(1/2): 147-156, Webster, C.D, IH. Tidwell and LS. Goodgame, 1993. Growth, body composition and organoleptic evaluation of channel catfish fed diets containing different percentages of Distillers grains with soluble, ‘The Progressive Fish Colturist, 55: 95-100, Lim, C,, M. Aksoy and P. Klesius, 2007, Growth respome an resistance to Edwandiella ictaluri of Channel catfish (letalurus punctatus) fed dicts containing Distillers, dried grains with soluble, Tournal ofthe World Aquacuiture Society, 2: 231-237. Robinson, EH. and MH. Li, 2008, Replacement of Soybean meal in Channel eatfish, Iotalurus punctatus diets with cottonseed meal and Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble. I. of the World Aquaculture Society, 34): 521-527, WU. Y.V.,R Rosati, DJ. Sessa, DJ. and P. Brown, 1994, Uiilization of protein —rich ethanol coproducts ‘fom com in tilapia feed, Journal ofthe American Oil Chemists Society, 71(9): 1041-1043, Wu YV.RR Rosati and P.B. Brown, 1996, Eifectof diets containing various levels of protein and ethanol co produets from com on growth of tilapia fry. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44: 1491-1493, WU, VV, RR. Rosati and PB. Brown, 1997, Use of com: derived ethanol co products and synthetic lysine and uyptophan foe growth of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. J. Agsic. Food Chem., 45; 2174-217 as. a 26. 8 29, 30, 31 33, 9, 2009 Tidwell, JL, SD, Coyle, A. Vanarmum, C. Weibel and S, Harkins, 2000, Growth, Survival and Body composition of cage-Cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed pelleted and unpelleted Distillers grains with solubles in polyculture with freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergit. 5. of the world Aquaculture Society, 31(4): 627-631 Shelby, RA., C. Lim, M. Yidrim and PH. Klesivs, 2008. Effect of distillers dried grains with soluble- incorporated diets on growth, immune function and disease resistance Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L,). Aquaculture Research, 39(12) 1381-1353. Liener, IE, 1994. Implications of antimutrational ‘components in soybean foods CRC erit Rev. Food Sei. Nutr. 34: 33-67. NRC (National Research Council) 1993, Nutrient Requirements of Fish National Academy press, ‘Washington, D.C. USA, pp: 114 Singh, M. and A.D. krikorian, 1982, Inhibition of tuypsin activity in vitro by phytate, J. Agric. Food ‘Chem., 30: 799-800, Spinelli, 1, CR. Houle and JC, Wekell, 1983, The effect of phytase on the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdner) fed purified diets containing varying quantities of calcium and magnesium. Aquaculture, 30-71-83, Vielma, J. and SP. Tall, 1998 The control of phosphorus homesstasis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar L, in fresh water, Fish Physiol. Biochem, 18; 83.93, ya, J.C. and R.T, Lovell, 1997. Available phosphorus requirements of food-size channel catfish (Ietalurus ‘punctatus) fed practical dicts in ponds, Aquaculture, 154; 283-201 Bya, IC, and RT Lovell, 1998. Effects of dietary phosphorus on resistance of channel catfish to Eéwardsiella ictaluri J. Aqua, Anim. Health, 10; 28-34. AOAC. 1995. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Intemational, 16% edn. Association of official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA. Pantha, B., 1982. The use of soybean in practical feeds for tilapia niloticus. M.Se. Thesis Univesity of Sterling Chattopadhyay, G.N., 1998, Chemical Analysis of Fish Pond Soil and Water. Daya publishing Louse. New Delhi, India Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple Fest Biometrics, 111-4234 36. 38 Am Eras. J-Agri. & Environ, Set, 5(8): 4 Tahoun, AM.A., 2007. Stuclies on some factors affecting the production and reproduction of Nile tilapia, Ph D. Dissertation, Fae. of Agriculture, Kafr EL Sheikh University, Bayt Khalfalla, MM, YA” Hammouda, AM. Tahoun and HAM, Abo- state, 2008. Effect of Brood stock sex ratio on growth and Reproductive performance of Blue tilapia Oreochromis aureaus (Steindachner) reared in hapas. 8" Intemational ‘Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (CICC) Egypt, Eus.i2s. MeClain, W.R. and DM. Gatlin, 1988, Dietary zine requirement of Oreochromis aureus and effects of dietary caleium and phytate on zine bioavailability. I. World Aquaculture Society, 19: 103- 108. Liebert, F. and L. Portz, 2005. Nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreookromis niloticus fed plant based low phosphorus diets supplemented with graded levels of different sources of microbial phytase, Aquaculture 248: 111 -119, Cain, KD. and D.L. Gatling, 1995. Pretreatment of soybean meal with phytase for salmonid diest to reduce phosphorus concentrations in hatchery effluents. Prog. Fish Cul, $7: 114-119. a9 39, 40, 41 2, 8 9, 2009 Riche, M, and PB, Brown, 1996 Availability of phosphorus from feedstuffs fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Aquaculture, 142; 269-282, Satoh, S., W-E, Poe and R.P. Wilson, 1989, Effect of supplemental phytata and/or tricalcium phosphate ‘on weight gain, feed efficieney and zine content in vertebrae of channel catfish Aquaculture, 80: 155-161 Hossain, MA, and K. Jauney, 1993. The effects of varying dietary phytic acid, calcium and magnesium levels on the matition of common Carp. Cyprinus ‘carpio. In Fish nutrition in practice IV" International symposium on Fish nutrition and feeding Biamitz, FFranoe, June 24.27. pp70S, INRA, Paris, France Yoo. G:Y.XJ. Wang, SM. Choi, KM. Han, 1. Kang, and SC. Bai, 2005. Dietary microbial phytase increased the phesphorus digestibility in juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli fed diets containing soybean meal. Aquaculture, 243: 315-322. Vielma, J, SP. Lall, J Koskela, F. Schoner ani P. Matila, 1998 Effects of dietary phytase and cholecaleiferal on phosphorus bioavailability in rainbow trout (Oncorkyn ohusmyiss). Aquaculture, 163: 309-323,