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    13 views8 pages

    75

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    ‘THE USE OF 4x4 SWITCHING ELEMENTS IN THE MULTISTAGE CUBE NETWORK George B. Adams ot Howard Jay Siegel School of Electrical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN. 47007, USA “Abstract — Multistage cubetype networks such as the baseline, delta, Extra Stage Cube, Generalized Cube, hdirect binary n-cube, omega, STARAN flip, and SW- Panyan (S=F=2, L=n) have been proposed for use in parallel and distributed computer systems, This paper Examines one way to compare the relative merits of Gaing 2x2 versus 4c4 crossbar switching elements 3s building blocks for this type of network. In particular, the probability and amount of delay through switching Clement and expected time to transverse a switching ele- nent, a8 a funetion of the number of messages entering the switching element, will be quantified. ‘The results presented give designers of parallel and distributed com- Pater systems additional information to aid in intercon nection network design. 1. Introduction Multistage cube-type networks such as the baseline ls}, delta [15], Extra Stage Cube [1], Generalized Cube bal’ indirect binary n-cube {16}, omega [12], STARAN fp’, and SW-banyan (S=F'=2, L=n) [9] have been proposed for use in_parallel and’ distributed computer Systems [20]. These include PASM [22], PUMPS {3}, the Ballistic Missile Defense Agency distributed processing test bed [13], Ultracomputer [10], the Flow Model Pro- cessor of the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator (4), and fata flow machines [8]. ‘The Generalized Cube network is fa network topology which was presented in [21, 23] 9s a Standard for analyzing multistage cubetype networks, ‘This network has N input porte and N output ports, where N=2", It is shown in Fig, 1 for N=8. ‘The net- ‘work ports are numbered from 0 to N-1. Input and out- pat ports are network interfaces to external devices. ‘The Generalized Cube topology has n =log:N’ stages, where each stage consists of a set of N lines con nected to N/2 interchange boxes. Each interchange box is a two-input, two-output device and is individually controlled. An interchange box cen be set to one of four legitimate states, shown in Fig. 1. ‘The upper input and output lines of a box are labeled identically, as are the lower input and output lines. "The network connections are based on the cube interconnection functions [18, 10]. Stage i of the Gen- eralized Cube topology pairs 1/0 lines (links) whose ‘This work was supported by the Nationsl Seience Foundation under Grant ECS 016500, and the Air Force Oflce of Scientific Research, Air Force’ Systems Command, USAF, under Grant SFOSR-T8-3581, G. B. Adams Il is now with the Researeh Institute for Advanced ‘Computer Science NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Feld, CA ‘94085, USA ‘€¥12039-6/84/000010585S01.0001984 IEEE, z & ? stratcat EXCHANGE, BROADEAST BROADCAST ‘The Generalized Cube network with N=8, and Fig. 1 the four states of an interchange box. addresses differ in the i** bit position. ‘Thus, when an interchange box in stage i is set to exchange, the data items input to that interchange box are transferred between I/O lines which differ in the i bit position When one is set to straight, there is no exchange of data, "A more general form of interchange box is an input/a-output (ax a) crossbar. A network related to the Generalized Cube can be constructed from a x a switching elements using cube-type connections between Sages. Many payers in the literature diseuss using) Switching elements larger than 2x2 interchange boxes for implementing multistage cube-type networks [5-7, 11, 12, 4417, 24) ‘This paper examines one way to compare the rela tive merits of 2x2 and 4x4 crossbar switching elements, or nodes, with regard to performance. The work was motivated by the study of interconnection networks for the PASM and PUMPS systems. In particular, the pro- ability. and amount of delay through » node and expected time to transverse a node, a8 a function of the umber of messages entering the node, will be quantified. ‘This is an extension of the work in [ld]. The results presented give designers of parallel and distributed com- puter systems additional information to aid in intercon Rection network design. Theoretical interest and the advent of VLSI alo provide motivation for investigating, alternative switebing clement structures for cube-type 585 networks. A 4x4 crossbar switching element is a logical successor to the interchange box and has higher perfor- mance potential, yet it is not of too great a complexity to preelude implementation on a single VLSI chip [14} ‘The switching clement model used for the perfor: mance analysis is given in Section 2. Section 3 presents the performance of 4x4 crossbar nodes. ‘The analysis of 4x4 composite nodes, composed of four 2x2 switches, is in Section 4. 2. Switching Element Model ‘The Generalized Cube operation model assumed for the analysis includes routing fogs [12, 21] and. packet. switched message handling [14]. "A packet consists of a routing tag and a number of data items that makes ite way from stage to stage, releasing lines and switching nodes immediately after using them. ‘The size of each input queue in a switching node is assumed to be an intogral multiple of the packet sie. ‘Thus, packet size is not restricted to any particular number of words ‘The purpose here is to investigate the performance of Axed crossbars. versus 2x2 crossbars (interchange boxes). Since a single interchange box is not function ally comparable to a 4x4 erossbar (Le, it can only han dle two items at a time instead of four), the 4x4 crossbar is compared to a Linput/4-output composition of four interchange boxes. ‘This configuration is called a 4x4 composite node and is shown in Fig. 2. Level 1 of composite node is the two interchange boxes connected to the node inputs. Level 2 consists of the two inter- change boxes connected to the outputs. A’ Generalized Cube network constructed from properly connected (to be specified later) 4x4 composite nodes is identical to ‘ne constructed from interchange boxes. Examination of the 44 crossbar node in Fig. 3a shows that its external connections are identical to those of the 434 comp. node, so it ean be directly substituted for @ dyed compo. site node. Fig. 3b depicts the crosspoint, or switch between an input and an output, Unles otherwise stated all nodes, both eressbar and composite, will be assumed to be 454, When building a multistage eube network with 4x4 nodes (ether eomposite or crossbar), each 4x4 node will replace four 2x2 nodes. ‘Thus, n/2 columns of N/A dd nodes are used instead of n columns of N/2 2x3 nodes (to simplify the diseussion, assume n even; for n odd, one column of 4x4 nodes vill be only half used). For OSi

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