SEMFE EMP 2011-2012

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STATISTIKH FUSIKH: Mèroc G

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Metabˆseic Fˆsewn -

Sumplhr¸mata

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Anapl. Kaj. Ge¸rgioc Barelogiˆnnhc

12 MartÐou 2012
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Kefˆlaio 1

Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I:
Genikìthtec

MÐa polÔ mikr  metabol  thc tim c mÐac fusik c paramètrou tou sust matoc

(p.q. jermokrasÐa, pÐesh, magnhtikìp pedÐo, klp...), allˆzei poiotikˆ thn

katˆstash tou sust matoc. H allag  aut  qarakthrÐzetai apì:

• Poiotikèc metabolèc twn fusik¸n qarakthristik¸n tou sust matoc

• Asunèqeia orismènwn fusik¸n idiot twn sto shmeÐo thc metˆbashc

1.1 Diagrˆmmata Fˆsewn

ProsdiorÐzoun th fusik  katˆstash sthn opoÐa brÐsketai to sÔsthma gia

sugkekrimènec timèc twn fusik¸n paramètrwn twn opoÐwn h metabol  ende-

qomènwc na odhg sei se allag  fˆshc. Ara stouc ˆxonec twn diagrammˆtwn

fˆsewn eÐnai oi timèc twn fusik¸n paramètrwn pou endeqomènwc odhgoÔn sth

metˆbash fˆshc (p.q. jermokrasÐa, pÐesh, magnhtikì pedÐo, qhmik  prìsmixh,

klp....). O prosdiorosmìc tou diagrˆmmatoc fˆsewn enìc ulikoÔ sust matoc

eidikˆ sta legìmena leitourgikˆ ulikˆ apoteleÐ kentrikì stìqo thc ereun-

htik c melèthc gÔrw apì ta ulikˆ autˆ. Gia orismènec fˆseic o prosdiorismìc

touc eÐnai profan c   eÔkoloc en¸ gia ˆllec fˆseic qreiˆzetai o sunduasmìc

polÔplokwn peiramatik¸n teqnik¸n qwrÐc na eÐnai dedomèno to jetikì apotè-

lesma. Prˆgmati, akìmh kai s mera gia pollèc fˆseic exairetikoÔ ereunhtikoÔ

kai teqnologikoÔ endiafèrontoc, ìpwc gia parˆdeigma diˆforec uperag¸gimec

  kai magnhtikèc fˆseic se sust mata isqurˆ susqetismènwn hlektronÐwn, den

upˆrqei pl rhc tautopoÐhsh twn fˆsewn aut¸n parˆ thn terˆstia ereunhtik 

prospˆjeia se pagkìsmio epÐpedo. H tautopoÐhsh twn fˆsewn odhgeÐ sta

3
4 Kefˆlaio 1. Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I: Genikìthtec

diagrˆmmata fˆsewn. To gnwstìtero ìlwn eÐnai Ðswc to diˆgramma fˆsewn

PÐesh - JermokrasÐa tou neroÔ

Diˆgramma Fˆsewn, pÐesh-jermokrasÐa (P − T ), tou neroÔ

Sq¨ma 1.1: To diˆgramma fˆsewn tou neroÔ gia diˆforec timèc pÐeshc kai

jermokrasÐac.

Sqedìn gia ìla ta gnwstˆ sust mata mporeÐ na kataskeuastoÔn antÐstoiqa

diagrˆmmata fˆsewn me pollèc forèc aprìbleptec metabˆseic fˆsewn. H

sÔgqronh peiramatik  teqnologÐa epitrèpei na jèsoume ta ulikˆ se akrˆiec

sunj kec pÐeshc, jermokrasÐac   pedÐwn me pollèc forèc aprìblepta apotelès-

mata. Gia parˆdeigma, to tìso shmantikì gia th zw  mac aèrio oxugìno, se

exairetikˆ uyhlèc pièseic kai qamhlèc jermokrasÐec gÐnetai ìpwc anamènetai

stereì. Sth stereˆ katˆstash, parathr jhke stic qamhlìterec jermokrasÐec

mia Uperag¸gimh metˆbash !

Diˆgramma fˆsewn, magnhtikoÔ pedÐou - jermokrasÐac

(B − T), sidhromagnhtik c metˆbashc se paramagnhtikì u-
likì

Se èna paramagnhtikì ulikì parathreÐtai magn tish gia kˆje peperasmèno

exwterikì pedÐo. QwrÐc thn parousÐa pedÐou, kˆtw apì mia krÐsimh jermokrasÐ-

a, èinai dunatì na parathrhjeÐ aujìrmhth magn tish. Ean sumbeÐ autì èqoume

mia sidhromagnhtik  metˆbash h krÐsimh jermokrasÐa thc opoÐac onomˆzetai

jermokrasÐa Curie.
Mìnon sthn perioq  thc plateiˆc gramm c èqoume th sidhromagnhtik  fˆsh,
1.1. Diagrˆmmata Fˆsewn 5

Sq¨ma 1.2: Diˆgramma pedÐou - JermopkrasÐac enìc paramagn th.

en¸ jermokrasÐa Curie onomˆzetai h krÐsimh jermokrasÐa thc sidhromagn-

htik c metˆbashc.

Diˆgramma magnhtikoÔ pedÐou - jermokrasÐac

(B − T), gia to U Ru2 Si2 .

Sq¨ma 1.3: Diˆgramma fˆsewn tou U Ru2 Si2 gia diˆforec timèc tou magn-

htikoÔ pedÐou kai thc jermokrasÐac. Kˆje perioq  me diaforetik  qrwmatik 

ˆpìqrwsh antistoiqeÐ se mia diaforetik  fˆsh tou sust matoc. Kˆje mikrì

(megˆlo) shmˆdi ston orizìntio ˆxona antistoiqeÐ se magnhtikì pedÐo 5 T (10

T).
6 Kefˆlaio 1. Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I: Genikìthtec

EÐnai èna parˆdeigma polÔplokoÔ diagrˆmmatoc fˆsewn se sust mata isqurˆ

susqetismènwn hlektronÐwn, h katanìhsh twn opoÐwn apoteleÐ antikeÐmeno

entonìtathc ereunhtik c prospˆjeiac stic mèrec mac. Epi thc ousÐac kammÐ-

a apì tic fˆseic pou emfanÐzontai sto diˆgramma autì den èqei tautopoih-

jeÐ pl rwc en¸ merikèc eÐnai apolÔtwc ˆgnwstec. Perièqontac Ourˆnio kai

ˆra hlektrìnia tÔpou f, to ulikì autì onomˆzetai ulikì barèwn fermionÐwn

ìpou h energ  mˆza twn forèwn tou hlektrikoÔ fortÐou eÐnai akìmh kai ekatì

forèc megalÔterh apì aut  tou hlektronÐou. Pollˆ apì ta ulikˆ thc kath-

gorÐac aut c emfanÐzoun polÔploka diagrˆmmata fˆsewn me mh sumbatikèc

uperag¸gimec fˆseic. Mˆlista to kajarì plout¸nio apodeÐqthke prìsfata

ènac exairetikˆ kalìc uperagwgìc!

1.2 KathgoriopoÐhsh twn Metabˆsewn Fˆsewn

1.2.1 KathgoriopoÐhsh Ehrenf est

JewroÔme to jermodunamikì dunamikì:

G = U − T S + P V. (1.2.1)

O Ehrenfest prìteine na onomˆzontai, metabˆseic 1hc tˆxhc, oi metabˆseic

pou sunodeÔontai apì asunèqeiec stic fusikèc posìthtec (ìpwc h entropÐ-

a) pou sqetÐzontai me tic pr¸tec parag¸gouc tou jermodunamikoÔ dunamikoÔ

G. AntÐstoiqa, oi metabˆseic pou sunodeÔontai apì asunèqeiec stic fusikèc

posìthtec (ìpwc h eidik  jermìthta) pou sqetÐzontai me tic deÔterec parag¸-

G , prìteine na onomˆzontai, metabˆseic

gouc tou jermodunamikoÔ dunamikoÔ

2hc tˆxhc.
Genikˆ:
An ìlec oi parˆgwgoi n − 1 tˆxhc tou jermodunamikoÔ dunamikoÔ
G eÐnai suneqeÐc kai h parˆgwgoc n tˆxhc asuneq c, h metˆbash
ja eÐnai tˆxhc n.

1.2.2 KathgoriopoÐhsh Landau

To 1937, o Landau parat rhse ìti to pèrasma apì mÐa fˆsh se mÐa ˆllh,

qwrÐc lanjˆnousa jermìthta ( latent heat), allag 

sunodeuìtan apì mÐa

thc summetrÐac. O Landau eis gage thn ènnoia thc paramètrou tˆx-

ewc h opoÐa eÐnai h fusik  posìthta pou ja mporoÔse na qarakthrÐzei thn

allag  thc summetrÐac pou sumbaÐnei sto shmeÐo thc metˆbashc. H parˆmet-

roc tˆxhc, eÐnai mÐa prosjetik  fusik  idiìthta tou sust matoc, h opoÐa eÐnai
1.2. KathgoriopoÐhsh twn Metabˆsewn Fˆsewn 7

mhdèn sthn pio summetrik  fˆsh kai mh mhdenik  sth ligìtero summetrik 

fˆsh.

Parˆmetroc Tˆxhc ⇒ Spˆsimo SummetrÐac

Me thn ènnoia twn paramètrwn tˆxhc, dÐnetai h akìloujh kathgoriopoÐhsh

twn metabˆsewn fˆshc:

• Metabˆseic qwrÐc parˆmetro tˆxhc

Oi omˆdec summetrÐac twn dÔo fˆsewn einai tètoiec, ¸ste kamÐa den eÐnai

perieqìmenh sthn ˆllh.

• Metabˆseic me parˆmero tˆxhc

H omˆda summetrÐac thc ligìtero summetrik c katˆstashc (katˆstash

tˆxhc), eÐnai upoomˆda thc omˆdac summetrÐac thc pio summetrik c katˆs-

tashc (katˆstash ataxÐac).

SÔmfwna me ton Landau xanabrÐskoume thn kathgoriopoÐhsh tou Ehrenfest

mìno pou isqÔoun epiplèon ta akìlouja:

• Eˆn h parˆmetroc tˆxhc eÐnai asuneq c sto shmeÐo thc metˆbashc, tìte
hc
èqoume metˆbash 1 tˆxhc. Se aut n thn perÐptwsh mporoÔme na èqoume

sunÔparxh fˆsewn sthn krÐsimh jermokrasÐa ( Tc ).

m(T )
6

hc
Metˆbash 1 tˆxhc

u -
0 Tc T

• Eˆn h parˆmetroc tˆxhc eÐnai suneq c sto shmeÐo thc metˆbashc, tìte
hc
èqoume metˆbash 2 tˆxhc. Se aut n thn perÐptwsh den mporoÔme na

èqoume sunÔparxh fˆsewn sthn krÐsimh jermokrasÐa ( Tc ).

8 Kefˆlaio 1. Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I: Genikìthtec

m(T )
6

hc
Metˆbash 2 tˆxhc

u -
0 Tc T

1.3 Genikìthtec gia to prìtupo Landau

Upìjesh: H eleÔjerh enèrgeia eÐnai analutik  sunˆrthsh thc paramètrou

tˆxhc.

H sunarthsiak  dom  thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac mporeÐ na prokÔyei apì tic

idiìthtec summetrÐac thc pio summetrik c fˆshc (fˆsh uyhl c jermokrasÐac).

m(T ) Gia T < Tc : katˆstash qamhl c summetrÐac

6
Gia T > Tc : katˆstash uyhl c summetrÐac

u -
0 Tc T

Oi idiìthtec tou sust matoc, prokÔptoun apì thn elaqistopoÐhsh thc eleÔ-

jerhc enèrgeiac, wc proc thn parˆmetro tˆxhc.

Ja doÔme sth sunèqeia sta plaÐsia miac efarmog c, sthn apl  prosèggish
1.3. Genikìthtec gia to prìtupo Landau 9

mèsou pedÐou gia mia metˆbash deÔterhc tˆxewc, pwc prokÔptei sta plaÐsia

tou prìtupou Landau h krÐsimh sumperiforˆ thc klˆshc kajolikìthtac tou

Mèsou PedÐou.

• H parˆmetroc tˆxhc M (T ), paÐrnei mikrèc timèc kontˆ sthn krÐsimh

jermokrasÐa ( Tc ), kai upakoÔei sth sqèsh:

M (T ) ∼ (Tc − T )1/2 . (1.3.1)

• H eidik  jermìthta eÐnai asuneq c sthn krÐsimh jermokrasÐa.

• H epidektikìthta pou sqetÐzetai me thn parˆmetro tˆxhc, kontˆ sthn

krÐsimh jermokrasÐa, upakoÔei sth sqèsh:

χ(T ) ∼ (Tc − T )−1 (1.3.2)

Ta parapˆnw apotelèsmata eÐnai Ðdia me autˆ thc prosèggishc mèsou   mori-

akoÔ pedÐou tou W eiss sth qamiltonian  tou Heisenberg gia to sidhromagn-

htismì.

1.3.1 Prìtupo Landau kai tˆxh twn metabˆsewn

JewroÔme mÐa metˆbash h opoÐa exartˆtai apì th jermokrasÐa T kai qarak-

thrÐzetai apì thn parˆmetro tˆxhc m(x). H eleÔjerh enèrgeia F exartˆtai
apì tic paramètrouc T kai m. Oi katastˆseic isorropÐac tou sust matoc,

dÐnontai apì ta akrìtata thc F:

∂F
= 0. (1.3.3)
∂m(x)

'Eqoume dÔo oikogèneiec apì graf mata thc sunarthsiak c thc eleÔjerhc

enèrgeiac.
10 Kefˆlaio 1. Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I: Genikìthtec

• Metabˆseic DeÔterhc Tˆxhc

F
6

T > Tc

T = Tc

T < Tc
-
m

∂2F
– Gia T > Tc èqoume
∂m2
|m=0 > 0 (koÐla proc ta pˆnw). H jèsh

elaqÐstou thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac, brÐsketai gia m=0. Paramagn-

htik  Fˆsh.

∂2F
– Gia T < Tc èqoume
∂m2
|m=0 < 0 (koÐla proc ta kˆtw). 'Eqoume

dÔo jèseic elaqÐstwn thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac, m1 ̸= 0, m2 ̸= 0.

Sidhromagnhtik  Fˆsh-Aujìrmhth Magn tish.

∂2F
– Gia T = Tc èqoume |
∂m2 m=0
= 0.
1.3. Genikìthtec gia to prìtupo Landau 11

• Metabˆseic Pr¸thc Tˆxhc

F
6

T > Tc

T = Tc

T < Tc
-
m

– Gia T > Tc èqoume elˆqisto thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac gia m0 = 0 .

Paramagnhtik  Fˆsh.

– GiaT = Tc èqoume elˆqisto thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac sta shmeÐa

m0 = 0, m1 > 0, m2 < 0. SunÔparxh twn dÔo fˆsewn.

– Gia T < Tc èqoume elˆqisto thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac gia m1 > 0

kai m1 < 0. Sidhromagnhtik  Fˆsh.

Sta plaÐsia thc jewrÐac Landau, toulˆqisto kontˆ sto Tc , prospajoÔme

na grˆyoume thn eleÔjerh enèrgeia san èna polu¸numo kai mènoume stic

kat¸terec dunatèc dunameÐc pou eÐnai sumbatèc me th summetrÐa thc pio sum-

metrik c katˆstashc. Ikan  sunj kh gia na èqoume metabˆseic pr¸thc tˆxhc,

eÐnai h Ôparxh enìc ìrou m3 sto anˆptugma thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac. H Ôparxh

tou ìrou m3 , mporeÐ na kajoristeÐ qrhsmopoi¸ntac epiqeir mata summetrÐac.

12 Kefˆlaio 1. Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I: Genikìthtec

Gia parˆdeigma, sth sidhromagnhtik  metˆbash, èqoume san parˆmetro tˆxh-

c th magn tish. Sthn kanonik  katˆstash, to sÔsthma qarakthrÐzetai apì

th summetrÐa antistrof c tou qrìnou,   isodÔnama eÐnai analloÐwth apì th

summetrÐa m → −m. EÐnai epìmeno se aut n thn perÐptwsh na mhn èqoume

m sto anˆptugma thc F . Sunep¸c, anamènoume h sidhro-
perittèc dunˆmeic thc

magnhtik  metˆbash na mporeÐ na eÐnai deÔterhc tˆxhc ìmwc den eÐnai sÐgoura

deÔterhc tˆxhc.

H mh Ôparxh tou ìrou m3 eÐnai aparaÐthth allˆ ìqi kai ikan  sunj kh gia

na èqoume metˆbash deÔterhc tˆxhc. Se perÐptwsh pou o ìroc m4 , èqei arn-

htikì prìshmo, mporoÔme na èqoume metˆbash pr¸thc tˆxhc. Se aut n thn

perÐptwsh, h grafik  parˆstash èqei th morf :

F
6

T = Tc

T < Tc
-
m

1.4 Genikìthtec gia thn prosèggish Mèsou PedÐou

tou W eiss

Gia na prokÔyei h sidhromagnhtik  metˆbash fˆshc, ja prèpei me kˆpoio trìpo

na allhlepidroÔn oi magnhtikèc ropèc ¸ste na gÐnoun aujìrmhta parˆllhlec.

Jewr¸ntac gia parˆdeigma èna tetragwnikì plègma spin ⃗i , ta opoÐa mporoÔn

S
na allhlepidroÔn metaxÔ touc.
1.5. Spˆsimo SummetrÐac 13

h h h

?
h h
6 h


h
 Ih
@ @h
@ @
R

H Qamiltonian  allhlepÐdrashc twn spin onomˆzetai qamiltonian  Heisenberg ,

kai ekfrˆzetai mèsw thc sqèshc:

∑
H= ⃗i · S
Jij S ⃗j (1.4.1)

i,j

To sugkekrimèno prìblhma, apoteleÐ èna prìblhma poll¸n swmˆtwn (prìblh-

ma poll¸n bajm¸n eleujerÐac se allhlepÐdrash). Tètoia probl mata en

gènnei den mporoÔme na ta epilÔsoume akrib¸c. Giautì to lì-

go kˆnoume kˆpoiec proseggÐseic. H pr¸th prosèggish, eÐnai h paradoq  ìti

to kˆje spin brÐsketai se èna ideatì mèso pedÐo to opoÐo anaparistˆ thn
epÐdrash twn upìloipwn spin (prosèggish Weiss). Me aut  thn prosèggish to
prìblhma aplousteÔetai, afoÔ h Qamiltonian  èqei t¸ra thn paramagnhtik 

morf :
∑
H= ⃗ ·S
m ⃗i (1.4.2)

i
ìpou m
⃗ to mèso pedÐo. Perˆsame apì èna prìblhma poll¸n swmˆtwn se

allhlepÐdrash se èna prìblhma anexˆrthtwn swmatwn upì thn ep reia enìc

exwterikoÔ pedÐou. Me th mèjodo tou mèsou pedÐou, den lambˆnontai upìyh

oi diakumˆnseic tou sust matoc sto q¸ro, sto qrìno   kai sta dÔo.

1.5 Spˆsimo SummetrÐac

Upˆrqoun dÔo basikoÐ trìpoi na spˆsei mÐa summetrÐa enìc sust matoc:

Udrodunamikèc astˆjeiec
Se aut n thn perÐptwsh èqoume dunamikì spˆsimo thc summetrÐac dynamic
symmetry breaking . Ta sust mata brÐskontai ektìc isorropÐac ìpwc gia

parˆdeigma sumbaÐnei katˆ th diˆrkeia diafìrwn metewrologik¸n fainomènwn

. Ta sugkekrimèna sust mata, perigrˆfontai gia parˆdeigma apì th jewrÐa

katastrof¸n tou Thom. Den anaferìmaste sta sust mata autˆ.

14 Kefˆlaio 1. Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I: Genikìthtec

Aujìrmhto Spˆsimo SummetrÐac

Einai h perÐptwsh pou mac endiafèrei. Prìkeitai gia sust mata se isorropÐa

sta opoÐa eÐnai dunatì na spˆsoun summetrÐec sta plaÐsia miac metˆbashc.

Sun jeic summetrÐec pou mporeÐ eÐnai:

• SummetrÐa metatìpishc sto q¸ro

• SummetrÐa peristrof c sto q¸ro

• SummetrÐa antistrof c tou qrìnou

• SummetrÐec pou sqetÐzontai me thn krustallik  dom  tou upì melèth

sust matoc

H omoiogènneia kai h isotropÐa tou q¸rou spˆne ìtan pernˆme, apì to ugrì

  to aèrio, sto stereì. H omoiogènneia tou q¸rou spˆei katˆ th sidhromagn-

htik  metˆbash. Olec oi kateujÔnseic den eÐnai isodÔnamec efìson oi magn-

htikèc ropèc epilèxoun mia kateÔjunsh sto q¸ro. H summetrÐa antistrof c

tou qrìnou t → −t spˆei efìson oi exis¸seic pou perigrˆfoun èna sÔsth-

ma den paramènoun analloÐwtec sto prohgoÔmeno metasqhmatismì t → −t,

Klassikì parˆdeigma susthmˆtwn pou spˆne th summetrÐa antistrof c tou

qrìnou, eÐnai oi sidhromagn tec. Se èna tètoio sÔsthma h parousÐa thc mag-

n tishc epibˆllei se èna fortÐo th dÔnamh Lorentz h opoÐa allˆzei prìshmo

efìson antistrafeÐ h forˆ thc kÐnhshc enìc fortÐou (antistrafeÐ o qrìnoc).

Pèran apì tic parapˆnw summetrÐec eÐnai dunatì na spˆsoun kai oi legìmenec

SummetrÐec BajmÐdac, oi opoÐec antistoiqoÔn se genikeumèna fortÐa.

Gia parˆdeigma, h diat rhsh tou hlektrikoÔ fortÐou epibˆllei sthn kban-

tomhqanik , ìti sto kommˆti twn allhlepidrˆsewn thc Qamiltonian c je up-

eisèrqetai h kumatosunˆrthsh epÐ th suzug  thc (apìluth tim  sto tetrˆg-

wno). Dhlad  Ψ∗ Ψ = puknìthta. Ara upˆrqei eleujerÐa sthn epilog  thc

fˆshc thc kumatosunˆrthshc dedomènou ìti

Ψ =| Ψ | e−η kai Ψ∗ Ψ =| Ψ |2 e−iη eiη =| Ψ |2 (1.5.1)

ìpou η h fˆsh. Apì ta parapˆnw eÐnai fanerì ìti de mac endiafèrei h fˆsh

thc kumatosunˆrthshc, afoÔ apaleÐfetai apì to ginìmeno Ψ∗ Ψ. 'Ara upˆrqei

eleujerÐa sthn epilog  thc fˆshc thc kumatosunˆrthshc h opoÐa anaparistˆ

th summetrÐa bajmÐdac pou antistoiqeÐ sth diat rhsh tou hlektrikoÔ fortÐou.

H sugkekrimènh summetrÐa onomˆzetai Kajolik  SummetrÐa BajmÐdac ( Glob-

al Gauge Symmetry). Sthn perÐptwsh thc uperagwgimìthtac, o Landau
katˆfere na tautopoi sei thn parˆmetro tˆxhc san mia makroskopik  kumato-

sunˆrthsh me sugkekrimènh fˆsh. Dedomènou ìti h kumatosunˆrthsh aut 

1.6. Genikìthtec gia to Prìtupo Ising 15

prokÔptei apì thn upèrjesh twn kumatosunart sewn ìlwn twn forèwn, ja

prèpei ìlec autèc na eÐnai se fˆsh ¸ste to ˆjroismˆ touc na eÐnai mia ku-

matosunˆrthsh. Ara den upˆrqei plèon eleujerÐa sthn epilog  thc fˆshc

spˆzontac th summetrÐa bajmÐdoc.

1.6 Genikìthtec gia to Prìtupo Ising

To prìtupo (  montèlo) Ising, an kei sta sust mata pou perigrˆfontai apì
mÐa Qamiltonian  thc morf c (1.4.1) allˆ exairetikˆ aplousteumènh. H xam-
iltonian  tou montèlou Ising, èqei tìso apl  morf  ¸ste montèlo Ising na
eÐnai epilÔsimo sth mÐa kai stic dÔo diastˆseic. Sth mÐa diˆstash to montè-

lo epilÔjhke stic arqèc tou prohgoÔmenou ai¸na ìmwc den proèkuye kˆpoio

endiafèrwn apotèlesma. Prˆgmati, to monodiˆstato sÔsthma den parousiˆzei

kˆpoia metˆbash fˆshc   katˆstash tˆxhc, kai autì lìgw thc qamhl c tou

diastatikìthtac. Oso qamhlìterh h diˆstash tìso shmantikìterec eÐnai oi di-

akumˆnseic kai tìso duskolìtero eÐnai na epiteuqjeÐ mia katˆstash tˆxhc. To

antÐstoiqo didiˆstato montèlo eÐnai polÔ pio dÔskolo kai epilÔjhke argìtera

apì ton Onsagerparousiˆzontac prˆgmati mia metˆbash fˆshc. To didiˆstato

montèlo parousiˆzei thn akìloujh krÐsimh sumperiforˆ:

• Parˆmetroc tˆxhc: m ∼ (T − Tc )1/8 .

• Eidik  Jermìthta: Cv ∼ ln(T − Tc ).

• Epidektikìthta: χ ∼ (Tc − T )7/4 .

ParathroÔme ìti aut  h krÐsimh sumperiforˆ diafèrei apì aut  pou br kan

o W eiss kai o Landau me thn prosèggish mèsou pedÐou. Ja doÔme sthn

epìmenh parˆgrafo ìti to prìtupo Ising stic dÔo diastˆseic orÐzei mèsw twn
parapˆnw ekjet¸n mÐa klˆsh kajolikìthtac diaforetik  apì aut  tou
Mèsou PedÐou.

1.7 Genikìthtec gia ta KrÐsima Fainìmena

Eidame ìti h akrib c lÔsh tou protÔpou Ising stic 2-diastˆseic od ghse se

diaforetik  krÐsimh sumperiforˆ apì aut  thc prosèggishc mèsou pedÐou. H

prosèggish mèsou pedÐou den lambˆnei upìyh thc diakumˆnseic thc paramètrou

tˆxhc. Gia na perigrˆyoume thn krÐsimh sumperiforˆ, orÐzoume touc parakˆtw

krÐsimouc ekjètec:
16 Kefˆlaio 1. Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I: Genikìthtec

• Eidik  jermìthta
′
C ∼ (T − Tc )−α T < Tc (1.7.1)
α
C ∼ (Tc − T ) T > Tc (1.7.2)

• Parˆmetroc tˆxhc
m ∼ (Tc − T )β (1.7.3)

• Epidektikìthta
′
χ ∼ (Tc − T )−γ T < Tc (1.7.4)

χ ∼ (Tc − T ) γ
T > Tc (1.7.5)

kai ˆra gia to prìtupo Ising stic dÔo diastˆseic èqoume

α = α′ = 0 (1.7.6)

′
γ = γ = 7/4 (1.7.7)

β = 1/8 (1.7.8)

Eqoume megˆlo arijmì metabˆsewn fˆsewn oi opoÐec parìlo pou mporeÐ na

aforoÔn entel¸c diaforetikèc fusikèc katastˆseic qarakthrÐzontai apì mÐ-

a sugkekrimènh omˆda tim¸n twn krÐsimwn ekjet¸n. Oi omˆdec
tim¸n pou èqoun parathrhjeÐ eÐnai lÐgec (thc tˆxhc ≈ 10) en¸ bèbaia oi metabˆ-

seic pou èqoume katagrˆyei eÐnai qiliˆdec. Kˆje sugkekrimènh omˆda tim¸n

twn krÐsimwn ekjet¸n onomˆzetai klˆsh kajolikìthtac. Entel¸c di-

aforetikèc metabˆseic mporeÐ loipìn na epideiknÔoun akrib¸c thn Ðdia krÐsimh

sumperiforˆ an kontac sthn Ðdia klˆsh kajolikìthtac.

H katanìhsh thc krÐsimhc sumperiforˆc twn metabˆsewn fˆsewn kai twn k-

lˆsewn kajolikìthtac apoteleÐ apì mìno tou èna drast rio klˆdo thc S-

tatistik c Fusik c o opoÐoc eÐnai pèra apì to perieqìmeno tou maj matoc.

Sqhmatikˆ oi upojèseic pou bo jhsan na katano soume thn Ôparxh thn Ô-

parxh twn klˆsewn kajolikìthtac (tic sugkekrimènec sqèseic anˆmesa stouc

krÐsimouc ekjètec) eÐnai:

Upìjesh omoiogènneiac tou Widom: SÔmfwna me th sugkekrimènh

upìjesh, o q¸roc ja prèpei na eÐnai omoiogenn c th stigm  thc metˆbashc.

( )
m
F(T, m) = (T − Tc ) 2−α
f (1.7.9)
(T − Tc )β
Upìjesh thc omoiìthtac (wc proc thn klÐmaka) tou Kadonoff:
Diair¸ntac gia parˆdeigma to sÔsthma twn spÐn sto plègma se temˆqia Ðdiou
1.7. Genikìthtec gia ta KrÐsima Fainìmena 17

megèjouc blocks , mporoÔme na upojèsoume ìti se kˆje block èqoume èna spin
to opoÐo eÐnai o mèsoc ìroc ìlwn twn spin tou block. Epalambˆnontac thn
Ðdia mèjodo, gia ìla ta blocksta opoÐa èqei diamerÐsjeÐ to plègma mporoÔme

na pˆroume tic Sqèseic KlÐmakac, dhlad  tic sqèseic metaxÔ twn krÐsimwn

ekjet¸n.

To 1972, oWilson èdeixe ìti mporoÔme na ekfrasjoÔn krÐsimoi ekjètec san

anˆptugma tou ϵ = 4 − d, ìpou d o arijmìc twn diastˆsewn. MporoÔme na
kˆnoume anaptÔgmata wc proc ϵ kˆti pou od ghse ston orismì thc Omˆdac

EpanakanonikopoÐhshc gia to opoÐo tou aponem jhke to brabeÐo Nobel

dedomènou ìti epètreye th susthmatopoÐhsh thc melèthc thc krÐsimhc sumper-

iforˆc.
18 Kefˆlaio 1. Metabˆseic Fˆsewn I: Genikìthtec
Kefˆlaio 2

DÔo Klassikˆ Probl mata

Lumèna

2.1 PRWTO PROBLHMA: Melèth miac katˆs-

tashc tˆxewc me th bo jeia thc jewrÐac
Landau
JewroÔme èna monodiˆstato prìblhma. Mèsa sta plaÐsia thc jewrÐac Landau
gia tic metabˆseic tˆxewc grˆfoume thn eleÔjerh enèrgeia upo thn akìloujh

morf :
∫
F = f (x)dx (1)

ìpou h puknìthta eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac f (x) dÐnetai apo th sqèsh

f (x) = fo (T ) + a(T )M 2 (x) + b(T )M 4 (x) + c(T )(∇M )2 − BM (x) (2)

Mèsa sto pneÔma thc jewrÐac Landau, h opoÐa eÐnai mia jewrÐa mèsou pedÐou,
h posìthta M (x) eÐnai mia m  diakumainìmenh posìthta pou sumpÐptei me th
mèsh tim  thc ⟨M ⟩. fo (T ) eÐnai h puknìthta eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac sthn kanon-

ik  katˆstash. B eÐnai to suzhgèc pedÐo thc paramètrou tˆxhc M . Oi sunte-

lestèc b kai c eÐnai jetikoÐ kai kontˆ sth metˆbash èqoun mhdamin  exˆrthsh

apo th jermokrasÐa.

Kontˆ sto Tc , upojètoume ìti a(T ) upakoÔei sto anˆptugma T aylor:

a(T ≈ Tc ) = a′ (T − Tc ) + ... (3)

ìpou a′ > 0.

19
20 Kefˆlaio 2. DÔo Klassikˆ Probl mata Lumèna

I) H piì pijan  tim  thc paramètrou tˆxhc eÐnai aut  pou elaqistopoieÐ thn

eleÔjerh enèrgeia F. Kˆnontac mia sunarthsiak  metabol :

M (x) → M (x) + δM (x) (4)

me δM (x) = 0 sto ˆpeiro, breÐte thn exÐswsh pou mac dÐnei aut  thn pio

pijan  tim .

II) Sthn perÐptwsh katˆ thn opoÐa B eÐnai anexˆrthto tou x (epÐshc M eÐnai

anexˆrthto tou x) na breÐte to M pou elaqistopoieÐ thn EleÔjerh enèrgeia.

BreÐte touc krÐsimouc ekjètec δ , β kai γ oi opoÐoi eÐnai tètoioi ¸ste eˆn
t = (T − Tc )/Tc na isqÔei:
II.a. Amèswc kˆtw apo to Tc h aujìrmhth magn thsh (qwrÐc thn efarmog 

magnhtikoÔ pedÐou) na dÐnetai apo th sqèsh

M ≈ |t|β (5)

II.b. Akrib¸c sto T = Tc , sunart sei tou magnhtikoÔ pedÐou h magn tish na

dÐnetai apo th sqèsh

M ≈ B 1/δ (6)
II.c. Kontˆ sto Tc :
[ ]
∂M
χ(0, T ) = ≈ |t|−γ (7)
∂B B=0

II.d. Poiì eÐnai to ˆlma ∆C thc eidik c jermìthtac sto T = Tc ?

Me tic Ðdiec upojèseic ìpwc piì pˆnw, jewroÔme sth sunèqeia mia anomoio-

gen  katˆstash. H magn tish mporeÐ na metabˆletai sto monodiˆstato q¸ro.

OrÐzoume th sunˆrthsh susqetismoÔ C(x, x′ ) anˆmesa sthn tim  thc

magn tishc
′
se dÔo diaforetikˆ shmeÐa tou q¸rou x kai x apo th sqèsh

C(x, x′ ) = ⟨M (x)M (x′ )⟩ − ⟨M (x)⟩⟨M (x′ )⟩ (1)

Ean oi M (x) kai M (x′ )  tan anexˆrthtec tìte profan¸c ⟨M (x)M (x′ )⟩ =
⟨M (x)⟩⟨M (x′ )⟩ kai ˆra C(x, x′ ) metrˆei to bajmì susqetismoÔ twn magn-
htik¸n rop¸n sto q¸ro. OrÐzoume epÐshc mia genikeumènh epidektikìthta

χ(x, x′ )
∂⟨M (x)⟩
χ(x, x′ ) = (2)
∂B(x′ )
III) Na deÐxete ìti isqÔei h sqèsh:

C(x, x′ ) = kB T χ(x, x′ ) (3)

2.1. PRWTO PROBLHMA: Melèth miac katˆstashc tˆxewc me th bo jeia thc jewrÐac Landau21

IV)H sunˆrthsh susqetismoÔ upakoÔei sth sqèsh:

[ ]
2a + 12b⟨M ⟩2 − 2c△ C(x, x′ ) = kB T δ(x − x′ ) (4)

ìpou △ eÐnai o laplasianìc telest c. GiatÐ ?

Na lusete thn (4) sto q¸ro F ourier kai na orÐsete to m koc susqetismoÔ
ξ pˆnw kai kˆtw apo to Tc kai ton krÐsimo ekjèth pou tou antistoiqeÐ.

2.1.1 LUSH:

∫
F= f (x)dx (2.1.1)

f (x) = f0 (T )+a(T )M (x)2 +b(T )M (x)4 +c(T )(∂x M (x))2 −BM (x) (2.1.2)

H metablht  M eÐnai h parˆmetroc tˆxhc tou sust matoc kai B èna exwterikì

pedÐo to ooÐo suzeÔneitai me thn parˆmetro tˆxhc. Oi metablhtèc b kai c

exart¸tai asjen¸c apì th jermokrasÐa. Gia T → Tc , èqoume thn prosèggish:

a(T ) = α(T − Tc ) + . . . . Gia na broÔme tic katastˆseic isorropÐac tou

sust matoc, elaqistopoioÔme thn eleÔjerh enèrgeia.

ElaqistopoÐhsh thc F

JewroÔme th sunarthsiak  metabol  M (x) → M (x)+δM (x), ìpou δM (x) →

0 ìtan | x |→ ∞.

( )
dM ∂f ∂f dM ∂f ∂f d
δf (M, )= δM + ( dM ) δ = δM + ( dM ) (δM )
dx ∂M ∂ dx dx ∂M ∂ dx dx
(2.1.3)
22 Kefˆlaio 2. DÔo Klassikˆ Probl mata Lumèna

∫ ( )
+∞
∂f ∂f d
δF = dx δM + ( dM ) (δM )
−∞ ∂M ∂ dx dx
∫ +∞ ( ( ) ( ) )
∂f d ∂f d ∂f
= dx δM + ( ) (δM ) − ( ) (δM )
−∞ ∂M dx ∂ dM dx
dx ∂ dMdx
∫ +∞ ( ( )) [ ( )]+∞
∂f d ∂f d ∂f
= dx − ( ) (δM ) + (δM ) ( )
−∞ ∂M dx ∂ dM dx ∂ dM
)−∞
dx dx
∫ +∞ ( ( ) ( )
∂f d ∂f d ∂f
= dx δM + ( dM ) (δM ) − ( ) (δM )
−∞ ∂M dx ∂ dx dx ∂ dMdx
∫ +∞ ( ( ))
∂f d ∂f
= dx − ( dM ) (δM ) = 0 ∀M (2.1.4)
−∞ ∂M dx ∂ dx

H elaqistopoÐhsh thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac,   isodÔnama h sqèsh δF , dÐnei th

sqèsh Euler-Lagrange:
( )
∂f d ∂f
− ( dM ) =0 (2.1.5)
∂M dx ∂ dx
Xrhsimopoi¸ntac thn parapˆnw exÐswsh, mporoÔme na broÔme tic katastˆseic

isorropÐac gia to prìblhma pou mac endiafèrei. Jètontac thn exÐswsh (2.1.2)
sthn exÐswsh (2.1.5), prokÔptei:

d2
2a(T )M (x) + 4bM (x)3 − B(x) = 2c M (x) (2.1.6)
dx2

JewroÔme thn perÐptwsh M(x) = M = stajerˆ kai B(x) = B =

stajerˆ
H prohgoÔmenh exÐswsh, paÐrnei th morf :

2a(T )M + 4bM 3 − B = 0 (2.1.7)

• Aujìrmhth Magn tish - (B = 0)

Kontˆ sto Tc , a(T ) ∼ α(T − Tc ). Oi lÔseic eÐnai:

{
M =0 aporrÐptetai
−Tc ) (2.1.8)
M = − 2b = − α(T2b
2 a
2.1. PRWTO PROBLHMA: Melèth miac katˆstashc tˆxewc me th bo jeia thc jewrÐac Landau23

AfoÔ M 2 ∼| t |, ìpou t = (T − Tc )/Tc , gia ton krÐsimo ekjèth β isqÔei

β = 1/2.

• PerÐptwsh parousÐac magnhtikoÔ pedÐou sto T = Tc

( B )1/3
Se aut n thn perÐptwsh, M = 4b ∼ B 1/δ . O krÐsimoc ekjèthc δ,
dÐnetai apì th sqèsh (2.1.7). Mˆlista isqÔei δ = 3.

• Epidektikìthta kontˆ sto Tc

Kontˆ sto Tc :
( )
∂M
χ(0, T ) = |B=0 kai χ(0, T ) ∼| t |−γ (2.1.9)
∂B

δM = χ(0, T )δB (2.1.10)

(2a + 12bM 2 )dM = dB (2.1.11)

1
χ= (2.1.12)
2a + 12bM 2

– T > Tc → M = 0 ⇒ χ ∼| t |−1
– T < Tc → M 2 = −a/2b ⇒ χ ∼ −1/4a

Sunep¸c γ = 1.

• Jermoqwrhtikìthta ìtan B = 0

∂2F
C = −T (2.1.13)
∂T 2
H jermoqwrhtikìthta, eÐnai asuneq c sto Tc , afoÔ h metˆbash eÐnai
deÔterhc tˆxhc. Se aut n thn perÐptwsh, M 2 = −a/2b. Gia thn eleÔ-
jerh enèrgeia isqÔei:
24 Kefˆlaio 2. DÔo Klassikˆ Probl mata Lumèna

∫ ∫
( )
F = (f0 + Stajerèc) dx + aM 2 + bM 4 dx
∫ ( 2 )
a a2
= F0 − − dx ⇒
2b 4b
{ 2
F = F0 − Vìgkoc a2b T < Tc
(2.1.14)
F = F0 T > Tc

H diaforˆ thc jermoqwrhtikìthtac, ja isoÔtai me:

[ ]
∂2F ∂2 α2 (T − Tc )2
δC = −T = −T −Vìgkoc (2.1.15)
∂T 2 ∂T 2 4b
α
= Tc anˆ monˆda ìgkou (2.1.16)
2b
'Oso pio megˆlh eÐnai h krÐsimh jermokrasÐa Tc , tìso megalÔtero eÐnai

to ˆlma.
C
6

r -
Tc T

JewroÔme thn perÐptwsh M = M (x)

OrÐzoume th sunˆrthsh susqetismoÔ:

⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩
C(x, x′ ) = M (x)M (x′ ) − ⟨M (x)⟩ M (x′ ) (2.1.17)

An oi timèc thc magn tishc sta shmeÐa x kai x′ eÐnai anexˆrthtec metaxÔ touc,
tìte C(x, x′ )
= 0. 'Otan susqetÐzontai C(x, x′ ) ̸= 0. An ta M (x) kai M (x′ )
eÐnai
′
anexˆrthta metaxÔ touc, tìte C(x, x ) = 0.

OrÐzoume th genikeumènh epidektikìthta:

∂⟨M (x)⟩
χ(x, x′ ) = (2.1.18)
∂B(x′ )
2.1. PRWTO PROBLHMA: Melèth miac katˆstashc tˆxewc me th bo jeia thc jewrÐac Landau25

⟨M (x)⟩ = χ(x, x′ )Bext (x′ ) (2.1.19)

Bˆzw èna exwterikì magnhtikì pedÐo sto x′ kai mèsw thc parapˆnw sqèshc,

brÐskw th magn tish pou dhmiourgeÐ to pedÐo sto shmeÐo x.

1. DeÐxte ìti C(x, x′ ) = kT χ(x, x′ )

Ja qrhsimopoi soume ìti h Qamiltonian  grˆfetai:

∫
H = H0 − ⃗
dxB(x) ·M
⃗ (x) (2.1.20)

∂H
= −M (x′ ) (2.1.21)
∂B(x′ )
Ja upologÐsoume t¸ra th mèsh tim  thc magn tishc, jewr¸ntac ìti

briskìmaste sto Kanonikì SÔnolo. Epilègontac mÐa bˆsh h opoÐa diag-

wnopoieÐ th Qamiltonian , èqoume:

⟨M (x)⟩ = T r{ρ̂M (x)} (2.1.22)

e−β Ĥ
ρ̂ = { } (2.1.23)
T r e−β Ĥ
 
1 ∑
⟨M (x)⟩ =  ∑ { } M (x)e−β Ĥ (2.1.24)
e−β Ĥ

{∑ ∫ }∑
∂⟨M (x)⟩
∂
∂B(x′ ) M (x)e−β (H0 − B(x)M (x)dx) e−β Ĥ
= [∑ ]2
∂B(x′ )
e−β Ĥ
∑ ∫ [∑ ∫ ]
M (x)e−β (H0 − B(x)M (x)dx) ∂
∂B(x′ ) e−β (H0 − B(x)M (x)dx)

− [∑ ]2
e−β Ĥ
∑ [ ] ∑ ∑ [ ∂H ] −βH
M (x) β ∂B(x∂H −βH M (x)e−βH
′) e β ∂B(x′ ) e
= ∑ −βH − ∑ −βH 2
e ( e )
{ } { }
βT r ρ̂M (x)M (x′ ) − βT r {ρ̂M (x)} T r ρ̂M (x′ )
?
→ =
[⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩]
= β M (x)M (x′ ) − ⟨M (x)⟩ M (x′ )
1
= C(x, x′ ) (2.1.25)
kT
26 Kefˆlaio 2. DÔo Klassikˆ Probl mata Lumèna

2. DeÐxte ìti h sunˆrthsh susqetismoÔ, upakoÔei sth sqèsh:

[ ]
d2
2a + 12b⟨M ⟩ − 2c 2 C(x, x′ ) = kT δ(x − x′ )
2
(2.1.26)
dx

Na lujeÐ sto q¸ro Fourier. Na oristeÐ to m koc susqetismoÔ ˆnw kai

kˆtw apì to Tc .

GnwrÐzoume ìti apì thn elaqistopoÐhsh thc eleÔjerhc enèrgeiac, prokÔptei

h sqèsh:

d2
2a(T )⟨M (x)⟩ + 4b⟨M (x)⟩3 − B(x) = 2c ⟨M (x)⟩ (2.1.27)
dx2

IsqÔei akìmh:

∂⟨M (x)⟩
χ(x, x′ ) = (2.1.28)
∂B(x′ )

ParagwgÐzoume thn exÐswsh (2.2.21), wc proc ∂/∂B(x′ ) kai prokÔptei:

d2
2aχ(x, x′ ) + 12b⟨M (x)⟩2 χ(x, x′ ) − δ(x − x′ ) = 2c χ(x, x′ ) (2.1.29)
dx2

Jèloume na doulèyoume sto q¸ro Fourier. Jètoume:

χ(x, x′ ) = χ(x − x′ ) (2.1.30)

∫
′
χ(k) = eik(x−x ) χ(x − x′ )d(x − x′ ) (2.1.31)

[ ]
F χ(x − x′ ) = χ(k) (2.1.32)
[ 2 ]
d ′
F χ(x − x ) = −k 2 χ(k) (2.1.33)
dx2

MetasqhmatÐzontac katˆ Fourier thn (2.1.29), prokÔptei:

2aχ(k) + 12b⟨M ⟩2 χ(k) − 1 = −2ck 2 χ(k) (2.1.34)

'Eqoume epiplèon:
2.1. PRWTO PROBLHMA: Melèth miac katˆstashc tˆxewc me th bo jeia thc jewrÐac Landau27

C(k) = kB T χ(k) (2.1.35)

kB T
C(k) = (2.1.36)
2a + 12b⟨M ⟩2 + 2ck 2
A
C(k) ∼ (2.1.37)
k2 + ξ2
H parˆmetroc ξ eÐnai to m koc susqetismoÔ. To m koc susqetismoÔ, ja

dÐnetai apì th sqèsh:

c
ξ2 = (2.1.38)
a + 6b⟨M ⟩2

• Gia T > Tc , ⟨M ⟩ = 0, a > 0 kai prokÔptei:

ξ 2 = c/a (2.1.39)

• Gia T < Tc , ⟨M ⟩ = −a/2b, a < 0 kai prokÔptei:

ξ 2 = −c/2a (2.1.40)

'Ara kai apì tic dÔo peript¸seic:

ξ ∼| T − Tc |−v =| T − Tc |−1/2 (2.1.41)

Sunep¸c èqoume krÐsimo ekjèth v = 1/2 gia thn krÐsimh sumperiforˆ

enìc kanonikoÔ sunìlou.

28 Kefˆlaio 2. DÔo Klassikˆ Probl mata Lumèna

2.2 DEUTERO PROBLHMA: H Prosèggish

tou Weiss sto Prìblhma tou Sidhromagn-
htismoÔ

O sidhromagnhtismìc (SM) tou sid rou  tan  dh gnwstìc stouc arqaÐouc

Ellhnec, ìmwc akìmh kai s mera orismènec ptuqèc thc sumperiforˆc tou

paramènoun akatanìhtec. H pr¸th jewrÐa pou epètreye mia basik  peri-

graf  tou fainomènou wfeÐletai ston Weiss o opoÐoc prìteine ìti o SM

tou sid rou sqetÐzetai me thn eujugrˆmish twn atomik¸n moriak¸n rop¸n.

upèjese thn Ôparxh enìc moriakoÔ

Gia na perigrˆyei to fainìmeno

pedÐou anˆlogou thc magn tishc sto opoÐo wfeÐletai h eujugrˆmish

twn magnhtik¸n rop¸n. Prìteine dhlad , ìti to olikì pedÐo Bef f pou drˆ

pˆnw se mia rop  eÐnai:

Bef f = Bloc + λµo M (1)

ìpou Bloc eÐnai to pragmatikì pedÐo sto ˆtomo, λµo M einai to moriakì pedÐo
tou W eiss kai M h mèsh magn tish tou ulikoÔ.
Mèroc I: H upìjesh tou W eiss eÐnai sthn pragmatikìthta mia prosèg-
gish mèsou pedÐou pˆnw sth qamiltonian  tou Heisenberg pou ana-
paristˆ thn enèrgeia antallag c metaxÔ twn rop¸n Ji kai Jj :

∑∑
H=− ζij Ji Jj (2)
i j̸=i

Antikajist¸ntac sthn (2)

Ji = ⟨J⟩ + (Ji − ⟨J⟩) (3)

Jj = ⟨J⟩ + (Jj − ⟨J⟩) (4)

deÐxte ìti h qamiltonian  tou Heisenberg paÐrnei th morf 

1 ∑
H ≈ λµo M2 − λµo mi · M (5)
2
i

ìpou

M = −N gµB ⟨J⟩ (6)

h stajerˆ λ dÐnetai apo th sqèsh

∑
j̸=i ζij
λ= (7)
N µo g 2 µ2B
2.2. DEUTERO PROBLHMA: H Prosèggish tou Weiss sto Prìblhma tou SidhromagnhtismoÔ29

kai mi = −gµB Ji eÐnai o telest c pou antistoiqeÐ sth magnhtik  rop  tou

atìmou. Na shmeiwjeÐ ìti J emperièqei thn suneisforˆ kai thc troqiak c

stroform c kai thc idiostroform c ( J = L + S) kai g eÐnai o suntelest c

Lande′
3 L(L + 1) − S(S + 1)
g= − (8)
2 2J(J + 1)
.

Mèroc II: Me thn prosèggish mèsou pedÐou pou akolouj jhke, to arqikì

N rop¸n se allhlepÐdrash gÐnetai èna ˆjroisma apo N probl mata
prìblhma

miac rop c se èna pedÐo. To prìblhma gÐnetai apolÔtwc anˆlogo me autì tou

paramagnhtismoÔ ìpou h kˆje rop  (ed¸ hmi ) antÐ na eÐnai mèsa se èna
exwterikì magnhtikì pedÐo, eÐnai mèsa sto pedÐo Bef f . Ena tètoio prìblhma
eÐnai klassikì kai eÔkola epilÔsimo sta plaÐsia thc statistik c fusik c.

Stoiqei¸dhc statistik  anˆlush gia kbantikèc ropèc J qwrÐc allhlepÐdrash

mèsa se èna pedÐo B mac odhgeÐ sto apotelèsmata:

M = N gµB JGJ (ξ) (9)

( ) ( )
2J + 1 2J + 1 1 ξ
GJ (ξ) = coth ξ − coth (10)
2J 2J 2J 2J
ìpou ξ = gµB B(kB T )−1 kai GJ (ξ) onomˆzetaisunˆrthsh Brillouin.
Se ìlh th sunèqeia, aplousteÔontac jewroÔme thn perÐptwsh L = 0 kai

J = S = 1/2.
II.a) Na deÐxete ìti sthn perÐptws  mac èqoume:

( )
µB Bef f
M = N µB tanh (11)
kB T

II.b) Sto ìrio uyhl¸n jermokrasi¸n ( kB T ≫ µB Bef f ) jèloume na up-

ologÐsoume thn paramagnhtik  epidektikìthta.

H epidektikìthta ja eÐnai h sunˆrthsh grammik c apìkrishc wc proc to exw-

terikì pedÐo Bext (isqÔei Bloc = µo Bext ), to topikì pedÐo Bloc   to Bef f
?

Na deÐxete ìti h epidektikìthta χ dÐnetai apo to nìmo Curie − W eiss:

C
χ= (12)
T − Tc

ìpou kB C = N µo µ2B kai Tc = λC . ParathroÔme ìti sth jermokrasÐa Tc

h epidektikìthta apoklÐnei. Ja doÔme sthn epìmenh er¸thsh ìti Tc eÐnai h

krÐsimh jermokrasÐa thc SM metˆbashc (jermokrasÐa Curie).

30 Kefˆlaio 2. DÔo Klassikˆ Probl mata Lumèna

II.c) Gia T ≤ Tc den isqÔei to ìrio uyhl¸n jermokrasi¸n.

DeÐxte ìti h aujìrmhth magn tish dÐnetai apo th sqèsh:

T
x = tanh(x) (13)
Tc

ìpou x = (λµo µB M )/(kB T ). H (13) eÐnai h exÐswsh autosunèpeiac h

opoÐa mac dÐnei thn parˆmetro tˆxhc tou SM pou eÐnai h aujìrmhth magn tish.

Na deÐxete ìti mìno gia T < Tc upˆrqei lÔsh thc (13) gia peperasmènh tim 

thc aujìrmhthc magn tishc. Ara h krÐsimh jermokrasÐa Tc kˆtw apo thn

opoÐa emfanÐzetai h parˆmetroc tˆxewc tou SM eÐnai h Ðdia jermokrasÐa gia

thn opoÐa h epidektikìthta apoklÐnei.

2.2.1 LUSH:

1. JewroÔme èna tetragwnikì plègma magnhtik¸n rop¸n. H Qamiltonian 

allhlepÐdrashc tou sunìlou twn rop¸n dÐnetai apì th sqèsh:

∑∑
H=− ζij J⃗i · J⃗j (2.2.1)

i i̸=j

H parapˆnw Qamiltonian , onomˆzetai Qamiltonian  Heisenberg. Ja

efarmìsoume th mèjodo tou mèsou pedÐou. H sugkekrimenh mèjodoc,

basÐzetai stic akìloujec sqèseic:

Ji = ⟨J⟩ + (Ji − ⟨J⟩) (2.2.2)

Jj = ⟨J⟩ + (Jj − ⟨J⟩) (2.2.3)

Eisˆgoume tic dÔo sqèseic, sth Qamiltonian , kai prokÔptei:

1 ∑
H ≃ λµ0 M
⃗2− ⃗i·M
λµ0 m ⃗ (2.2.4)
2
i

ìpou

⃗
M = −N gµB ⟨J⟩ (2.2.5)

m
⃗i = −gµB J⃗i (2.2.6)
2.2. DEUTERO PROBLHMA: H Prosèggish tou Weiss sto Prìblhma tou SidhromagnhtismoÔ31

∑
j ̸= iζij
λ= (2.2.7)
N µ0 g 2 µ2B
( )
1 ∑
H≃ ⃗ −
λµ0 M λµ0 m
⃗i ·M
⃗ ⇒ (2.2.8)
2
i

⃗ ef f = B
B ⃗ loc + λµ0 M
⃗ (2.2.9)

2. Sto prìblhma tou paramagnhtismoÔ, eÐqame brei th sqèsh:

M = N gµB BJ (ξ) (2.2.10)

ìpou

ξ = JgµB /kB T (2.2.11)

• Gia J = S = 1/2 ⇒
( )
µB B
M = N µB tanh (2.2.12)
kB T
Sthn perÐptws  mac B = Bef f . Sunep¸c:

( )
µB Bef f
M = N µB tanh (2.2.13)
kB T
• Upologismìc epidektikìthtac, sto ìrio twn uyhl¸n jermokrasi¸n,

kB T >> µB Bef f .

Efarmìzoume èna exwterikì pedÐo sto sÔsthma, Bext , gia to opoÐo

jewroÔme ìti isqÔei:

Bloc = µ0 Bext (2.2.14)

Bef f = µ0 Bext + λµ0 M (2.2.15)

AnaptÔssoume thn exÐswsh:

( )
µB Bef f
M = N gµB tanh (2.2.16)
kB T

katˆ Taylor gÔrw apì to mhdèn, afoÔ isqÔei kB T >> µB Bef f .

32 Kefˆlaio 2. DÔo Klassikˆ Probl mata Lumèna

N µ2B
M≃ (µ0 Bext + λµ0 M ) (2.2.17)
kB T

∂M
χ= (2.2.18)
∂Bext

ParagwgÐzontac th sqèsh (2.2.17) wc proc Bext , prokÔptei:

( )
∂M N µ2B µ0 ∂M
= 1+λ ⇒
∂Bext kB T ∂Bext
N µ2B µ0
χ = (1 + λχ) ⇒
kB T
C Tc
χ = + χ⇒
T T
C
χ = (2.2.19)
T − Tc

• Gia T ≤ Tc den isqÔei to ìrio twn uyhl¸n jermokrasi¸n. Sthn

perÐptwsh thc aujìrmhthc magn tishc pou exetˆzoume, Bloc = 0.

'Ara h exÐswsh autosunèpeiac (2.2.16), grˆfetai:

( )
µB λµ0 M
M = N µB tanh (2.2.20)
kB T

Jètoume x = λµ0 µB M/kB T . H exÐswsh (2.2.20) grˆfetai:

T
x = tanh x (2.2.21)
Tc

Oi dunatèc lÔseic thc parapˆnw sqèshc, prosdiorÐzontai poiotikˆ

apì to akìloujo grˆfhma:

2.2. DEUTERO PROBLHMA: H Prosèggish tou Weiss sto Prìblhma tou SidhromagnhtismoÔ33

y
6
T
y= Tc x T > Tc

y= T
Tc x T = Tc → y = x

y = tanh(x)

T
y= Tc x T < Tc

rm -
0 x

Apì to parapˆnw grˆfhma, blèpoume ìti èqoume peperasmènh mag-

n tish gia T < Tc .