BY we Bree Giectmn th ‘Fnse_elechen theory | Conclu ction tn A | = ss (ohms law y— - ‘appted ereente Gud Change of &n elecron mass Of Elechon Where, m2 Mass Of elechon ‘Me Velocity of alevhon kg = Boltzmdn constont < Ts Temperature 1 eat fond, the Acceleratton ts given | — ow : I! Qi hee be] ——ew _—_ | ae a be thé means free bask then , = A >>—— “Ee Scanned with CamScannerHow, the average distmee travetied by the _etectron_tn_#ime ye" ts gfven &y, 7 cS oo i Vr 1 €e wa ' _ i #. kan 7 a 3 Now) Tk ne no ef efecton per unt Volume Th the Con ducton Tis Current denshy Clumrent per unit eared) Scanned with CamScanneri fs the nequined expression of ohms laa Electteat conducsiviy Ce) : Te is defined astee quanirhy of elecardty that fod Uatt me per Uunft aned Of Cross- seah'on of -he ConduchAr Per_unit potentrar _gnachiens. The Fuantit i Of eectierty flown, Hhnowsh condueion 1s ) ¢ 42 Sner gn ACT - 4 Ste bohore, A = Anea Of the Cr08g - Sech'on * 7 | Tos Mme dundiion € = PolenBiar anadtend =. : | nes J No. df Chechon pee unit volume -* TH TF 18ee. then Be ax | > Tse€ gs. = - ju0w, fom ohmic laa, Scanned with CamScanneron, | eenes)} € 7 aos Scanned with CamScanner[ Siygulin of eleanon beh, £ > dliztonce Arnot ed | ro ‘ ¢ I ek th_time L i a 3 i - 3 d_concentratton of electron at — == = 8 Ae M%-4 fe ny and n29, Ke m- ; = egg ee = Mow, = a e _ The_noing electron ervesing %, from Jo-4 Hl be haute Of ny { Cetin, Ak g y a Ao- bf eleeton Creating HA from % nil be halk of nat vite a - - s | Here “ — . Nef Concentratton of Cleshon In the postion op yn TE =a Na_= Concentrdtion of @l@cton th Me postion 9.- : | a || - Mow, the number ot eleotons cross time th ave x= dinectton fs given uv Tea 0 petit per unit - + Tr l Kngt- dnt Scanned with CamScannerTas, an ts given by, ee Moth =t%-h) Qn. : An = 4n.ah —@. ~y wh, da ay gaadiod- ™ Ls Sit guston coephiFent af! c efecton_negnesented & | el Scanned with CamScannerI “The difjuston cooffrcent for electron fn one dimen 7 _Blorg x~ dinection 1s given, by, 1 —_ i De= £2 = ——— a [ | heh, 2b —— = SB be the mean free path and T be te mean free ting Then, { 4s Vyn.t —@: Mew, ego he aa —- a Sex wt —@® 80, en po E Ody of bree election th con yacs £kT and this nergy Ps oe bands = a eleoton ete the Kine are ental in a : - go xe $0, We Can wank, =a Nt my 2 Noe a ; Scanned with CamScannerL Prom above Etnstefn's relation, i fs clean that the dit fucton Coetpident of eleetmn fs propontonad to the Absoluge tempera turé_ and dntyt mobility Of the efeston. i aT the eleeton dnit+ mobi tty fs 1800 crtlvs. = : Cd pay Given, T 2 2re = 214273 =300k Be = 1300cF I vs é s k= 13a 10723 si a Fa es bert a \ eos De = kT) Me e Gs Lagxia > x 300 y 1900 - = 16 K107 wde = 33-63 An Scanned with CamScanner. Ye : + | CBleutate the Arig moby Th Copper at Teom fempendturs (a | Gfven that the Concbueti ory o coppers 59x 10° ~M 'n | Seat OL copper = 8.93qmlom? and fs Restrer Atorve m3 LPS 638.5 amimate, % pe $ | _Oonducti tty of a Ce) 2 510k to > ne! Clerut gy of Ma CL) 28.93 gmlon? a Atonde mase(m) = 69-5 gmimate : > —________ We have, i i ath (4a) se i I Xu Qn ; Where) @ 21.6 viele. N ow) | Sa ES, 63.5 2 BSniorrend, Then, ' _ — eee i olnintt mobility (Mu)o= 6 Al en ” ve [eeu [| 16x to19 XQ. sxip2® F498 Y enirylel " ' Scanned with CamScanner= Chendebl & plysoat properties of common conductton of ' _ _Physial properties are those that Can be observed withaur + —___changig te. Tdentty of the subsiadss- The general proeertie of — ss materfals such as Colon, i stensty, hardness ete are the examples a Phoperties that desertbe how a substence Substing are caued TT The a betecen the pl teal nd chemical propertes — [ fe ctvafyut forward uniiie He phase of the matertas 's considered. To then 2 Ynatesfal changes fiom a Solid to 9 Uzuld and to a a Fe seems Uke them become a diggerent substonce . However, When “ts B material melts, solictiffes , Vabourizes and condenses, ony the | ME. wate. o Ages . = = Sie of the” substan “+ Consider fee, Uguid -waten and water vapour, they av ane ; ‘mpl Hy0. Phase he Physfedl profeerty of te moter’ Yand rama sal can exist th three phases ' S04, Hyd end pases. Om ae Some of the more “Tmpordont physteal and che cal Praperty fom from an engtneertng marcsia) view potut. ean be. ened j tn the fallenng eection , [o 7 pe deat Ll emadees > Phase transformatton temheratwre > olenst > speatt Spovy > Therm! conducer' ae } Scanned with CamScanneryn centcum! um (1a T pate teen » Pes alas 7 eS — —— ( > Unear coetyidert of thermal - expansion - > Rlectsica! conctuetulty & nesistiulty | _ =a Magnetic permeabftty ee Some of of the comme! mee used maresials are As (Ansente) Ay A nf ¢ oa), aye Ustiver), 4 Uns Gr ote 7 gag = 7 ~ Scanned with CamScannerPer thay ; Tes wo Rs oyste spacing, tne SC Mete) usitnoul ¢ regres shrduphout perieds Since, aurystel is eacenrialy a = Men of srnall Voiume of a ce Ww three dimensians, itis Useful +0 Identify the Tepeahng unir, So thod the enfstol Properties can be desorbed +n this Gnip, “The mest convenient Srna Celi inne ugystrel Syructure thot caves the properties of the Stal is covles) Umit Cell: The repetiHen of Unit ceil in dhree dimensions generodes the | ushete Strad> “O There ave clifferentr topes of unip cell gearnerek ap StoUs of ilgerenn. materials: Ta Avett dype eormetbmes, there ~~. are basicauy three IyPeS of Unir Cans, noun hy J CO) Simple Giine Structure (ii) Face centered ube CFee) Gi) Gedy Cenrered culeic (BC) . (i) simpe cubic strug’ Atems are oced a at we Carners the Unik cen geomen3 ana by rer a eating this in wldirectens . cmsral iS forrned ‘ : vy figi-onit Cen of Ses, = a. Scanned with CamScanner# “N y 14. The : | tengtn op side if equal to the disiane © ive ey OMS: Each atom touches ol Porred: 88 ONY The Srrutture ic loo sely I) OM faces. Hef of Fig Fee unit con geennetay diagonals belongs 40a Unifeat. © Giy Body centered cubic C@co) | In ghis sype af unir Con arrrenrel te iHon Of the cen there js csdarenn a Clo py, the Central . Ploee weitnin the Fige Bee nip Cen geometry Unit Celle AL Jne Cormere ave Fouthing the Central ahem. Note !- Nat all the See Com paunde srructures 5 ere Are ather Unjp cel 5 eee ke ortherhemmn< ; menowinic, enol ett: hexagonal, otetog 4. do: Scanned with CamScanner© “Rermal vereuisy of Erectron: ous Face 8 APP YING Kinane Mele ctttar Anear Of gaceader moieties cantained ina Cantainer, use con usrite the final — Fig.cThe gas meresnes inte. theeritical derive 7 “Cankoiner ation \n dhe form, © P= pressure of gor inside the comroiner, V= vei1ume af the Container. | ; N= Number af gat meieuues IN Container, m= mMaseef phe gee malevues jae ap moseuHes . vr= mean square Veroury “The estperimentol observoHen is, py = LRT = nRT | —— ' A | wo Where, uhere, , Nae & odin s Number, Re universar got Constant . T= Termperarwe + n= = Number of moles of gos- For N-metecule gat,enery meieuve ULL hone [hs Yandern velocity «The change in momentum af the moleuue lowing cauision vaith the ual of jhe conrainer is Afy = 2omVq ushere mis the molteuttar mas&- Time interval eon Canjeion will be At= 2h, uthere a ta the aide of container, Scanned with CamScannerv Forte exerted by ghia. molec | the focen of the container is R= 42 = ms a bt a And -he tetod pressure exerted Cules on face A due +o tote force P= Teel Force — mut tit — 4 mv N mate io? QZ OO Vg VE HS aq? P= ON y2 ae w9nere, nyyr Va, +b Vag be -- Vang Since, +ne MAHCUNES are jn vay, / 3 Nd arn metion and Cauide yerndernby usith cath other, Mean square VEIOC NY In aA- direcHen Uti be Sule) +0 that 19 u ag direetions. a a aS d “The Verecitg eof any meoteaule ia given bes ve yee Wye ve ave. 2 Ve Mean square velar ty of tne mareule, we usilt find that -the ONENEGE 1INEHC en Per degree of freedom is (Can be derived) er so three degrees of freedom tvs is Bakr, Averege KineHc energy per male is re - Se, KE= mvt = 3 on ay Where Wy, th = the theymal Veraci Sleetrons ang is the required ea Se teten 4. Scanned with CamScanner