Chemistry: Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01)

GCE
Chemistry
Data booklet
Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01)

Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01)
Issue 3
November 2008

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Acknowledgements
This specification has been produced by Edexcel on the basis of consultation with
teachers, examiners, consultants and other interested parties. Edexcel acknowledges
its indebtedness to all those who contributed their time and expertise to the
development of Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced GCE specifications.
Data from Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman 1984

Reproduced by permission of the Nuffield Foundation
References to third-party material made in this specification are made in good

faith. Edexcel does not endorse, approve or accept responsibility for the content of
materials, which may be subject to change, or any opinions expressed therein.
(Material may include textbooks, journals, magazines and other publications and
websites.)
Authorised by Roger Beard

Prepared by Sarah Harrison
All the material in this publication is copyright

© in this format Edexcel Limited 2008

Contents
Introduction 1
Selected Elements: Physical and Thermochemical Data 2
Infrared Spectroscopy 5
Correlation of infrared absorption wavenumbers with molecular structure 5
Infrared correlation table 6
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 7
Ionization Energies 8
Atomic Radii and Pauling Electronegativities 10
Electron Affinities 11
Lattice Energies 12
Bond Lengths and Bond Energies 13
Standard Electrode Potentials 14
Standard Reduction Potentials 17
Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution 18
Indicators 19
Organic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical Data 20
Selected Inorganic Compounds: Physical and Thermochemical
Data 24
The Periodic Table of the Elements 30

Introduction
This data booklet is for use with the Edexcel GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) assessments for
units 4, 5 and 6.
Students will be provided with a clean copy of this data booklet for these assessments, which
should be kept under the same conditions as the assessment papers (examination papers and
internal assessment tasks).
Student may have a copy of this data booklet for their personal use in lessons and for
homework, to allow them to become familiar with how to use it.
Data booklet — Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) — Issue 3 — November 2008 — 1

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m K
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n n b e I e s a a e s I r t u g l b i o t n r a c h a U u
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n e y n m n o m m m n e m m m m l y
d r m d h
t m e n
n o m m m m m m α
e t
i e u i n
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i u u t u i
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a n
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t
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0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 4
Z 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 4

Infrared Spectroscopy
Correlation of infrared absorption wavenumbers with molecular structure
Intensity: w — weak absorption; m — medium absorption; s — strong absorption;
v — variable intensity of absorption; sh — sharp absorption; b — broad absorption.
Group Intensity Wavenumber range/cm-1

C―H stretching vibrations
Alkane m-s 2962-2853
Alkene m 3095-3010
Alkyne s 3300
Arene v 3030
Aldehyde w and w 2900-2820 and 2775-2700
C―H bending variations

Alkane v 1485-1365
Arene 5 adjacent hydrogen atoms v, s and v, s 750 and 700
4 adjacent hydrogen atoms v, s 750
3 adjacent hydrogen atoms v, m 780
N―H stretching vibrations

Amine m 3500-3300
Amide m 3500-3140
O―H stretching vibrations

Alcohols and phenols v, b 3750-3200
Carboxylic acids w 3300-2500
C―O stretching vibrations

Esters methanoates s 1200-1180
ethanoates s 1250-1230
propanoates s 1200-1150
benzoates s and s 1310-1250 and 1150-1100
Carbon-halogen stretching vibrations

C―F s 1400-1000
C―Cl s 800-600
C―Br s 600-500
C―I s about 500
C=C stretching vibrations

Isolated alkene v 1669-1645
Arene v, m, v, m 1600, 1580, 1500, 1450
C=O stretching vibrations

Aldehydes, saturated alkyl s 1740-1720
Ketones, aryl, alkyl s 1700-1680

Group Intensity Wavenumber range/cm-1

Carboxylic acids alkyl s 1725-1700
aryl s 1700-1680
Carboxylic acid anhydrides s and s 1850-1800 and 1790-1740
Acyl halides chlorides s 1795
bromides s 1810
Esters, saturated s 1750-1735
Amides s 1700-1630
Triple bond stretching vibrations

CÐN m 2260-2215
CÐC v 2260-2100
Infrared correlation table

Wavenumber range/cm-1 Group
3750-3200 Alcohols and phenols
3500-3300 Amine
3500-3140 Amide
3300 Alkyne
3095-3010 Alkene
3030 Arene
2962-2853 Alkane
2900-2820 Aldehyde
2775-2700 Aldehyde
3300-2500 Carboxylic acid
2260-2215 CÐN
2260-2100 CÐC
1850-1800 Carboxylic acid anhydride
1810 Acyl bromide
1790-1740 Carboxylic acid anhydride
1795 Acyl chloride
1750-1735 Ester
1740-1720 Aldehyde
1730-1717 Aryl ester
1725-1700 Carboxylic acid
1700-1680 Aryl and alkyl ketones, aryl carboxylic acid
1700-1630 Amides
1669-1645 Alkene
1600, 1580, 1500 and 1450 Arene
1485-1365 Alkane
1400-1000 Fluoroalkane
1310-1250 Benzoate
1250-1230 Ethanoate
1200-1180 Methanoate
1200-1150 Propanoate
1150-1100 Benzoate
880-700 Arene
800-600 Chloroalkane
600-500 Bromoalkane
About 500 Iodoalkane
6 Data booklet — Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) — Issue 3 — November 2008 —

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Atomic Radii and Pauling Electronegativities

This table is arranged according to the periodic table.
r v Van der Waals radius r m Metallic radius for coordination number 12
r cov Covalent radius
r i Ionic radius for coordination number 6, except where superscript number 4 3 etc
indicates different coordination number (figures in parentheses give charge
state)
N P Pauling electronegativity index
Group r v r m r cov r i N P

/nm /nm /nm /nm
1 Li 0.180 0.157 0.134 0.074(+1) 1.0
Na 0.230 0.191 0.154 0.102(+1) 0.9
K 0.280 0.235 0.196 0.138(+1) 0.8
Rb 0.250 0.149(+1) 0.8
Cs 0.272 0.170(+1) 0.7
NH4+ 0.150(+1)
2 Be 0.112 0.125 0.027(+2)4 1.5

Mg 0.170 0.160 0.145 0.072(+2) 1.2
Ca 0.197 0.100(+2) 1.0
Sr 0.215 0.113(+2) 1.0
Ba 0.224 0.136(+2) 0.9
3 B 0.098 0.090 0.012(+3)4 2.0

Al 0.143 0.130 0.053(+3) 1.5
Ga 0.190 0.153 0.120 0.062(+3) 1.6
d Sc 0.164 0.075(+3) 1.3

block Ti 0.147 0.061(+4) 0.067(+3) 0.086(+2) 1.5
V 0.135 0.054(+5) 0.059(+4) 0.064(+3) 1.6
0.079(+2)
Cr 0.129 0.030(+6)4 0.062(+3) 0.073(+2) 1.6
Mn 0.137 0.139 0.026(+7)4 0.058(+3) 0.067(+2) 1.5
Fe 0.126 0.125 0.055(+3) 0.061(+2) 1.8
Co 0.125 0.126 0.053(+3) 0.065(+2) 1.8
Ni 0.160 0.125 0.121 0.056(+3) 0.070(+2) 1.8
Cu 0.140 0.128 0.135 0.073(+2) 0.046(+1)2 1.9
Zn 0.140 0.137 0.120 0.075(+2) 1.6
Mo 0.140 0.060(+6) 0.065(+4) 0.067(+3) 1.8
Ag 0.160 0.144 0.152 0.065(+3)4 0.115(+1) 0.089(+2) 1.9
Cd 0.170 0.152 0.148 0.095(+2) 1.7
Au 0.175 0.144 0.070(+3)4 0.137(+1) 2.4
Hg 0.170 0.155 0.148 0.102(+2) 0.097(+1)3 1.9
4 C 0.170 0.092 0.077 2.5

Si 0.210 0.132 0.118 0.040(+4) 1.8
Ge 0.139 0.122 0.054(+4) 1.8
Sn 0.190 0.158 0.140 0.069(+4) 0.122(+2)8 1.8

Group r v r m r cov r i N P

/nm /nm /nm /nm
Pb 0.200 0.175 0.078(+4) 0.118(+2) 1.8
5 N 0.155 0.088 0.075 0.171(-3) 3.0

P 0.185 0.128 0.110 0.017(+5)4 0.190(-3) 2.1
As 0.139 0.122 0.050(+5) 0.220(-3) 2.0
5
Sb 0.161 0.143 0.061(+5) 0.080(+3) 1.9
Bi 0.200 0.182 0.102(+3) 1.9
6 O 0.150 0.089 0.073 0.140(-2) 3.5

S 0.180 0.127 0.102 0.102(+6)4 0.185(-2) 2.5
Se 0.190 0.140 0.117 0.029(+6)4 0.195(-2) 2.4
3
Te 0.210 0.143 0.135 0.052(+4) 0.220(-2) 2.1
7 H 0.120 0.078 0.037 0.208(-1) 2.1

F 0.155 0.071 0.133(-1) 4.0
4 3
Cl 0.180 0.099 0.180(-1) 0.020(+7) 0.012(+5) 3.0
Br 0.190 0.144 0.195(-1) 0.026(+7)4 2.8
I 0.195 0.133 0.215(-1) 0.095(+5) 2.5
0 (8) He 0.180
Ne 0.160
Ar 0.190
Kr 0.200
Xe 0.220
Electron Affinities
ΔU Electron affinity*, that is, molar internal energy change (at 0 K) for
process: Xn−(g) + e− → X(n+1)−(g) (n = zero or positive).
Element ΔU /kJ mol 1 Element ΔU /kJ mol 1

H −72.8 C −122.3
N 0 (±19) O −141.1
O +798 F −328.0
P −72 S −200.4
S +640 Cl −348.8
Br −324.6 I −295.4
* Some chemists define electron affinity for the reverse process.

Reference: Hotop.

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Bond Lengths and Bond Energies

L Bond length
E (X-Y) Bond energy
Bond in L E (X-Y) Bond in L E (X-Y)
-1
/nm /kJ mol /nm /kJ mol-1
1 Br―Br Br2 0.228 192.9 33 O―Si SiO2(s) 0.161 466
2 Br―H HBr 0.141 366.3 34 O=Si SiO2(g) 638
3 Cl―Cl Cl2 0.199 243.4 35 OÐSi SiO 805
4 Cl―H HCl 0.127 432.0 36 P―P P4 0.221 198
5 F―F F2 0.142 158 37 PÐP P2 0.189 485
6 F―H HF 0.092 568.0 38 C―C average 0.154 347

7 I ―I I2 0.267 151.2 39 C=C average 0.134 612
8 H―I HI 0.161 298.3 40 CÐC average 0.120 838
9 H―H H2 0.074 435.9 41 C―H average 0.108 413
10 H―Si SiH4 0.148 318 42 C―H CH4 0.109 435
11 H―Ge GeH4 0.153 285 43 C―F average 0.138 467

12 H―N NH3 0.101 391 44 C―F CH3F 0.139 452
13 H―P PH3 0.144 321 45 C―F CF4 0.132 485
14 H―As AsH3 0.152 297 46 C―Cl average 0.177 346
15 H―O H2O 0.096 464 47 C―Cl CCl4 0.177 327
16 H―S H2S 0.134 364 48 CÓCl C6H5Cl 0.170 ―

17 H―Se H2Se 0.146 313 49 C―Br average 0.194 290
18 Na―Na Na2 0.308 72 50 C―Br CBr4 0.194 285
19 K―K K2 0.392 49 51 C―I average 0.214 228
20 N―N N2H4 0.145 158 52 C―I CH3I 0.214 234
21 N=N C6H14N2 0.120 410 53 C―N average 0.147 286

22 NÐN N2 0.110 945.4 54 C=N average 0.130 615
23 N―O HNO2 0.120 214 55 CÐN average 0.116 887
24 N=O NOF, 0.114 587 56 CÓN phenylamine 0.135 ―
NOCl
25 NÐP PN 0.149 582 57 C―O average 0.143 358
26 O― O H2O2 0.148 144 58 C―O CH3OH 0.143 336

27 O― O O3 0.128 302 59 C=O CO2 0.116 805
28 O=O O2 0.121 498.3 60 C=O HCHO 0.121 695
29 S―S S8 0.205 266 61 C=O aldehydes 0.122 736
30 S=S S2 0.189 429.2 62 C=O ketones 0.122 749
31 O―Si SO3 0.143 469 63 CÐO CO 0.113 1077

32 Si―Si Si(s), 0.235 226 64 C―Si (CH3)4Si, 0.187 307
SiH4 SiC(s)
References: Sutton, Johnson, Cottrell.

Standard Electrode Potentials

E ʅ Standard electrode potential of aqueous system at 298 K, that is, standard emf
of electrochemical cell in which Pt [H2(g)] |2H+(aq) forms the left-hand side
electrode system

Right-hand electrode system E ʅ /V
1 Li+(aq)|Li(s) -3.03
2 Rb+(aq)|Rb(s) -2.93
3 K+(aq)|K(s) -2.92
4 Ca2+(aq)|Ca(s) -2.87
5 Na+(aq)|Na(s) -2.71
6 Mg2+(aq)|Mg(s) -2.37
7 Ce3+(aq)|Ce(s) -2.33
8 U3+(aq)|U(s) -1.80
9 Al3+(aq)|Al(s) -1.66
10 Mn2+(aq)|Mn(s) -1.19
11 V2+(aq)|V(s) -1.18
12 - - -
[SO⊁ (aq) + H2O(l)], [SO⊀ (aq) + 2OH (aq)]|Pt -0.93
13 Zn2+(aq)|Zn(s) -0.76
14 Cr3+(aq)|Cr(s) -0.74
15 [As(s) + 3H+(aq)], AsH3(g)|Pt -0.60
16 [2SOÕ−(aq) + 3H2O(l)], [S2OÕ−(aq) + 6OH−(aq)]|Pt -0.58

17 -
Fe(OH)3(s), [Fe(OH)2(s) + OH (aq)]|Pt -0.56
18 S(s), S2-(aq)|Pt -0.48
19 Fe2+(aq)|Fe(s) -0.44
20 Cr3+(aq), Cr2+(aq)|Pt -0.41
21 Cd2+(aq)|Cd(s) -0.40
22 [Se(s) + 2H+(aq)], H2Se(g)|Pt -0.40
23 PbSO4(s), [Pb(s) + SO⊁-(aq)]|Pt -0.36
24 Co2+(aq)|Co(s) -0.28
25 [H3PO4(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [H3PO3(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt -0.28
26 V3+(aq), V2+(aq)|Pt -0.26

27 Ni2+(aq)|Ni(s) -0.25
28 Sn2+(aq)|Sn(white, s) -0.14
29 Pb2+(aq)|Pb(s) -0.13
30 [CrO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l)], [Cr(OH)3(s) + 5OH-(aq)]|Pt -0.13

31 2H+(aq)|[H2(g)]Pt 0
32 ½S4OÙÈ(aq), S2OÕ−(aq)|Pt +0.09
33 [2H+(aq) + S(s)], H2S(aq)|Pt +0.14
4+ 2+
34 [Sn (aq)1.0M HCl], [Sn (aq)(1.0M HCl)]|Pt +0.15
2+ +
35 Cu (aq), Cu (aq)|Pt +0.15
36 [4H+(aq) + SO⊁-(aq)], [H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.17

37 - +0.22
AgCl(s), [Ag(s) + Cl (aq)]|Pt
38 [PbO2(s) + 2H2O(l)], [Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq)]|Pt +0.25
39 Hg2Cl2(s), [2Hg(s) + 2Cl -(aq)]|Pt +0.27
40 - +0.28
[PbO2(s) + H2O(l)], [PbO(s) + 2OH (aq)]|Pt
41 Cu2+(aq)|Cu(s) +0.34
2+ + 3+
42 [VO (aq) + 2H (aq)], [V (aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.34
43 - -
Fe(CN)⊎ (aq), Fe(CN)⊙ (aq)|Pt +0.36
44 [O2(g) + 2H2O(l)], 4OH-(aq)|Pt +0.40
45 + -
[2H2SO3(aq) + 2H (aq)], [S2O⊀ (aq) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt +0.40
46 [S2OÕ−(aq) + 6H+(aq)], [2S(s) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt +0.47

47 - - - +0.49
[IO (aq) + H2O(l)], [I (aq) + 2OH (aq)]|Pt
48 +
[4H2SO3(aq) + 4H (aq)], [S4OÙÈ(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt +0.51
49 Cu+(aq)|Cu(s) +0.52
50 - +0.54
I2(aq), 2I (aq)|Pt
51 [MnO⊁-(aq) + 2H2O(l)], [MnO2(s) + 4OH-(aq)]|Pt +0.59

52 [2H+(aq) + O2(g)], H2O2(aq)|Pt +0.68
+
53 [C6H4O2(aq) + 2H (aq)], C6H4(OH)2(aq)|Pt +0.70
3+ 2+
54 Fe (aq), Fe (aq)|Pt +0.77
55 ½Hg≿+(aq)|Hg(s) +0.79
56 Ag+(aq)|Ag(s) +0.80
57 [2NO„(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [N2O4(g) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +0.80
58 - - - +0.89
[ClO (aq) + H2O(l)], [Cl (aq) + 2OH (aq)]|Pt
59 2+ +
2Hg (aq), Hg≿ (aq)|Pt +0.92
60 [NO„(aq) + 3H+(aq)], [HNO2(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.94

61 [HNO2(aq) + H+(aq)], [NO(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.99
62 [HIO(aq) + H+(aq)], [I-(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.99
63 [VO›(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [VO2+(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +1.00
64 [N2O4(g) + 4H+(aq)], [2NO(g) + 2H 2O(l)]|Pt +1.03
65 - +1.07
Br2(l), 2Br (aq)|Pt
66 Br2(aq), 2Br-(aq)|Pt +1.09

67 [2IO„(aq) + 12H+(aq)], [I2(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt +1.19
68 [MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq)], [Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.23
69 - + 3+
[Cr2O⊄ (aq) + 14H (aq)], [2Cr (aq) + 7H2O(l)]|Pt +1.33
70 Cl2(aq), 2Cl-(aq)|Pt +1.36
71 [PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq)], [Pb2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.46

3+ 2+
72 Mn (aq), Mn (aq)|Pt +1.49
73 + 2+
[MnO‹(aq) + 8H (aq)], [Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.51
74 2BrO„(aq), [Br2(aq) + 6H2O(l)]|Pt +1.52
75 [2HBrO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Br2(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.57
76 [2HClO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.59

+
77 [2HBrO(aq) + 2H (aq)], [Br2(l) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.60
78 +
[H5IO6(aq) + H (aq)], [IO„(aq) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt +1.60
79 [2HClO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.63
+
80 [2HCl(aq) + 6H (aq)], [Cl2(g) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.64
81 Pb4+(aq), Pb2+(aq)|Pt +1.66 (in 1.1M HClO4)

82 [2ClO‚(aq) + 8H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.68
83 [Cl2O(g) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt +1.68
84 [PbO2(s) + SO⊁-(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.69
85 [MnO‹(aq) + 4H+(aq)], [MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.70
86 Ce4+(aq), Ce3+(aq)|Pt +1.70 (in M HClO4)

+
87 [H2O2(aq) + 2H (aq)], 2H2O(l)|Pt +1.77
3+ 2+
88 Co (aq), Co (aq)|Pt +1.81 (in M HNO3)
2+ +
89 Ag (aq), Ag (aq)|Pt +1.98
90 S2O⊅-(aq), 2SO⊁-(aq)|Pt +2.01
91 [O3(g) + 2H+(aq)], [O2(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt +2.08

+ −
92 [F2O(g) + 2H (aq)], [2F (aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +2.15
−
93 F2(g), 2F (aq)|Pt +2.87
References: Latimer, de Bethune, Parsons, US National Bureau of Standards.

Standard Reduction Potentials

Values at 298K (in alphabetical order).
o
Electrode reaction E /V
Ag+(aq) + e- ⇌ Ag(s) +0.80

Al3+(aq) + 3e- ⇌ Al(s) -1.66
-
2+
Ba (aq) + 2e ⇌ Ba(s) -2.90
½Br2(l) + e- ⇌ Br- (aq) +1.07
Ca2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Ca(s) -2.87
- - +1.36
½Cl2(g) + e ⇌ Cl (aq)
HClO(g) + H+(aq) + e- ⇌ ½ Cl2(g) + H2O(l) +1.59
Cr3+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cr2+(aq) -0.41
Cr2O⊄-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e- ⇌ 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) +1.33
Cu+(aq) + e- ⇌ Cu(s) +0.52
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Cu(s) +0.34
Cu2+(aq)+ e- ⇌ Cu+(aq) +0.15
½ F2(g) + e- ⇌ F- (aq) +2.87
Fe2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Fe(s) -0.44
3+ - 2+ +0.77
Fe (aq) + e ⇌ Fe (aq)
H+(aq) + e- ⇌ ½ H2(g) +0.00
½ I2(s) + e- ⇌ I- (aq) +0.54
Li+(aq) + e- ⇌ Li(s) -3.03
MnO‹(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- ⇌ Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.51
MnO‹(aq) + e- ⇌ MnO⊁-(aq) +0.56
MnO⊁-(aq) +2H2O(l) + 2e- ⇌ MnO2(s) + 4OH- (aq) +0.59
½H2O2(aq) + H+(aq) + e- ⇌ H2O(l) +1.77
½O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2O(l) +1.23
O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ H2O2(aq) +0.68
Pb4+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Pb2+(aq) +1.66
Sn4+(aq) + 2e-⇌ Sn2+(aq) +0.15
S + 2H+ + 2e- ⇌ H2S +0.14
Zn2+(aq) + 2e- ⇌ Zn(s) -0.76

Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases in Aqueous

Solution
Acid or ion Equilibrium K a (298K) pK a
(all in aqueous solution) /mol dm 3 (at 298 K)
Sulfuric H2SO4 ⇌ H+ + HSO‹ Very large
Nitric HNO3 ⇌ H+ + NO„ 40 -1.4
Chromic(VI) H2CrO4 ⇌ H + HCrO‹ + 10 -1.0
Trichlororethanoic CCl3CO2H ⇌ H+ + CCl 3CO‚ 2.3 x 10-1 0.7
Iodic(V) HIO3 ⇌ H+ + IO„ 1.7 x 10-1 0.8
Dichloroethanoic -2 1.3
CHCl2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CHCl2CO‚ 5.0 x 10
Sulfurous H2SO3 ⇌ H+ + HSO„ 1.5 x 10-2 1.8
Phosphonic H3PO3 ⇌ H+ + H2PO„ 1.6 x 10-2 1.8
Chloric(III) HClO2 ⇌ H+ + ClO‚ 1.0 x 10-2 2.0
Hydrogensulfate ion - -2 2.0
HSO‹ ⇌ H + SO⊁
+
1.0 x 10
Phosphoric(V) -3 2.1
H3PO4 ⇌ H+ + H2PO‹ 7.9 x 10
Chloroethanoic CH2ClCO2H ⇌ H+ + CH2ClCO‚ 1.3 x 10-3 2.9
Nitrous HNO2 ⇌ H+ + NO‚ 4.7 x 10-4 3.3
Methanoic HCO2H ⇌ H+ + HCO‚ 1.6 x 10-4 3.8
Benzoic -5 4.2
C6H5CO2H ⇌ H + C6H5CO‚
+
6.3 x 10
Phenylammonium ion -5 4.6
C6H5NHœ ⇌ H+ + C6H5NH2 2.0 x 10
Ethanoic CH3CO2H ⇌ H+ + CH3CO‚ 1.7 x 10-5 4.8
Butanoic CH3(CH2)2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CH3(CH2)2CO‚ 1.5 x 10-5 4.8
Propanoic CH3CH2CO2H ⇌ H+ + CH3CH2CO‚ 1.3 x 10-5 4.9
Dihydrogen phosphonate ion - -7 6.2
H2PO„ ⇌ H + HPOÕ +
6.3 x 10
Carbonic -7 6.4
H2O + CO2 ⇌ H+ + HCO„ 4.5 x 10
Hydrogen sulfide H2S ⇌ H+ + HS- 8.9 x 10-8 7.1
Hydrogensulfite ion HSO„ ⇌ H+ + SO⊀- 6.2 x 10-8 7.2
Dihydrogenphosphate(V) ion H2PO‹ ⇌ H+ + HPO⊁- 6.2 x 10-8 7.2
Chloric(I) - -8 7.4
HClO ⇌ H + ClO
+
3.7 x 10
-9
Bromic(I) HBrO ⇌ H+ + BrO- 2.1 x 10 8.7
Boric H3BO3 ⇌ H+ + H2BO„ 5.8 x 10-10 9.2
Ammonium ion NHŸ ⇌ H+ + NH3 5.6 x 10-10 9.3
Hydrocyanic HCN ⇌ H+ + CN- 4.9 x 10-10 9.3
Ethane-1,2-diammonium ion -10 9.9
CH2NH2CH2NHœ ⇌ H + CH2NH2CH2NH2 +
1.3 x 10
-10
Phenol C6H5OH ⇌ H+ + C6H5O- 1.3 x 10 9.9
Hydrogencarbonate ion HCO„ ⇌ H+ + CO⊀- 4.8 x 10-11 10.3
Butylammonium ion C4H9NHœ ⇌ H+ + C4H9NH2 10.8
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 ⇌ H+ + HO‚ 2.4 x 10-12 11.6
Hydrogenphosphate(V) ion - - -13 12.4
HPO⊁ ⇌ H + PO⊌ +
4.4 x 10
-13
Hydrogensulfide ion HS- ⇌ H+ + S2- 1.2 x 10 12.9
Water H2O ⇌ H+ + OH- 1.0 x 10-14 14.0

Indicators
pK in pH range
(at 298 K) acid alkaline
1 Methyl violet 0.8 yellow 0.0—1.6 blue
2 Malachite green 1.0 yellow 0.2—1.8 blue/green
3 Thymol blue (acid) 1.7 red 1.2—2.8 yellow
4 Methyl yellow (in ethanol) 3.5 red 2.9—4.0 yellow
5 Methyl orange—xylene 3.7 purple 3.2—4.2 green
cyanole solution
6 Methyl orange 3.7 red 3.2—4.4 yellow

7 Bromophenol blue 4.0 yellow 2.8—4.6 blue
8 Congo red 4.0 violet 3.0—5.0 red
9 Bromocresol green 4.7 yellow 3.8—5.4 blue
10 Methyl red 5.1 red 4.2—6.3 yellow
11 Azolitmin (litmus) red 5.0—8.0 blue

12 Bromocresol purple 6.3 yellow 5.2—6.8 purple
13 Bromothymol blue 7.0 yellow 6.0—7.6 blue
14 Phenol red 7.9 yellow 6.8—8.4 red
15 Thymol blue (base) 8.9 yellow 8.0—9.6 blue
16 Phenolphthalein (in ethanol) 9.3 colourless 8.2—10.0 red

17 Thymolphthalein 9.7 colourless 8.3—10.6 blue
18 Alizarin yellow R 12.5 yellow 10.1—13.0 orange/red
Note: Most indicators are 0.1% solutions in H 2O unless stated otherwise.

Warning: Certain indicators are poisonous and should be handled carefully, particularly when
concentrated.

p D
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Selected Inorganic Compounds: Physical and

Thermochemical Data
St State: s solid, l liquid, g gas M Molar mass
ρ Density at 298 K or density of liquid at just below T b for gases, unless otherwise indicated
T m Melting temperature
T b Boiling temperature (both at 1 atm unless otherwise stated)
∆H Standard molar enthalpy change of formation at 298 K
S Standard molar entropy at 298 K (the values of standard entropy of diatomic gaseous
elements is for ½ mol of the element)
sub Sublime dec Decomposes
dhd Dehydrated
Compound St M ρ T m T b ∆H S

−1 −3
/g mol /g cm /K /K /kJ mol /J mol−1 K −1
−1
Aluminium
AlCl3 s 133.3 2.44 463 2.5 atm
451 sub
−704.2 110.7
AlBr3 s 266.7 — 371 536 −527.2 163.2
Al2O3 s 102.0 3.97 2345 3253 −1675.7 50.9
Al(OH)3 s 78.0 2.42 573 dhd
— −1287.4 85.4
Al(NO3)3.6H2O s 321.1 — — — −2850.5 467.8
Al2(SO4)3 s 342.1 2.71 1043 dec
— −3440.8 239.3
Barium
BaCl2 s 208.2 3.91 1236 1833 −858.6 123.7
BaO s 153.3 5.72 2191 2273 −553.5 70.4
BaO2 s 169.3 4.96 723 1073 dec
−634.3 65.7
Ba(OH)2 s 171.3 4.50 681 dec −944.7 99.7
BaCO3 s 197.3 4.43 1123 dec
— −1216.3 112.1
Ba(NO3)2 s 261.3 3.24 865 dec −992.1 213.8
BaSO4 s 233.4 4.50 1853 — −1473.2 132.2
Bismuth
BiCl3 s 315.3 4.75 505 720 −379.1 177.0
BiOCl s 260.4 7.72 — — −366.9 120.5
Boron
B2H6 g 27.7 0.45 108 181 35.6 232.0
BF3 g 67.8 2.99 129 173 −1137.0 254.0
BCl3 g 117.2 166 286 −403.7 290.0
B2O3 s 69.6 2.46 723 2133 −1272.8 54.0
BN s 24.8 2.25 3300 sub
— −254.4 14.8
Caesium
CsF s 151.9 4.11 955 1524 −553.5 92.8
CsCl s 168.4 3.99 918 1563 −443.0 101.2
CsBr s 212.8 4.44 909 1573 −405.8 113.1
CsI s 259.8 4.51 899 1553 −346.6 123.1
Calcium
CaH2 s 42.1 1.90 1089 in H
2 873 dec
−186.2 42.0
CaF2 s 78.1 3.18 1696 2773 −1219.6 68.9
CaCl2 s 111.0 2.15 1055 1873 −795.8 104.6
CaCl2.6H2O s 219.1 1.71 303 — −2607.9 284.9
CaBr2 s 199.9 3.35 1003 1083 −682.8 130.0
CaO s 56.1 3.35 2887 3123 −635.1 39.7
Ca(OH)2 s 74.1 2.24 853 dhd
dec −986.1 83.4
CaC2 s 64.1 2.22 720 2573 −59.8 69.9


−1 −3
−1
CaCO3 (calcite) s 100.1 2.71 1612 1025atm 1172 dec −1206.9 92.9

Ca(NO3)2 s 164.1 2.50 834 — −938.4 193.3
CaSO4 s 136.1 2.96 1723 — −1434.1 106.7
CaSO4.½H2O s 145.1 — 436 dhd — −1576.7 130.5
CaSO4.2H2O s 172.2 2.32 401 dhd 1.5 436 dhd −2022.6 194.1
Ca3(PO4)2 s 310.2 3.14 1943 — −4120.8 236.0
Carbon
HCN l 27.0 0.70 259 299 108.9 112.8
C2N2 g 52.0 — 245 252 307.9 242.1
CS2 l 76.1 1.26 162 319 89.7 151.3
Chlorine
Cl2O g 86.9 3.89273K 253 277 exp
80.3 266.1
ClO2 g 67.4 3.01214K 214 283 exp
102.5 256.7
Chromium
CrCl3 s 158.3 2.76 1423 1573 sub
−556.5 115.3
CrO2Cl2 l 154.9 1.91 177 390 −579.5 221.8
Cr2O3 s 152.0 5.21 2538 4273 −1139.7 81.2
Cr2(SO4)3.18H2O s 716.4 1.70 373 dhd 12
— −8339.5 —
Cobalt
CoCl2 s 129.8 3.36 997 in HCl
1322 −312.5 109.2
CoCl2.6H2O s 237.9 1.92 359 383 dhd
−2115.4 343.0
CoO s 74.9 6.45 2078 — −237.9 53.0
Co(OH)2 s 92.9 3.60 dec — −539.7 79.0
CoSO4 s 155.0 3.71 1008 dec
— −888.3 118.0
CoSO4.7H2O s 281.1 1.95 370 693 dhd
−2979.9 406.1
Copper
CuCl s 99.0 4.14 703 1763 −137.2 86.2
CuCl2 s 134.4 3.39 893 1266 dec
−220.1 108.1
CuI s 190.4 5.62 878 1563 −67.7 96.7
Cu2O s 143.1 6.0 1508 2073 dec
−168.6 93.1
CuO s 79.5 6.40 1599 — −157.3 42.6
Cu(OH)2 s 97.6 3.37 dec — −449.8 75.0
Cu(NO3)2.6H2O s 295.6 2.07 299.4 dhd 3
— −2110.8 —
Cu2S s 159.1 5.6 1373 — −79.0 120.9
CuS s 95.6 4.6 376 493 dec
−53.1 66.5
CuSO4 s 159.6 3.60 473 923 dec
−771.4 109.0
CuSO4.5H2O s 249.7 2.28 383 dhd 4
423 dhd
−2279.6 300.4
Fluorine
F2O g 54.0 1.9040 k 49 128 −21.7 247.3
Hydrogen
HF g 20.0 0.99 190 293 −271.1 173.7
HCl g 36.5 1.64159K 158 188 −92.3 186.8
HBr g 80.9 2.77206K 185 206 −36.4 198.6
HI g 127.9 2.85268K 222 238 26.5 206.5
HIO3 s 175.9 4.63 383 dec
— −230.1 118.0
H2O l 18.0 1.00 273 373 −285.8 69.9
H2O g 18.0 — 273 373 −241.8 188.7
H2O2 l 34.0 1.44 273 323 −187.8 109.6
HNO3 l 63.0 1.50 231 356 −174.1 266.3
H2S g 34.1 1.54188K 188 212 −20.6 205.7
H2SO4 l 98.1 1.84 283 611 −814.0 156.9


−1 −3
−1
H3PO4 s 98.0 1.83 316 486 dhd½ −1279.0 110.5

H3BO3 s 61.8 1.44 442 573 dhd1½ −1094.3 88.8
Iodine
ICl s 162.3 3.18 300 371 −35.1 —
ICl3 s 233.3 3.12 374 16 atm
350 dec
−89.5 167.4
I2O5 s 333.8 4.80 573 dec
— −158.1 —
Iron
FeCl2 s 126.7 3.16 945 sub −341.8 117.9
FeCl3 s 162.2 2.90 579 588 dec −399.5 142.3
FeCl3.6H2O s 270.3 — 310 553-558 −2223.8 —
FeO s 71.8 5.7 1642 — −271.9 58.5
Fe2O3 s 159.7 5.24 1838 — −824.2 87.4
Fe3O4 s 231.5 5.18 1867 — −1118.4 146.4
Fe(OH)2 s 89.9 3.4 dec — −569.0 88.0
Fe(OH)3 s 106.8 — — — −823.0 106.7
FeCO 3 s 115.8 3.8 dec — −740.6 92.9
FeS s 87.9 4.74 1468 dec −100.0 60.3
FeSO4.7H2O s 278.0 1.90 337 363 dhd 6 −3014.6 409.2
Fe2(SO4)3 s 399.9 3.10 753 dec
— −2581.5 261.7
Lead
PbCl2 s 278.1 5.85 774 1223 −359.4 136.0
PbCl4 l 349.0 3.18 258 378 −329.2 —
PbI2 s 461.0 6.16 675 1127 −175.5 174.8
PbO s 223.2 9.53 1159 1745 −217.3 68.7
Pb3O4 s 685.6 9.1 773 dec
— −718.4 211.3
PbO2 s 239.2 9.37 563 dec
— −277.4 68.6
PbCO3 s 267.2 6.6 588 dec
— −700.0 131.0
Pb(NO3)2 s 331.2 4.53 743 dec
— −451.9 213.0
PbS s 239.2 7.5 1387 1553 −100.4 91.2
PbSO4 s 303.2 6.2 1443 — −919.9 148.6
PbCrO4 s 323.2 6.12 1117 dec −899.6 152.7
Pb(CH3CO2)2.3H2O s 379.3 2.55 348 dhd 1
473 dec
−1851.5 —
dec
Pb(C2H5)4 l 323.4 1.66 137 473 52.7 472.5
Lithium
LiH s 7.9 0.82 953 — −90.5 20.0
LiF s 25.9 2.64 1118 1949 −616.0 35.6
LiCl s 42.4 2.07 878 1613 −408.6 59.3
LiBr s 86.8 3.46 823 1538 −351.2 74.3
LiI s 133.8 4.08 722 1444 −270.4 86.8
Li2O s 29.9 2.01 >1973 — −597.9 37.6
LiOH s 23.9 1.46 723 1197 dec
−484.9 42.8
Li2CO3 s 73.9 2.11 996 1583 dec
−1215.9 90.4
LiNO3 s 68.9 2.38 537 873 dec
−483.1 90.0
Li2SO4 s 109.9 2.22 — 1118 −1436.5 115.1
LiAlH4 s 37.9 0.92 398 dec
— −116.3 78.7
Magnesium
MgCl2 s 95.2 2.32 987 1685 −641.3 89.6
MgCl2.6H2O s 203.3 1.57 390 dec
— −2499.0 366.1
MgO s 40.3 3.58 3125 3873 −601.7 26.9
−CO
MgCO3 s 84.3 2.96 623 dec
1173 2 −1095.8 65.7
Mg3N2 s 100.9 2.71 1073 dec
973 dec
−460.7 90.0


−1 −3
−1
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O s 256.4 1.64 362 603 dec −2613.3 452.0

MgSO4 s 120.4 2.66 1397 dec — −1284.9 91.6
MgSO4.7H2O s 246.5 1.68 423 dhd 6 473 dhd −3388.7 372.0
Mg2Si s 76.7 1.94 1375 — −77.8 75.0
Manganese
MnO2 s 86.9 5.03 808 dec
— −520.0 53.1
MnSO4 s 151.0 3.25 973 1123 dec
−1065.2 112.1
Mercury
Hg2Cl2 s 472.1 7.15 673 sub
— −265.2 192.5
HgCl2 s 271.5 5.44 549 575 −224.3 146.0
HgS red s 232.6 8.10 857 sub
— −58.2 82.4
Nickel
NiCl2 s 129.6 3.55 1274 1246 sub
−305.3 97.7
NiSO4 s 154.8 3.68 1121 dec
— −872.9 92.0
NiSO4.7H2O s 280.9 1.95 372 376 dhd 6
−2976.3 378.9
Ni(CO)4 l 170.7 1.32 248 316 −633.0 313.4
Nitrogen
N2H4 l 32.0 1.01 275 387 50.6 121.2
N2O g 44.0 1.98182 K 182 185 82.0 219.7
NO g 30.0 1.27123 K 110 121 90.2 210.7
N2O3 g 76.0 1.45171 K 171 277 dec
83.7 312.2
NO2 g 46.0 1.49262 K 262 294 33.2 240.0
N2O4 g 92.0 1.45262 K 262 294 9.2 304.2
N2O5 s 108.0 1.64 303 320 dec
−41.3 178.2
Ammonia
NH3 g 17.0 0.77195K 195 240 −46.1 192.3
NH4Cl s 53.5 1.53 613 sub
793 >1 atm
−314.4 94.6
NH4Br s 97.9 2.43 725 sub
508 vac
−270.8 113.0
NH4I s 144.9 2.51 824 sub
493 vac
−201.4 117.0
NH4NO3 s 80.0 1.72 443 483 −365.6 151.1
(NH4)2SO4 s 132.1 1.77 508 dec
786 >1 atm
−1180.9 220.1
Oxygen
O3 g 48.0 2.1481K 81 161 142.7 238.8
Phosphorus
PH3 g 34.0 — 140 185 5.4 210.1
PCl3 l 137.3 1.57 161 349 −319.7 217.1
PCl5 s 208.2 2.12 435 sub
440 dec
−443.5 166.5
POCl3 l 153.3 1.67 275 378 −597.1 222.5
P4O6 s 219.9 2.13 297 448 −1640.1 —
P4O10 s 283.9 2.39 853 >1 atm
573 sub
−2984.0 228.9
Potassium
KF s 58.1 2.48 1131 1778 −567.3 66.6
KCl s 74.6 1.98 1043 1773 sub
−436.7 82.6
KClO3 s 122.5 2.32 629 673 dec
−397.7 143.1
KClO4 s 138.5 2.52 883 673 dec
−432.8 151.0
KBr s 119.0 2.75 1007 1708 −393.8 95.9
KI s 166.0 3.13 954 1603 −327.9 106.3
KIO3 s 214.0 3.93 833 373 dec
−501.4 151.5
KIO4 s 230.0 3.62 855 573 dec
−467.2 176.0
K2O s 94.2 2.32 623 sub
— −361.4 —
KO2 s 71.1 2.14 653 dec −284.9 116.7


−1 −3
−1
KOH s 56.1 2.04 633 1593 −424.8 78.9

K2CO3 s 138.2 2.43 1164 dec −1151.0 155.5
KHCO3 s 100.1 2.17 373 dec — −963.2 115.5
KNO2 s 85.1 1.92 713 dec −369.8 152.1
KNO3 s 101.1 2.11 607 673 dec −494.6 133.1
KCN s 65.1 1.52 908 — −113.0 128.5
KCNS s 97.2 1.89 446 773 dec −200.2 124.3
K2SO4 s 174.3 2.66 1342 1962 −1437.8 175.6
KMnO4 s 158.0 2.70 <513 dec — −837.2 171.7
K2CrO4 s 194.2 2.73 1241 — −1403.7 200.1
K2Cr2O7 s 294.2 2.68 671 773 dec −2061.4 291.2
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O s 474.4 1.76 366 473 dhd −6061.8 687.4
K3Fe(CN)6 s 329.3 1.85 dec — −249.8 426.1
K4Fe(CN)6 s 368.3 — dec — −594.1 418.8
Rubidium
RbCl s 120.9 2.80 991 1663 −435.3 95.9
Silicon
SiH4 g 32.1 0.68188 K 88 161 34.3 204.5
SiCl4 l 169.9 1.48 203 331 −687.0 239.7
SiO2 (quartz) s 60.1 2.65 1883 2503 −910.9 41.8
Sodium
NaH s 24.0 0.92 1073 dec
— −56.3 40.0
NaF s 42.0 2.56 1266 1968 −573.6 51.5
NaCl s 58.4 2.17 1074 1686 −411.2 72.1
NaClO3 s 106.4 2.49 521-534 dec −365.8 123.4
NaClO4 s 122.4 — 755 dec
dec −383.3 142.3
NaBr s 102.9 3.20 1020 1663 −361.1 86.8
NaI s 149.9 3.67 934 1577 −287.8 98.5
Na2O s 62.0 2.27 1548 sub
— −414.2 75.1
Na2O2 s 78.0 2.81 733 dec
930 dec
−510.9 95.0
NaOH s 40.0 2.13 592 1663 −425.6 64.5
Na2CO3 s 106.0 2.53 1124 dec −1130.7 135.0
Na2CO3.10H2O s 286.1 1.44 306-8 306 dhd
−4081.3 564.0
NaHCO3 s 84.0 2.16 543 dec
— −950.8 101.7
NaNO2 s 69.0 2.17 544 593 dec
−358.7 103.8
NaNO3 s 85.0 2.26 580 653 dec
−467.9 116.5
Na2S s 78.0 1.86 1453 — −364.8 83.7
Na2SO4 s 142.0 — 1157 — −1387.1 149.6
Na2SO4.10H2O s 322.2 1.46 306 373 dhd
−4327.3 592.0
NaHSO4 s 120.1 2.43 588 dec −1125.5 113.0
Na2S2O3 s 158.1 1.67 — — −1123.0 155.0
Na2S2O3.5H2O s 248.2 1.73 313-318 373 dhd
−2607.9 372.4
Na3PO4 s 164.1 — — — −1917.4 173.8
Na2SiO3 s 122.1 2.4 1361 — −1554.9 113.8
(water glass)


−1 −3
/g mol /g cm /K /K /kJ mol−1 /J mol−1 K −1
Sulphur
SF4 g 108.1 — 149 233 −774.9 291.9
SF6 g 146.1 1.88223 K 223 m
209 sub
−12.9.0 291.7
SCl2 g 103.0 1.62 195 332 dec
−19.7 282.2
SOCl2 l 119.0 1.66 168 352 −245.6 307.9
SO2Cl2 l 135.0 1.67 219 342 −394.1 216.7
SO2 g 64.1 1.43200 K 200 263 −296.8 248.1
SO3 l 80.1 1.97 290 318 −441.0 95.6
Tin
SnCl2 s 189.6 3.95 519 925 −325.1 —
SnCl4 l 260.5 2.23 240 387 −511.3 258.6
SnO2 (cassiterite) s 150.7 6.95 1903 2123 sub
−580.7 52.3
Titanium
TiO2 s 79.9 3.84 2103 — −939.7 49.9
Xenon
XeF2 s 169.3 4.3 413 — −133.9 133.9
XeF4 s 207.2 4.1 387 — −261.5 146.4
XeF6 s 245.3 — 319 — −380.7 —
XeO3 s 179.3 4.6 dec — 401.7 —
Uranium
UF6 g 352.0 4.68 338 329 −2112.9 379.7
UO2(NO3)2 s 394.0 — — — −1377.4 276.1
Vanadium
VCl2 s 121.8 3.23 — — −452.0 97.1
VCl3 s 157.3 3.00 dec — −580.7 131.0
VCl4 l 192.8 1.82 245 422 −569.4 255.2
VO2 s 82.9 4.34 2240 — — —
V2O5 s 181.9 3.36 963 2023 dec
−1550.6 131.0
Zinc
ZnCl2 s 136.3 2.91 556 1005 −415.1 111.5
ZnO s 319.2 4.74 719 897 −348.3 43.6
ZnCO3 s 125.4 4.40 573 dec
— −812.8 82.4
Zn(NO3)2 s 189.4 — — — −483.7 —
ZnS (blende) s 97.4 4.10 1293 — −206.0 65.3
ZnSO4 s 161.4 3.54 873 dec
— −982.8 119.7
1936sb301008S:\LT\PD\Support\GCE Chemistry Data booklet Issue 3.doc.1-35/0

The Periodic Table of the Elements

November 2008
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Chemistry: Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01) Edexcel Advanced GCE in Chemistry (9CH01)

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Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry (8CH01)

Data from Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman 1984

References to third-party material made in this specification are made in good

Authorised by Roger Beard

All the material in this publication is copyright

s K t u n n h

7 2 0 7 1 5 6 9 2 0 1 0 8 1 6 1 8 9 3 1 9 6 8 0 2 4 0 3

t ) ) y e n )

Group Intensity Wavenumber range/cm-1

C―H bending variations

N―H stretching vibrations

O―H stretching vibrations

C―O stretching vibrations

Carbon-halogen stretching vibrations

C=C stretching vibrations

C=O stretching vibrations

Group Intensity Wavenumber range/cm-1

Triple bond stretching vibrations

Infrared correlation table

Atomic Radii and Pauling Electronegativities

Group r v r m r cov r i N P

2 Be 0.112 0.125 0.027(+2)4 1.5

3 B 0.098 0.090 0.012(+3)4 2.0

d Sc 0.164 0.075(+3) 1.3

4 C 0.170 0.092 0.077 2.5

Group r v r m r cov r i N P

5 N 0.155 0.088 0.075 0.171(-3) 3.0

6 O 0.150 0.089 0.073 0.140(-2) 3.5

7 H 0.120 0.078 0.037 0.208(-1) 2.1

Element ΔU /kJ mol 1 Element ΔU /kJ mol 1

* Some chemists define electron affinity for the reverse process.

c d o ( ( (

e Y n s

Bond Lengths and Bond Energies

6 F―H HF 0.092 568.0 38 C―C average 0.154 347

11 H―Ge GeH4 0.153 285 43 C―F average 0.138 467

16 H―S H2S 0.134 364 48 CÓCl C6H5Cl 0.170 ―

21 N=N C6H14N2 0.120 410 53 C―N average 0.147 286

26 O― O H2O2 0.148 144 58 C―O CH3OH 0.143 336

31 O―Si SO3 0.143 469 63 CÐO CO 0.113 1077

Standard Electrode Potentials

16 [2SOÕ−(aq) + 3H2O(l)], [S2OÕ−(aq) + 6OH−(aq)]|Pt -0.58

26 V3+(aq), V2+(aq)|Pt -0.26

36 [4H+(aq) + SO⊁-(aq)], [H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)]|Pt +0.17

46 [S2OÕ−(aq) + 6H+(aq)], [2S(s) + 3H2O(l)]|Pt +0.47

51 [MnO⊁-(aq) + 2H2O(l)], [MnO2(s) + 4OH-(aq)]|Pt +0.59

66 Br2(aq), 2Br-(aq)|Pt +1.09

71 [PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq)], [Pb2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)]|Pt +1.46

76 [2HClO(aq) + 2H+(aq)], [Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)]|Pt +1.59

81 Pb4+(aq), Pb2+(aq)|Pt +1.66 (in 1.1M HClO4)

86 Ce4+(aq), Ce3+(aq)|Pt +1.70 (in M HClO4)

91 [O3(g) + 2H+(aq)], [O2(g) + H2O(l)]|Pt +2.08

Standard Reduction Potentials

Ag+(aq) + e- ⇌ Ag(s) +0.80

Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases in Aqueous

6 Methyl orange 3.7 red 3.2—4.4 yellow

11 Azolitmin (litmus) red 5.0—8.0 blue

16 Phenolphthalein (in ethanol) 9.3 colourless 8.2—10.0 red

Note: Most indicators are 0.1% solutions in H 2O unless stated otherwise.

8 o K 7 3

l t t d —

h e b H

p D 0 — 5 0