Module 4
approach, like Bonifacio and Aguinaldo
Key Themes of Historiography
-Superiority of their race to indios
-Evangelization
-Colonialization process
-Imposition of culture to early Filipino cultures
Historiography of the Propaganda movement
(Propaganda- Filipino intellectuals who studied in
Europe and got in touch with the perspective of
Enlightenment; Enlightenment=free reasoning, they
can’t accept church’s reason, they need reasons)
-Masonry – venues for free individuals; one of the
byproducts of free movement of the Propaganda
movement
Main newspaper- La Solidaridad
Pillars of the Propaganda Movement and Tripartite
View of History: Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Marcelo H.
del Pilar and Jose Rizal (refer to PPT)
Positivism
-scientific/methodic approach, must have support
from documents and evidences
-scientific method
-Gregorio Zaide- known to Catholic church, PH
History is a work of God, Positivist with the theme of
medieval
Radical and Revolutionary Philippine
Historiography
has Marxist Orientation= has thesis, anti-thesis,
dialectic, has conflict theory
-Marxists (Proponents of R and R Historiography):
Amado Guerrero, Jose Mari Sison, Renato
Constantino, Cesar Majul, Teodoro Agoncillo
Revolt of the Masses by Agoncillio= story of the
Katipunan from the perspective of Conflict Theory
Post-Structuralist Reading
Difference of this from Annales School
Annales School= makes history base not on leader
but on the ordinary events in life like drink, dance,
music
Post-Structuralist is related to the Annales School but
with the element of power relations
- Post Structuralism:
Mainstream Approach/ like metanarrative
Under current: we view the ordinary
katipunero
When Post-Structuralist is used, we look at
the dynamics of power: How will the ordinary people
have power they use anting-anting (ex. Gun bullets
without gun powder) for protection from kulam or
bad things; having anting-anting is to get power to
fight in the midst of oppression
Discourse: engagement, power to communicate, to
advocate, to speak up
post-structuralism: ordinary people are given the
importance to go against the system, or stand against
the system
Pasyon and Revolution
People Below Got the Power
Indegenous Theroy :Pantayong Pananaw
Proponent: Zeus Salazar
We make story/ history na may saysay for us
-culture based
Discovered by salazar=Pagdalumat= framework
Kasaysayang Bayan
-emphasizes local history
-pagbuo ng bayan; “kwento ng bayan mo”
-paghubog ng bayan
-hindi nakabatay sa labas kung hindi sa loob ng
bayan
-kwentong bayan; bawat bayan has its own unique
stories
-“chismosa” , one of the best sources for this are the
tricycle drivers
Module 5
“ringing of the bell” – rhythm of the life of the
church
Philippines- only Christian country in Asia
Spanish Colonialization
-started with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565
-ended Dec 10 1898 by virtue of Treaty of Paris
wherein US bought Philippines for $20M with Puerto
Rico and Cuba
Philippines under Spain
Guided by 3 important Gs:
God – evangelization of Christianity
Gold – economic well-being, wealth, looking for
material to advance Spain (spices, materials)
Glory – bringing the glory of the name of the King of
Spain (Philippines, Villalobos names the country las
Islas Filipinas after Prince Felipe II of Spain who
later became a king)
Artifacts:
1. Churches (World Heritage Churches in the
Philippines)
- important artifact that brings us to Spanish presence
in the Philippines
4 World Heritage Churches (UNESCO Heritage)
-Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte – Baroque church
-San Agustin Church in Intramuros – burial of Juan
Luna and Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (sarcophagus;
artifact); decalred due to its interior design
-Sta Maria Church in Ilocos Sur – Baroque
Architecture
-Miag-Ao Church in Ilo-Ilo
Spanish Presence in the Philippines, there was a
marriage of Church and State in terms of governance
Executive is ruled by the governor-general
-Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, the only governor-general
who has the title “Adelentado” – “the discoverer”
Legislative branch – no law-making body, becuae all
of it are in spain, the Highest law-making body in
Spain is called Spanish Cortes that produce the
collection of laws, formulated and crafted, “rico
palacion de las Indias”
Judiciary branch – highest cour,t the supreme court
called Royal Audiencia, wherein the governor-
general is on top of the position
Factors that contributed to the success of the Spanish
colonialization/ evangelization
1. Invention of maritime tool and instruments
2. Crusade
3. Earlier exploration and trading in Asia such as the
Marco Polo
4. Search for spices
5. Spanish and Portuguease reconquista
(“reconquer”)
-check the powerpoint for the artifacts-
artifacts that contributed to the advancement of the
navigation, and they were driven by the battle of the
Islam and of Christianity (Crusade)
Because of the Holy War, the Silk Road in Central
Asia started by Marco Polo, the trade between the
East and West, suddenly cut by the Jihad, (term used
by Islam to the battle; Crusade for the Christianity)
-“tan” means land like in Kazakstan, caused problem
because they were looking for spices, they invented
the travel by the sea
Reconquista (reconquer)– Spain lost to Islam and
they were under the Islamic Rule, Spain was able
able to gain the Spain back to Catholicism, they won
in spain, they spearheading to reconquer the land
taken by the Islam through Reconquista program
Advancement of Maritime Discovery/ Navigation
-there was a rivalry between the Spain and Portugal,
both of the superpowers are under Christianity and
Catholicism
-to solve the problem, Pope Alexander the Vi
mediated in the form of a treaty of tordesillas and
divided the world like an orange: the East part
belongs to Portugal; the West belongs Spain
-later on it became controversial because Portugal
discovered that the Philippines should be under them
Magellan Expedition:
-arrived in 1521 and was killed by men of Lapu-Lapu
and only 18 men survived according to Pigafetta
-artifact in Cebu: Magellan’s Cross= strong symbol
of the Spanish presence in the Philippines (almost
303 years of colonialization and evangelization;
started in year 1565, the yarrival of Miguel Lopez the
legazpi until Dec 10, 1898 when America bought
Philippines)
- Cebu is preparing the Sinulog Festival – icon of the
Sto. Nino, given to Rajah Humabon who was
baptized
Treaty of Zaragosa
-continue to discuss how King Charles V ceded his
rights to Maluku to John III of Portugal for 350K
ducats not knowing that they actually belong to
Portugal
-Spanish goal in the west was limited to the
Philippines for the glory of the name of the King of
Spain, because King asked Legazpi to conquer
Philippines because the lands bear his name
Reasons of Voyage Failures before Miguel Lopez
the Legazpi
-they cannot solve damaging typhoons,
-food shortage along the way
- sporadic attack of the natives
-persistent threats of the Portuguese
1. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542-1546)
- Partly failed
- He arrived in the Islands and names the
islands (Samar and Leyte) Las Islas
Filipinas/ Phelipinas in honor of Prince
Philipp II in 1542
- They did not stay long due to food
shortage, but he was able to name the
islands
- Other names given to the Philippines:
o Ma-i: used by the Chinese
traders
o Islas del Poniente: named by
the Spaniards who came before
Villalobos because they were
sailing westward
o Islas de San Lazaro: name
used by Magellan because it
was the feast day of the saint
when they have arrived
- In 1565, King Philipp II asked
Ordaneta, a priest, good at compass-
reading, analysis of typhoon and a great
sailor, because of his analysis, they
were able to arrive the Philippines
Other Artifacts/ Landmarks that would tell us
about the Spanish presence in the Philippines
1. Entrada – use of canyons and military
expeditions
**Intramuros= “inside the walls”; has the
offices of the military officers, governor-
general, church, school,
**extramuros= “outside the walls”; tha
parian(in binondo, the area of divisoria) and
has a long history of chinese traders called
“Sangleys”
2. Use of Blood Compact
3. Divide and Conquer
4. Role of Christianity in the Pacification
Reduccion and Plaza complex
-reduccion: a mechanism of control used by the
Spaniards to get the power to control the people, how
they live and where they live
-Visita and Residencia
- residencia; house of natives/indios that are
near from the church. When you hear the bell
(kampana) from the church coming from your house,
you’re still part of residencia; You’re a Visita when
you cannot anymore hear the bell because the
missionaries will visit you since you live in a barrio
-2 kinds of Visita: Ilawud and Ilaya
- Ilawud: a visita near the sea/dagat
-ilaya: a visita near the mountain/bundok
Usually in Residencia, you can have the Poblacion, a
part of the colonial architecture- the plaza complex,
where the gathering of the native sand identified them
as part of the Spanish crown which we call
Reduccion
*Plaza Complex included the church, school,
municipal hall, market, hospital, and the plaza where
the entertainment were done during fiestas
Pueblo – town; you would see the Plaza complex
Bahay na Bato- normally owned by rich natives; who
became Don and Dona during the Spanish
Colonialization
Encomienda
-a right given to loyal Spanish officials and soldiers
to enjoy collecting tributes from the natives, and in
return, gave then the proper formation, protection and
evangelization processes; that they can control and
develop a territory
- In exchange and develop of that
territory, people living in the territory,
will be giving tribute to the
contestadores
Repartimiento
- Distribution of encomiendas to the
deserving Spanish officials and soldiers
- **Spiritual Geography: there are 5
religious congregations who came in the
 Philippines for its evangelization who
made a certain territory of their own ex.
Most churches in Laguna are owned by Regalian Doctrine: theory that all lands in the PH
the Franciscans belong to the King; all rights belong to the king

Cabecera: set of government/town The land can be shared to his conquerors for their
Cabilido: municipal or city council hardwork. There are two kinds of Encomienda:
Adelantado: a title given to a discoverer with 1. Encomienda de la Real Corona –
appellation to a governor of a province encomienda for the king
alcalde: administrator of justice and a mayor of a city 2. Encomienda de Particulares – has different
alguacil mayor: high constable and peace officer types
a. Friar Land – owned by the church,
it can be owned by the
Economic Life conquistadores, or by the private
individuals
1. Polo y Servicio (Forced Labor) b. Lands that are not Pacified or not
Polistas (drafted laborers) to Filipino or conquered – controlled by the
chineses mestizo from 16-60 yrs old military
OBLIGATED to give personal service to c. Hacienda – vast of lands. Different
community projects, church construction from Encomienda
etc. for 40 days until 1884 when labor was i. Encomienda’s Intention:
reduced to 15 days; TO AVOID, pay the development of the natives
falla for 1 and a half reales everyday ii. Hacienda; huge tracks of
Manila-Acapulo Galleon Trade (Manila Galleon land for monocropping,
Trade) agricultural or commercial
- one of the important trade exchange between lands; the crops/products
Manila and Mexico are for export in the
Galleon Trade called Cash
-significant value: exchange of culture and products Crops because they will
-Philippines didn’t have coffee, cacao, corn, mango produce cash (reported in
etc the book of Plasencia)
-Bringing the goods from the East particularly those iii. Farmers reduced to mere
items from china to America and then to Europe workers of a given small
-Weakness: only few benefitted land
-Church joined through the Obras Pias - Idea of Cash Crop
> Came from Physiocrats; they
2. Economic History
believe that a land that produces
- TAXES: important because it’s the agricultural products that would be the
LIFEBLOOD of the economy, the government would key for the economic success
be able to advance infrastructure and other systems, >One of the negative effects of the
by the use of taxes. galleon trade= the proliferation of the
Hacienda;
2 USES OF TAXES:
Direct: use of cash; personal and Different social classes in the society of the
income tax; Falwa(??)/Vinta: special direct tax that’s Philippines under the Spanish Rule
intended for the defense of the Moros, (the islam)—a
1. Peninsular- Spanish born and stayed in
special tax collected in Zamboanga because the city
the Philippines
is a forefront of battle between Islam and Christianity
2. Insular: Looked down by the Peninsular
because they think they’re superior;
Indirect: use of in-kind; Bandala/
Spaniard born in the Philippines
Compras Reales (kumpul-kumpol), bundles;
3. Mestizo: “half-half”
 4. Principalia: natives who were educated,
rich
5. Indio
6. Sangley – Chinese people
- Peninsulars and the Insulars are
normally the owners of the Hacienda or
Encomienda; they don’t normally work,
the one who is working is the imported
guy called “Inquilino”,
o Inquilino- trade manager, they
manage the land, they’re
powerful; In encomienda, the
Inquilino gets workers; In
Hacienda, the equivalent of the
worker is called “Aksa”, when
the Aksa are still not enough
for the labor force, the excess
people you get are the seasonal
paid workers called “sakada”
o Sakadas are very poor; they’re
only hired during harvesting or
planting season; vulnerable in
the recruitment of CPA-NPA
Increase of Population:
In 1845- 3.4 Million
At present: 110 Million
Resistance:
- Diego and Gabriela Silang
- Apolinario dela Cruz and Cofradia de San Jose
- Basi Revolt (*Basi is a wine made of rice/
sugarcane) Ilocanos revolted because they were
prohibited to drink Basi
Module 6
Reform Movement:
Spanish Political Set up and Context of
Exploitation
First Level:Spanish Governor-General
- one who will represent the king, “little
king”, highest official in the
Philippines;
- highest executive officer
- referred to as the “Captain General”
because he’s the commander-in-chief of
the Spanish armed forces;
- he’s the presiding officer of the Royal
Audiencia (Supreme Court);
- he’s also the chief executive to
promulgate ordinances in the colony
and to lay aside the implementation of
royal decrees he felt not necessary
(obedezco pero no complo)
- by virtue of the PATRONATO REAL –
he’s in control of the appointment of the
bishops and the priests of the
Philippines
- he’s supposed to be evaluated by the
VISITADOR GENERAL, who came
from the Viceroy of Nueva Espana
(Mexico)
Second Level/ Provincial level: Alcalde Mayor
- the Provincial official who heads the
Pacified Territories are called
ALCADIAS/ALALDE MAYORES
- the Provincial Official who heads the
Unpacified Territories AKA
Corregimientos is called
CORREGIDORES
- the power is in the economic level, it’s
engagement and approval of the
businesses in commerce which is to be
called as INDULTO DE COMERCIO
- no natives can occupy this position
Third Level – Gobernadorcillo and Cura Parroco
- the highest official in
pueblo/town/bayan is the
GOBERNADORCILLO
- the powerful in the pueblo is the CURA
PARROCO
- friars are in control in the life in the
pueblo
Consequence:
- Marcelo H. Del Pilar:
“FRAILOCRACIA” in pueblo (absolute
authority of the friars on political and
religious powers); manipulation of the
tributes and exploitation
- Even the native PRINCIPALIA from
where the gobernadorcillo and cabeza
 were chosen was not spared from the
racial indignities inflicted to the natives
as a race
- Native participation in the colonial
scheme was confined to the powerless
tasks
- One of the important reminders that we
were under Spain is our Family Name.
In 1848, it’s the official time that the
governor-general Narciso Claveria,
made an official declaration that all
Filipinos should have Spanish Family
Names. The Spain gave a list of names.
Propaganda Movement
A number of Illustrado became Principalia was
enlightened because their training in Europe are more
on free reason, anumber of them are members of
masonry
- Death of GomBurZa (Gomez, Burgos
and Zamora)
o Propelled and heightened the
propaganda movement
o They’re part of the movement
who wanted to become Cura
Parocco or Parish Priests, but
were not granted because
Spain knew how powerful the
Position is
o Cavite Mutiny – a kind of
rebellion in Cavite in 1872;
pointed as the catastigators; the
one who ignited the mutiny
and was sentenced to death
o The death provoked the
members of the propaganda
movement
Aims of the Propaganda Movement as articulated in
La Solidaridad
1. Assimilation
2. Secularization of the parishes
3. Active participation in the affairs of the
government
4. Freedom of speech, press and assembly
5. Wider social and political freedom
6. Equality before the law
7. Representation in the Spanish Cortes
(highest lawmaking body of Spain)
**This means that they wanted the
Philippines to be recognized as a province of
Spain in order to be treated as a citizen and
have a representation in the Spanish Cortes
Most of its members are members of the Masonry
Great Reformists:
1. Graciano Lopez-Jaena
- Wrote Fray Botod
- Founded the Propaganda
newspaper, La Solidaridad in 1889
and its first editor-in-chief
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- 2nd edito of the La Solidaridad
- 1882: founded the Diariong
Tagalog, Parody of a Prayer Book-
Dasalan and Toksohan
3. Jose Rizal (June 19, 1861 – Dec. 30, 1896)
- REFORMIST
- A La Juventud Filipina
- EL Consejo de los Dioses
- Noli Me Tangere
- El Filibusterism
Pen Names:
Rizal: Dimas Alang and Laong Laan
Mariano Ponce: Tikbalang, Naning and Kalipulako
Antonio Luna: Taga-Ilog
Marcelo H. Del Pilar: Plaridel
Jose Ma. Panganiban: Jomapa
-Not all Spaniards are against the propaganda, a
number of them are supporters of the movement
Hispano-Filipino Association
- Filipinos and Spaniard favoring the
reforms in the colony
- 1889
- Urged the compulsory teaching of
Spanish
- PROMINENT MEMBER:
MIGUEL MORAYTA – professor
of history at the Universidad
Central de Madrid
Role of Masonry
- Reformers joined to get the needed
support of their advocacy
 (Bonifacio, Rizal, mabini; members 3. Bayani – red mask and sash green; PW:
of the Masonry) Rizal

La Liga Filipina Andres Bonifacio

- Founded in 1892 - November 30, 1863-May 10, 1897

- Persisted the reforms in the
Philippines
- When Rizal was deported in
Dapitan in Jul 6, 1892, it gradually
died a natural death
Failure of the Reform Movement
1. La Solidaridad was not heard by Spain
because of its may internal problems and the
influence of the powerful newspapers of the
friars, La Politica de Espana en Filipinas
2. Lack of funds
3. Propagandists were divided by petty quarrels
Bonifacio and the Katipunan
- Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
- Father of the PH Revolution
- He’s not “mangmang”; he was a
prolific writer
Emilio Jacinto
- Brain of the Katipunan
- His Kartilla(Constitution) was
adopted as the official teachings of
the Katipunan
-read module 9 about the revolution, katipunan and
Aguinaldo-

- Founded on July 7, 1892 at

Azcarraga now Recto
- KKK or Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-
galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan or Katipunan
- CONVENORS: Andres bonifacio,
Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata,
Iadislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano

Objectives of the Katipunan:

1. Political: Separation of the PH from Spain

2. Moral: teaching of good manners, and
attacking religious fanaticism and weakness
of character
3. Civic: Self-help and defense of the poor and
oppressed

Structure of the Katipunan:

1. Kataas-taasang Sanggunian- Supreme

Council
2. Sangguniang bayan – Provincial Council
3. Sangguniang Balangay – Popular Council
4. For Judicial: Sangguniang Hukuman

Kinds of Membership

1. Katipon – blackhood and password was

Anaka ng bayan
2. Kawal – green hood; PW: Gomburza