Chapter 1 Complex Variable 1.1 Introduction A complex number 2 is an ordered pair (x,y) of real numbers and is written as z= a+ iy where i= YT. The real numbers «x and y are called the real and imaginary parts of z, In the complex plane, the complex number 2 is represented by the point P(r, y) Let (r,6) be the polar co-ordinates of the point P, then r = \/z* +9 is called the modulus of z and is denoted by |z]. Also tan ica) = 0 is called the argument of z and is denoted by arg(z) or amplitude of 2, ie; amp(2). Every non zero complex number z can be expressed as z (cos + isin6) = re® If 2 = © + iy, then the complex number « ~ iy is called the conjugate of the complex number and is denoted by 7. 1.1.1 Circles, Disks and Half planes Unit cicle Circe in the Annulusin the complex plane complex plane © A unit © General circle of centre at @ and radius p is |2 ° * An open circular disk is |z — al is called Upper half plane y < Dis called Lower half plane = 2 > 0 is called Right half plane = 2 <0 is called Left half plane 1.2. Function of a Complex Variable If x and y are real variables, then z = « + éy is called a complex variable. Let SCC. A complex function defined on $ is a rule that assigns to every z € S, a complex number w. ive; w = f(z) = fe + iy) = ula, y) + iv(e,y) eg. w= 2? Let z= 2+ iy,w=u+iv = f(z), thon u+iv = (x + iy)? = 2° y? + 2izy. Separating the real and imaginary parts, u = 2? — y?,v = 2ry. Thus u,v - the real and imaginary parts of w are functions of the real variables x and y. Thus w= f(z) =ut iv = u(e,y) + iv(e,y) [NOTE: Notation for real and imaginary parts of f(z) = whiv areu = Re(f) and v = Im(f)] Problems: 1. Let w= f(z) = 2? +32. Find wand v and calculate the value of f at 2= 1+ 3. Ans: Let w = u+iv,z 2 -+iy. Substitute in the given equation, at iv = (w+ iy}? + 3(e + iy) 2p 4 30 4 Dey + iy Separating the real and imaginary parts, we get — y? +8n,v = 2ry +3y Also (1+ 3’) = (1 +31)? + 31+ 3’) =146i-94+3491=-5 + 151which shows that u(1,3) = ~5,v(1,8) = 16. pti 2. Let w = f(z) Ans: Let w 2i(a + iy) + 6x ~ iy) = 2x — 2y + Gx — Giy so that u = Gr ~ 2y,v = 2x ~ 6y and (bos) a (bos) (2-9 =i 843-24 5 - 231. 112 +67. Find u,v and the value of f at 2 utiv,2 = 2+ iy. Therefore the given equation becomes u + iv = HOMEWORK: Find the values of Re(f) and Im(f) at the indicated points 1. f= 2t42242at 1a Ans: Re({) = 4, Im(J) = 3 1 Bln = 55 1.2.1 Single Valued and Multi Valued functions Hf to each value of z, there corresponds one and only one value of w, then w is called a single valued function of 2. For example (2) = = If to each value of z, there corresponds more than one value of w, then w is called a multi valued function of 2. For example, w = y= example w taki is a single valued function. a multivalued function of z. In this ‘two values for each value of z except at 2 = 0. 1.2.2 Limit and Continuity of f(z) A function f(2) is said to have the limit U as z approaches zo, written as lim f(z) = if for every positive real ¢, we can find a positive real 6 such that for all z fa 2 in the disk |e = zo] <8, we have |f(2) - I< ¢ Here can approach zo from any direction in the complex plane, Also, if a limit exists it is unique A finetion f(2) is said to be continuous at 2 = 2o if f(2a) is defined and tim f(2) = f(z). A function f(2) is said to be continuous in a region R of the 2- plane if is continuous at every point of the region.1.2.3. Derivative of f(z) The derivative of a complex function w = f(z) at a point 2 is defined as = tm £0%A2)= Sea) FG) = Jim, Az provided this limit exists. ‘Then f(z) is differentiable at 29 L(2)= $0) 0 (e+azyt-2 IfAz=2~ 2, then f'(z9) = lim *. Then f"(z) = Jim, ime + Az) = 22 NOTE: Let ¢ = 2+ iy, Then 2) Az = 71 Av + ify | Ay). Therefore Q(z 4 Az) = Q(x + Ax,y + Ay). Let P(2) is fixed and Q(z + Az) is a neighboring point. The point Q may approach P along any straight line or curved path in the region, That is Az > 0 in any manner, i.¢; either along a straight line or a curved path. 1.2.4 Analyticity of f(z) A function f(z) is said to be analytic in a domain D if f(z) is defined and differentiable at all points of D. J(2) is said to be analytic at z = zy if f(z) is analytic in a neighborhood of zo. Another name for analytic function is holomorphic function. A point at which the function ceases to be analytic is called a singular point. NOT! paths in which z + 0. PROBLEMS: i: lim, .o f(z) exists only whe J (2) approaches the same value for all the different ty)? Li f(e)= ow show that lim, 40 f(z) does not exists. Ans: In order to show that lim,» f(z) exists, it is necessary to show that f(z) ap- proaches the same value along all paths leading to the origin. Now (e+y? lim, +0 f( Let 2 + 0 along the line y = mx. Then lima f(2) Bitty GEE = timo Hence the limiting value depends on m which is not fixed. ‘That is f(z) approaches different values along different radial lines and hence no limit exists 2 2. Show that f(2) — Ew) ere Ans: Let 2 > 0 along the line y = ma. Then is discontinuous at the origin, given that f(0) = Jim, sp f(2) = lime 40