مراقبة البيئة والتلوث

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢١
‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

? ?? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (Historical overview)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(The industrial ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٧٩٠J ١٧٥٠F٣٠٠revolution)
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Smog)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠٠٥٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٨٨٠١٨٧٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٥٠١٩٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
١٩٥٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٤٠٠٠،‫א‬
‫א‬١٩٥٦(The 1956 Clean Air Act)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١٩٥٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
  ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،(Pollution control)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W(The environment)‫א‬١-١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫?א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K…?‫א‬??‫א‬‫?א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEEnvironment)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
‫א‬(Ecology)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(Environment)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٦٦(Ernst Hegel)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Environment)‫א‬K(Self Purification)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Biosphere)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Physical Environment)‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 W‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬،F‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫ א‬J 

KKK…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫ א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 KE،F‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE،‫א‬F‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
KEK…
 KE……‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬،،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
 E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Atmosphere)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١J ١F(Lithosphere)‫א‬‫א‬(Hydrosphere)‫א‬


‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻐﺎزي‬
Atmosphere
‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻤﺎﺋـﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‬ ‫ﻏﻼف اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬
Hydrosphere Biosphere Pedosphere
‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬
Lithosphere

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F




-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WEThe ecosystemF‫א‬‫א‬٢-١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Habitat)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
EBiotic factorsF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEAbiotic factorsF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 W(Producers) J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Auto trophic organisms)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Consumers) J ٢
(Hetero trophic organisims)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W(Decomposers)E‫א‬F J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
EAutolysis)F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Ecosystem homeostasis)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Biosphere)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ١F‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﺸﻤ‬ 
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫آﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻴﺔ‬ 



‫آﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻴﺔ‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W(Concept of pollution)‫א‬٤-١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Pollution)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(pollutants)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Classification of pollutants)‫א‬٥-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Classification by nature)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K E
K E

K E

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W(Classification by properties)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 W(Classification by sectors of environment)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬ J ٤
 W(Classification by source)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K E
K E

K‫א‬ E

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 KK…‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W J ٣
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W(Classification by pattern of use)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 W(Classification by effects)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 W J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W J ٣
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W J ٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 












- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(Habitat)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EAbiotic factorsFEBiotic factorsF‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،The Biological Environment‫א‬‫א‬Biosphere
KHydrosphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Atmosphere‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٢٦
‫א‬١٢J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬٥٠J ٣٠،‫א‬
‫א‬٤٠٠J ٣٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
K١٠٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
٪٩٩{٩‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠J ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬٪٠٩٩٧K٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Troposphere E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٦F‫א‬‫א‬،١٢‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E ٪٢٠F‫א‬E ٪٧٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬١J ٢‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩،
٦٠J ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬،L٦{٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Stratosphere ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
٥٠١٤‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬O3‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Photochemical Reactions 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
O2 + hv → O + O
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
O2 + O → O3
Biosphere ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬O2O
 K‫א‬٣٠‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Mesosphere ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬K‫א‬٨٠٥٠‫א‬
KE،F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Thermosphere ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
،٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٣٠٠J ١٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Ionization
 KIonosphere ‫א‬‫א‬

Exosphere‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 The atmosphere and pollution ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١-٢‫א‬F

‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F
٧٨٠٨٤٠ ٧٨{٠٨ N2 ‫א‬
٢٠٩٤٧٦ ٢٠{٩٤ O2 ‫א‬
٩٣٤٠ ٠{٩٣ Ar ‫א‬
٣١٤ ٠{٠٣ CO2 ‫א‬
١٨ ٠{٠٠١٨ Ne ‫א‬
٥{٢ ٠{٠٠٠٥ He ‫א‬
٠{٠١ ٠{٠٠٠٠٢J ٠ O3 ‫א‬
٠{٥ ٠{٠٠٠٠٥ H2 ‫א‬
١{٠  Kr ‫א‬
٠{٠٨٧  Xe ‫א‬
٢{٠  CH4 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١-٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Troposphere ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •
K •
K •
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WLocal  •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 WRegional  •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WUniversal  •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Troposphere E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
Stratosphere ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
Mesosphere ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
Thermosphere ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 Exosphere‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WLocal ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 WRegional ‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WUniversal ‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١{٥،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣١٠J ١٢٨٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٤٠٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٦٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WW
،‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١-٣F‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬EF J ٤
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
٪ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

٧٠{٧٥ H2O  ‫א‬
١٤{٠٧ CO2 ‫א‬
٠{٣٣ H 
٥{٤٥ N 
٠{١٨ Ar 
٦{٤٠ SO2 ‫א‬
٠{١٠ SO3 ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ Cl 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١-٣F


- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WW
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢-٣‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥













- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

   
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٨{١ ١٦{٦ ٠{٨ ١{٢ ٦٣{٨
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١٠{٠ ٠{٧ ٢٤{٤ ٨{٩ ١{٩
‫א‬

٠{٢ ٤{٦ ٧{٣ ٧{٥ ٩{٧

‫א‬
٠{٦ ١{٦ ٠{١ ١{١ ٧{٨
‫א‬

١{٧ ٨{٥ ٠{٦ ٩{٦ ١٦{٩

٢٠{٦ ٣٢{٠ ٣٣{٢ ٢٨{٣ ١٠٠{١ ‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-٣F

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Air pollutants ‫א‬‫א‬٢-٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 Carbon Oxides ‫א‬ J ١
 WCO ‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬

 2 CO + O2‫א‬ 2 CO2 

 W •
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬L١٨‫א‬
K٪٢‫א‬‫א‬L١١٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠ -
 K‫א‬
 K٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٧٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬ -
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬٦٠٠‫א‬،٪٢٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 CO2‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٣٢٠J ٣٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣٤٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٨٨
٠{٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W •
‫א‬‫א‬٪٢١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O 
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O 
2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O 

2C6H18 + 25O2 18CO2 + 18H2O


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Polyethylene ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤٥٠J ٣٠٠‫א‬Polystyrene 
 W‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٣٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٠{٧‫א‬K‫א‬٨٠{٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Green house ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kphenomenon
‫א‬E٠{٧٥J ٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٣٠‫א‬٥٥١J ٣٨١‫א‬
‫א‬K٣{٩J ١{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Nitrogen Oxides ‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KNO2‫א‬،NO‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

N 2 + O2 2NO
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
N2 + O2 2NO2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(HNO3)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(HNO2)
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
hv
2N2O N2 + 2NO
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
2NO + O2 2NO2
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Sulphur Oxides ‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬SO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSO3
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H2SO4‫א‬MistSO3‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٠{٢J ٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬
٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٣‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،٪٥J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٪٠{٥J ٠{٤
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٩٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٥٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Hydrogen Sulphide ‫א‬ J ٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٠٠٨J ٠{٠٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H2S + 2O2 H2SO 
٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬
‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠
 Hydrogen Fluoride ‫א‬ J ٥
K،‫א‬HF‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٠٠١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٤٠٠٠
 Ozone‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬O3‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Stratosphere ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٢Troposphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KTroposphere‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٠{٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
NO NO + O.
O. + O2 O3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٥K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬١٠J ٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Ozonlayer depletion ‫א‬ •
Stratosphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬Ozonlayer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
3O2 + hv 2O3

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NO2 + hv 
NO + [O]

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NO + O3 NO2 + O2 
NO2 + [O] NO + O2

،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻲ آﻠﻮرو ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﻮروﻣﻴﺜﺎن‬ CF2Cl2 + hv CF2Cl* + Cl*

(‫)ﺛﺎﻟﺚ آﻠﻮروﻓﻠﻮؤوﻣﻴﺜﺎن‬ CFCl3 + hv CFCl2* + Cl*
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬[Cl*]‫א‬‫א‬
Cl* + O3 O2 + OCl*
OCl* + [O] Cl* + O2
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (HC) Hydrocarbons‫ א‬J ٧

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬،١٢‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(C2OH12)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Particulates air pollutants ‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥٠٠٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Settling Particulates‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Dustfall‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٢L٣٣،L٢L٢٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠J ٢٧٠‫א‬‫א‬L٢L٥٠،١٩٨١‫א‬،‫א‬
٩‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢L
 KL٢L
 Total Suspended Particulates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
١٠٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،TSP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
٢٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٦٧‫א‬‫א‬K٣L‫א‬٧٥٢٤٣L‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬
 K٣L‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬
 Fine Suspended Particulates ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
،‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Dust‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Soot‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ash‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬Smoke‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fume‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬ Mist‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬Aerosols‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Lead‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Mercury‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Methyl Mercury‫א‬
،‫א‬   ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Cadmium‫א‬J ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣L‫א‬٠{٢٣L‫א‬
 Arsenic‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Adsorption‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣٠J ١٠٠F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬٧٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KAsbestoses‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Asbestosis‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Secondary pollutants‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
Primary ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬pollutants
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫• א‬
Smog‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KFogSmoke
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Los Angelos Smog
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KLondon Smog
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K١٩٥٦١٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Photochemical Smog‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WAcid Rain‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥{٦pHE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K٥{٦
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣٤‫א‬‫א‬١٩٨٣،١٩٧٠
‫א‬٪٥٩٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٨٥٪٥٣‫א‬‫א‬
٪١٤‫א‬،٪٣٨٪٥٩‫א‬٪٥٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥١٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬















- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬EF J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CO ‫א‬FCarbon Oxides ‫א‬ J ١
 KECO‫א‬
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Nitrogen Oxides ‫א‬ J ٢

Sulphur Oxides ‫א‬ J ٣
Hydrogen Sulphide ‫א‬ J ٤
Hydrogen Fluoride ‫א‬ J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢٢‫א‬Stratosphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬Ozonlayer‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3O2 + hv 2O3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NO2 + hv

NO + [O] 
 

- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NO2 + [O] NO + O2
NO + O3 NO2 + O2
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻲ آﻠﻮرو ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﻮروﻣﻴﺜﺎن‬ CF2Cl2 + hv CF2Cl* + Cl*
(‫)ﺛﺎﻟﺚ آﻠﻮروﻓﻠﻮؤوﻣﻴﺜﺎن‬ CFCl3 + hv CFCl2* + Cl*
Cl* + O3 O2 + OCl*
OCl* + [O]
Cl* + O2
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬[Cl*]‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Settling Particulates‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 Total Suspended Particulates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
Fine Suspended Particulates ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،،،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬ J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K…‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W -
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W -
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩٨٦‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٦{٥J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬١٩٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤


- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
E…‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫ א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،،‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Electrostatic precipitator‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩{٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 Baghouse FilterE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬         
 K…‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬     K   ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Wet Scrubbers‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪ ٩٥J ٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE‫א‬‫א‬

 Mechanical Collector (Cyclones)‫א‬‫• א‬
    ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
E…‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KElectrostatic precipitator‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 KBaghouse FilterE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KWet Scrubbers‫א‬ J ٣
Mechanical Collector (Cyclones)‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤


- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W١-٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٣٧٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٪ ٧١
  ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، E١J ٦ F 
٢٩E٪٢{١٤FW‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٪٩٧{٢F
 ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬         
F‫א‬‫א‬ ٩E٪ ٠{٦٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠١٢×٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E٪٧٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪F E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٧{٢٥ ١٣٧٠
‫א‬
٢{٠٥ ٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٦٨ ٩{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠١ ٠{١٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٠٥ ٠{٠٦٥ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ٠{٠١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٠٠١ ٠{٠٠١٧ ‫א‬
١٠٠ ١٤٠٨{٧ ‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢-٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬٣-٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬١٨‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Waste Water Treatment‫א‬٤-٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W
 Preliminary treatmentW
 W‫א‬
 Screens‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Grit chambers‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Primary treatment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٪٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 Biological treatment‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Trickling filters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EActivated sludge‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Trickling filters‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Secondary settling tanks‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬FActivated sludge‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Final sedimentation‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
٢٠J ١٠ ٢٠J ٢ ١٠J ٥ 

٧٥J ٢٥ ٧٠J ٤٠ ٤٠J ٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬

٩٥J ٩٠ ٩٠J ٨٠ ٩٥J ٨٥ 

٩٠J ٨٥ ٨٥J ٧٠ ٨٥J ٧٠ 
٩٨J ٩٠ ٩٥J ٨٥ ٩٥J ٨٥ 
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬٠{٣٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩{٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
ELF 
٢٤J ٦ ‫א‬
١٢J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
٩J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
ELF
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٠{٥ ‫א‬
٠{٠١ ‫א‬
٢٨٠ ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ ‫א‬
٠{٤ ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ ‫א‬
٢{٠ ‫א‬
٥{٠ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٠{٠٧ ‫א‬
٠{٢ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ‫א‬
٠{٠١ ‫א‬
٠{٠٢ ‫א‬
١٠{٠ ‫א‬
٨{٤J ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٢ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٤{٠ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Coliform ‫א‬
L٥٠{٠
(Fecal)
Coliform ‫א‬
١٠٠L٢{٢
(Total)

- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬F‫؛‬Preliminary treatment‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KE‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬Primary treatment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫؛‬Biological treatment‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
KE

- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W١J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬             ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K…‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬        
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
            ‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W Surface soil ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE١J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(% V/V) (% W/W) ‫א‬
٩٣{٧٧ ٤٦{٦٠ ‫א‬
٠{٨٦ ٢٧{٧٢ ‫א‬
٠{٤٧ ٨{١٣ ‫א‬
٠{٤٣ ٥{٠٠ ‫א‬
١{٠٣ ٢{٦٣ ‫א‬
١{٣٢ ٢{٨٣ ‫א‬
١{٨٣ ٢{٥٩ ‫א‬
٠{٢٩ ٢{٠٩ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬W Subsoil layer‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W Solid layer‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTranspiration‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬٪٣٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬٣J ٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٧
 Weathering‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬         
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٣‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Desertification‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   K ‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٧
 Fertilizers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬  F
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،10 ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pesticides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬          
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F    ‫א‬    E   
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ K ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬…‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
            ‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W Surface soil ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W Subsoil layer‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W Solid layer‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 WW
 KWeathering‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 KDesertification‫ א‬J ٢
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 KFertilizers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 KPesticides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W١J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Unwanted Sound‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،Frequency‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cycle
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠٠٠٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Infrasonic‫א‬L٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦٠٠٠٢٠٠
 KUltrasonic‫א‬L٢٠٠٠٠‫א‬

 W‫א‬٢J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬Decibel‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣٠‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠J ٣٠
 KE١J ٨F‫א‬?‫?א‬

 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F
- ٨٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣٥ 
 ٤٥ 
 ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠ 
  ٨٠ ١٨
  ٨٥ 
‫א‬ ٩٠ ٨‫א‬
‫א‬ ٩٥ J 

F ‫א‬
١٠٠
E ٣٠٠
F
١١٠ ‫א‬
E
F
١٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
E
EF ١٣٠ ‫א‬
EF ١٥٠ 
EF ١٨٠ 
- ٨٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٧٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K

 W‫א‬٣J ٨
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WEF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،،‫א‬
٪٨٠J ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٩٥J ٩٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬K٧٥

- ٨٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F

EF‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠٠J ٩٥ 
٩٥J ٨٠ ‫א‬
٩٠ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
١٦٣–١٤٣ E‫א‬F‫א‬
٩٢–٧٠ ‫א‬
٨٤–٦٢ EF
٩٢–٨٥ E‫א‬F‫א‬
٩٠–٨٥ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠–٨٥ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
٨٥–٧٠ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٨
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬،٥٠‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬٩٠،،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٢٠F

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  J 

K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Decibel‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣٠‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠J ٣٠
K?‫?א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،
٪٨٠J ٦٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
- ٩٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W١J ٩
،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬٢J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 f = c/λE = h × f

 K‫א‬WEW
  (6.62 × 10-34 J.s) Wh
 K‫א‬Wf 
 (2.99 × 108 m/s)‫א‬Wc
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wλ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٩F‫א‬




- ٩٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٩F
(E)‫א‬ (f)‫א‬ (λ)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
>3 cm ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
3 - 0.04 cm
E‫א‬F
–0.780 µm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 400
780–380 nm ‫א‬‫א‬
380–10 nm ‫א‬‫א‬
10–0.01 nm ‫א‬‫א‬
< 0.01 nm 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EF‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K(92U233 , 92U235 , 92U238)،

- ٩٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Half-life
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،?
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(90T234 = 24d) (83Bi214 = 19.4min)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٩
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،،EF

 WAlpha١J ٦J ٩
K،E٢H٢F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WBeta٢J ٦J ٩
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WGamma٣J ٦J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WNeutrons‫א‬٤J ٦J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WNatural Sources‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٩
 WCosmic Ray‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥٥٦٨‫א‬‫א‬F١٤J ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
n + 7N14 6C
14
+p
- ٩٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬
WTerresterial Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

،٢٣٤J ‫א‬،٢٣٨J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، E ٨٧J ‫א‬ ، ٤٠J ‫א‬ ، ٢٢٣J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ٢٣٥J ‫א‬‫א‬، ٢٣٨J ‫א‬‫א‬،
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     K ٢٣٢J  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠٨J ‫א‬٢٠٧‫א‬٢٠٦J ‫א‬
٤٠J ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬  
‫א‬K ٤٠J ‫א‬ ٨٧J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
J ‫א‬١٤J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢٢J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F٣J ‫א‬٤٠
٢٣٨J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٠J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬٢٣٢J ‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(K-40 , (Premordial)‫א‬(B-7 , C-14)(Cosmogenic)‫א‬‫א‬
 KRb-87 , Po-114)
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ٩
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٦٠   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬        
٢٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٢
K‫א‬
- ١٠١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?? ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬١٣١‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٥٧L١٠L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ١٩٧٩L٣L٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ١٥‫א‬ ٨٠ ‫א‬
 K٨٣٠،
‫א‬، ١٩٨٦L٤L٢٦‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٣٧‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١،١٣١‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ١٥
- ١٠٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ •
(H2O)+ OH + H2
 W‫א‬‫• א‬
H2 O + e (H2O)-
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
(H2O)- (OH)- + H
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
OH + OH H2 O2

 W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(92U233 , ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K92U235 , 92U238)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Half-life
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،?
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(90T234 = 24d) (83Bi214 = 19.4min)
- ١٠٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،،EF
 WAlpha
K،E٢H٢F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WBeta
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WGamma
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WNeutrons‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KCosmic Ray‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 KTerresterial Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
- ١٠٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W١J ١٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Recycling‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨

 WSources of Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

- ١١٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WDomestic Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١٠

 K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬    
  ،    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١J ١٠ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٨٣ ١٩٧٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬L‫א‬L‫א‬F E‫א‬F
٤{٣ ٨٣٣٠٠٠ ١٣٠٠٣٩١٤١٧ ١٩٧٩
٥{٤ ٩١٤٠٠٠ ١٧٩٦٥٣٠٩٥٦ ١٩٨٠
١٠{٠ ١٠٠٣٠٠٠ ٢٦٥٦٠٠٠٠٠٠ ١٩٨١
١١{٠ ١٢٥٠٠٠٠ ٥٠٣٢٠٠٠٠٠٠ ١٩٨٢
١٢{٧ ١٤٠٠٠٠٠ ٦٤٠٨٠٠٠٠٠٠ ١٩٨٣
- ١١١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WIndustrial Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١٠

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
      K ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬


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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WAgricultural Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WMining Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WSludgeE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WBuilding and Demolition Wastes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ١٠

،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

 WSolid Waste Treatment‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WSanitary landfill‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬E،F‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
- ١١٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 WIncineration‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KTemperature‫א‬‫א‬ J 
KTime‫ א‬J 

KTurbulence‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WSea and Ocean Dumping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١١٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WRecycling‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ١٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 


- ١١٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KDomestic Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KIndustrial Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KAgricultural Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
KMining Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
KSludgeE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KBuilding and Demolition Wastes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KSanitary landfill‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KIncineration‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KSea and Ocean Dumping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
KRecycling‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
- ١١٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬E،F‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤


- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١١
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
…‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Short term survey W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Long term (Continuous) survey ??‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 (High technology samplersF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WF
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEK…‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫ א‬J ٢
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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫ א‬J ٣
K‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 
 ELow technology monitors) ‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 The biological monitors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 The environmental biological monitor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
The environmental biological indicator‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤


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‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The leaves ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
The trunks ‫א‬ J ٢
The tree rings ‫א‬ J ٣
The barks‫א‬ J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The Nerium oleander‫א‬ J ١
The Phoenix dactylifera‫א‬ J ٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KLichens‫א‬Mosses
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIndigenous
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Moss Bags‫א‬

 
 

- ١٢٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬…‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫ א‬J ٢
K‫ א‬J ٣
K‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
- ١٢٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

- ١٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
–،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
K١٩٨٧K‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
K١٤١٣،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K١٤١١‫א‬
–،‫א‬‫א‬–،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
K١٤١٠K
١٤٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KJ J K‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬-٦
K١٤١٢K،
 K١٤١٦،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ -٧
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ -٨
K١٤٢٢،‫א‬
K١٩٩٧،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ -٩
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١٠
 K١٩٩٦،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬-١١
K١٤١٣،‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ -١٢
 K١٤٠٩،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١٣
K١٤١٤،
- ١٢٦ -
‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬١-١
 ٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٢-١
 ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
 ٨  ‫א‬٤-١
 ٩  ‫א‬٥-١
 ١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١-٣
 ٢٤  W
 ٢٥  W
 ٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬٢-٣
 ٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٥٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٥٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٥٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٣  ١-٦
 ٦٤  ‫א‬٢-٦
 ٦٤  ‫א‬٣-٦
 ٦٨  ‫א‬٤-٦
 ٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٦  W١J 7
 ٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
 ٧٨  ‫א‬٣J ٧
 ٧٨  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٧
 ٧٩  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٧
‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٨٢  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
 ٨٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٦  ١J ٨
 ٨٦  ‫א‬٢J ٨
 ٨٨  ‫א‬٣J ٨
 ٨٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٨
 ٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٨
 ٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٦  ١J ٩
 ٩٦  ‫א‬٢J ٩
 ٩٧  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩
 ٩٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩
 ٩٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩
 ٩٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٩
 ٩٨  Alpha١J ٦J ٩
 ٩٩  Beta٢J ٦J ٩
 ٩٩  Gamma٣J ٦J ٩
 ٩٩  Neutrons‫א‬٤J ٦J ٩
 ٩٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٩
 ٩٩  Natural Sources‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٩
 ١٠١  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ٩
 ١٠٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٩
 ١٠٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٢٢١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١٠٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٠  ١J ١٠
 ١١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠
 ١١١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١٠
 ١١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١٠
 ١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١٠
 ١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١٠
 ١١٣  KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ١٠
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ١٠
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١٠
 ١١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ١٠
 ١١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١٠
 ١١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ١٠
 ١١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢١  ‫א‬W
 ١٢١  ‫א‬W
 ١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٦  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

مراقبة البيئة والتلوث

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مراقبة البيئة والتلوث

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻤﺎﺋـﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‬ ‫ﻏﻼف اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬

Hydrosphere Biosphere Pedosphere

 W(Classification by pattern of use)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 The atmosphere and pollution ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٪ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 Air pollutants ‫א‬‫א‬٢-٣

 Hydrogen Sulphide ‫א‬ J ٤

(‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻲ آﻠﻮرو ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﻮروﻣﻴﺜﺎن‬ CF2Cl2 + hv CF2Cl* + Cl*

OCl* + [O] Cl* + O2

 (HC) Hydrocarbons‫ א‬J ٧

 Particulates air pollutants ‫א‬‫א‬W

 Nitrogen Oxides ‫א‬ J ٢

(‫)ﺛﺎﻟﺚ آﻠﻮروﻓﻠﻮؤوﻣﻴﺜﺎن‬ CFCl3 + hv CFCl2* + Cl*

٢٠J ١٠ ٢٠J ٢ ١٠J ٥ 

‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ٩٥ J 

EF ١٥٠ 

EF ١٨٠ 

١٠٠J ٩٥ 

٩٥J ٨٠ ‫א‬

(E)‫א‬ (f)‫א‬ (λ)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

< 0.01 nm 

 WDomestic Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١٠

٤{٣ ٨٣٣٠٠٠ ١٣٠٠٣٩١٤١٧ ١٩٧٩

٥{٤ ٩١٤٠٠٠ ١٧٩٦٥٣٠٩٥٦ ١٩٨٠

١٠{٠ ١٠٠٣٠٠٠ ٢٦٥٦٠٠٠٠٠٠ ١٩٨١

١١{٠ ١٢٥٠٠٠٠ ٥٠٣٢٠٠٠٠٠٠ ١٩٨٢

١٢{٧ ١٤٠٠٠٠٠ ٦٤٠٨٠٠٠٠٠٠ ١٩٨٣

 WIndustrial Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١٠

 WAgricultural Solid Waste‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١٠

 WBuilding and Demolition Wastes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ١٠

 WSea and Ocean Dumping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١٠

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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