2020–2022 global chip shortage

The 2020–2022 global chip shortage is an ongoing crisis in which

the demand for integrated circuits (commonly known as
semiconductor chips) is greater than the supply, affecting more than
169 industries[3] and has led to major price increases, shortages and
queues amongst consumers for automobiles, graphics cards, video
game consoles, computers, and other products that require
semiconductors.[4][5][6] Commonly cited causes for the shortage
include the COVID-19 pandemic, the China–United States trade
war, and various severe weather incidents.

Contents The global automotive industry is

Causes expected to lose US$210 billion in
revenue in 2021 due to the global
COVID-19 pandemic
chip shortage.[1][2]
China–United States trade war
Severe weather
Fires at facilities
Impacted industries
Cars
Graphics cards and gaming PCs
Video game consoles
Reactions
Governments
Companies
References

Causes
The cause of the global chip crisis is a combination of different events with the snowball effect of the
COVID-19 pandemic being the primary reason. Other causes have been attributed to the China–United
States trade war and the 2021 drought in Taiwan.[7][8]

COVID-19 pandemic

An increase in remote work and remote learning[9][10] caused a surge in demand for computers,[11]
network peripherals,[9] and other consumer electronics with chips.[11] Due to lockdowns, chip production
facilities were shut down,[12][13] leading to the depletion of inventories.[14] In the fourth quarter of 2020,
traditional computer sales saw a 26.1 percent growth over the previous year.[15]
China–United States trade war

In September 2020, as part of the economic conflict between China and the United States, the US
Department of Commerce imposed restrictions on China's largest chip manufacturer, Semiconductor
Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), which made it harder for them to sell to companies with
American ties.[16] These restrictions forced companies to use other manufacturing plants like Taiwan
Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited (TSMC) and Samsung.[17] However, these companies
were already producing at maximum capacity.[18]

Severe weather

A severe winter storm in February 2021 forced the closure of two plants in Austin, Texas owned by
Samsung and NXP Semiconductors, setting back supply from these two plants by several months.[19]

Taiwan is the leader of the global semiconductor industry, with TSMC alone accounting for more than 50
percent of the global wafer foundry market in 2020.[20] In 2021, Taiwan experienced its worst drought in
more than half a century,[21] leading to problems among chip manufacturers that use large amounts of ultra-
pure water to clean their factories and wafers. For example, TSMC's facilities used more than 63,000 tons
of water a day, more than 10 percent of the supply of two local reservoirs.[22]

Fires at facilities

An Asahi Kasei semiconductor plant which specializes in ADC and DAC components caught fire in
October 2020.[19] Another Japanese factory owned by Renesas Electronics, which supplies 30 percent of
the global market for microcontroller units used in cars, caught fire in March 2021; Renesas said it would
take at least 100 days for them to get back to normal production.[23] In January 2022, a fire from the Berlin
plant of ASML affected the production of EUV lithography equipment used in chip production.[24]

Impacted industries
According to an analysis by Goldman Sachs, at least 169 industries have been impacted by the global chip
shortage,[3] with the automotive and consumer electronics industries among the most affected by the
crisis.[25][26][27]

Cars

The average modern car can have between 1,400

and 1,500 chips, some even up to 3,000.[28] Cars
account for 15 percent of global chip production,
while personal electronics account for around 50
percent. Chip revenues are even more skewed
towards non-automotive sectors.[28] The chip
shortage is expected to cost the global automotive U.S. automobile production, 1993–2021
industry US$210 billion in revenue in 2021.[1][2]

At the start of the pandemic, car manufacturers incorrectly predicted that sales would drop, canceled chip
orders, and were unprepared to meet demand.[29] Chip manufacturers had more commitments from the IT
sector, which reduced capacity for car chips.[28] Ford parked thousands of unfinished vehicles at Kentucky
Speedway as the company waited for chips to finish assembling those cars.[30] Toyota planned to cut
vehicle production worldwide by 40 percent in September 2021,[31] while General Motors announced it
would halt production of almost all cars at its North American plants for a week or two that same
month.[32] During the third quarter of 2021, there were only two-thirds as many new car sales in the United
States as there had been during the same time period in 2020, as supply could not meet demand.[33] Opel
closed its Eisenach manufacturing plant until 2022 because of the shortage, causing 1,300 workers to be
temporarily laid off.[34]

Graphics cards and gaming PCs

The global chip shortage made it difficult to acquire new graphics cards,[35] while an increase in
cryptocurrency mining in 2021 increased the demand even more.[36] Finding gaming PC components
became more difficult and more expensive, and as gaming PCs rely on either AMD or Nvidia to make their
discrete GPU cards, both of those companies refreshed their lineups during the pandemic with popular new
models that are very difficult to find,[37] or priced 50 to 300 percent above MSRP.[38]

Video game consoles

During the COVID-19 pandemic, cinemas and theaters were closed to prevent the spread of the virus,
leading many people to turn to home entertainment during periods of self-isolation,[39] which increased the
demand for video game consoles.[39][40] With the release of the ninth generation of video game consoles
coinciding with the pandemic, demand increased even further, with both Microsoft and Sony reporting
record demand for their new consoles.[40] Microsoft expected in February 2021 that shortages of the Xbox
Series X and Series S would continue until at least mid-2021,[41] while Sony warned in May 2021 that
short supply of the PlayStation 5 console would continue into 2022.[42] Both companies use AMD chips
manufactured by TSMC in their ninth-generation consoles, which puts extra strain on the supply chain. As
supply problems persist, scalpers are reselling the consoles on websites like eBay for 50 to 100 percent
more than their retail price.[43] Nintendo made 20 percent fewer Switch consoles. The company originally
planned to produce as many as 30 million units, but will only be able to produce 24 million through their
fiscal year, which is until March 2022.[44]

Reactions

Governments

On February 24, 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden signed an executive order trying to address the chip
shortage by reviewing options to strengthen the semiconductor supply chain.[45] Later in April, CEOs of
major technology companies and U.S. government officials attended a virtual summit with the White
House to talk about improving the resilience of the semiconductor supply chain.[46] In a new virtual
meeting on September 23, 2021, which followed another meeting in May, the White House pressed
automakers, chip manufacturers and others to provide information on the ongoing crisis that has forced cuts
to U.S. automobile production, and to take the lead in helping solve it.[47]

On September 15, 2021, President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen trailed a
forthcoming "European Chips Act" in her State of the Union address.[48] It was announced that the
European Union will use legislation to push for greater resilience and sovereignty in regional
semiconductor supply chains.[49]
In December 2021, India outlined a plan to boost its chip manufacturing base.[50]

Companies

On July 22, 2021, Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger said he expects the chip shortage will get worse in the second
half of 2021 and that it will be a year or two before supplies return to normal.[51] On August 19, 2021,
Jensen Huang, CEO of Nvidia, said he expects the shortage to continue well into 2022,[52] while AMD
CEO Lisa Su said on September 27 that the shortage would improve throughout the second half of 2022,
though she warned that supply would remain tight until then.[53] However, IBM CEO Arvind Krishna said
on October 11 that any prediction of a resolution to the chip shortage by the end of 2022 is optimistic, and
that he sees it "more likely" that the issue will not be fully solved until 2023 or 2024.[54]

On September 24, 2021, Taiwan's TSMC said it is actively supporting and working with all stakeholders to
overcome the global chip crisis, after its participation at the White House virtual meeting on September
23.[55] Earlier in April 2021, TSMC announced that it plans to invest US$100 billion over the next three
years to increase capacity at its plants,[56] days after Intel announced a US$20 billion plan to expand its
advanced chip making capacity in Arizona.[57] Already in May 2020, TSMC announced its US$12 billion
plan to build and operate a semiconductor fab in Arizona, their second manufacturing site in the United
States.[58] Construction is underway as of June 2021, with chip production targeted to begin in 2024.[59]

On September 20, 2021, the CEO of U.S. automaker General Motors, Mary Barra, said that the chip
shortage has forced a supply chain rethink. Barra said that the company will source more semiconductors
directly from chip manufacturers instead of suppliers to adapt to the ongoing global chip shortage.[60]

On November 29, 2021, Nissan CEO, Makoto Uchida, told the BBC it was too early to say when normal
deliveries of microchips, and therefore finished cars, would resume.[61]

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