CLAUDIA ROSS, Ph.D. Simplified morphology for easier reading comprehension 200 sets of practice exercises Pronunciation key thoughout _- Chinese/English and English/Chinese glossaries Use with these courses: (A Beginning Chinese | [2% Beginning Chinese il [= Mandarin | (7 Mandarin Il (7 Elementary Chinese (7% Intermediate ChineseSCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF CHINESE GRAMMAR CLAUDIA ROSS, Ph.D. Professor of Chinese Department of Modern Languages and Literature College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Torontoareata lecitet oe Claudia Ross is coordinator of the Chinese language program at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, MA, and has 20 years’ experience teaching Chinese as a second language. She received her Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Michigan. Schaum’s Outline of CHINESE GRAMMAR Copyright © 2004 by McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. i 34567890 CUS/CUS 098765 ISBN 0-07-187764-6 Acknowledgments I wish to thank the following people for their assistance in the development of this book: ding-heng Ma, Hsiu-ling Lin, Weina Zhao, Yu-tzu Zhang, Jocelyn Ross, Adam Ross, Grace Chen, and the reviewers and editors of the Schaum’s series, All errors are, of course my own.Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Contents Conventions Used in this Book NUMBERS Counting Estimates and Approximations Ordinalization Reading Numbers Fractions and Percentages NOUNS, NOUN PHRASES, AND NOUN MODIFICATION Nouns Noun Phrases Noun Modification VERBS AND VERB PHRASES Properties of Mandarin Verbs Stative Verbs Activity Verbs Achievement Verbs Membership in More than One Verb Category ADVERBS Characteristics of Adverbs Common Adverbs Categorized by Meaning PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Commonly Used Prepositions Properties of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases The Meaning of Mandarin Prepositions Prepositions and Verbs THE SUFFIXES 7 le’ # zhe > AND i8/i guo JT le 5-7 le V-T le V-# zhe V-28/it guo THE RESULTATIVE STRUCTURE AND POTENTIAL SUFFIXES The Resultative Structure Potential Suffixes: - 44 T deliio able to and - # { bulido unable to ili 46 88 111 119 135Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 CONTENTS QUESTIONS AND QUESTION WORDS Questions Question Words as Indefinites LOCATION, DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT, AND DISTANCE Location Directional Movement Distance THE #¢ ba CONSTRUCTION COMPARISONS More Than Less Than Equal To Not Equal To Including the Activity in the Comparison PHRASE AND CLAUSE CONNECTION Important Features of Phrase and Clause Connections Addition Disjunction Sequence and Simultaneity Contrast Conditionality Cause-and-Effect FOCUSING CONSTRUCTIONS Topicalization % shi ... & de He J chile ... 9h yiwai 3e/3# lidn Passives SPEAKER PERSPECTIVE Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases Sentence Final Particles ANSWERS TO EXERCISES Index 147 172 190 195 208 243 252 275Conventions Used in This Book Presentation of Examples Examples are presented in traditional characters, simplified characters, and pinyin romanization. AZRA RE RAPRA BE o zhé bén shti hén yéu yisi. This book is very interesting. When no character in an example has a simplified form, a single line of characters is presented. Ab HIRE ° w6 didi hén gao. My younger brother is very tall. In pinyin examples, capitalization is used only for proper names. RRER GCP BR ° RRER CFP At wo hén xihuan chi Zhonggud fan. I like to eat Chinese food very much. Ungrammatical Forms Ungrammatical examples are occasionally presented to indicate improper usage. All ungrammatical forms are preceded by @. Ungrammatical forms are always presented along with grammatical forms. BAA OMAR wo de péngyou péngyou de w6 my friend Conventions used in tone marking neutral tone This book follows the conventions of Beijing Mandarin in the use of neutral tone: » The classifier 4¢|/\ge is presented in neutral tone. ® The second syllable of most nouns occurs in neutral tone: (e.g. 44k méimei AA péngyou) ® The infixes# biti and #4 dé in resultative verb compounds are presented as bu and de (e.g. #45, kandejian able to see, 8 7 B| maibudado unable to buy).vi CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK tone_sandhi In spoken Mandarin, certain tone sandhi (tone change) rules apply. 8 Third tone change: Third tone is spoken as second tone when it occurs before another third tone (e.g. ni h4o becomes nf ho, wo: xihuan becomes w6 xihuan). In this book, third tone change is represented in the tone spelling only if the change occurs within a single word. It is not indicated if the change occurs across word boundaries. In this way, the two syllable words 4] vA and * # are written in pinyin as kéyi and shuigud (not as kéyi and shuYgud) but the two word phrase Lak is written in pinyin as hén hao, not hén hio. = Special tone changes: # bt: becomes bit when it occurs before a fourth toned syllable (e.g. bi: hut becomes bit hui, bi: dul becomes bu dui. In this book, fourth tone change is represented in the tone spelling within and across word boundaries. " The numbers — yi one, ’ + gi seven, and /\ ba eight sometimes change to second tone before a fourth toned syllable (e.g. —/\yige, yikuai). In this book these numbers are always represented in first tone. Conventions for writing de a] de ~ the marker of noun modification: BSNS ABA a) tishtiguan de shi the library's books. 3%, de - the marker of pre-verbal modification of activity verbs: fir fit 28 A toutou de kan secretly take a look ft de - the a of post-verbal modification of activity verbs: RAE pao a kuai run fastCONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK - the potential infix in resultative verb compounds: pk JL Ott A chidewan able to finish eating - the marker of extent modification of adjectival stative verbs: tte BAG HS AR RER © Aa RAT IE ARRR © ta léi de zhanbugilai. He is so tired that he can't stand up. Conventions for writing zud #& zud as the verb meaning to do or to assume the role of: PE WS Zuo cai zud shi to cook to work 4 zud as a constituent in noun compounds: VER VF ak zuoye homeworkNumbers COUNTING Numbers 1-99 When numbers are used for counting, they occur without any additional words: — yi 1 = & 2 — san 3 WwW si 4 x wi 5 x lit 6 k q 7 nw ba 8 HK jit 9 + _ shf 10 OQ ing 60 OR #& ling 0 The numbers 11-99 are built upon 1-10 as follows: fe shfyi Il 2+ sanshi 30 — shfér 12 +H sanshiwtt 35 +2 shisan J3 w+ sishf 40 +2 shisi 14 v+HA sishiwi 45 +E shiwt{ 15 B+ —— witsht 50 +H shilit 16 A+R wishiwi 55 +4 shfqi 17 a+ litshi 60 HA sh{ba 18 AK+H litshiwi 65 +H shijiti 19 t+ qishi 70 =+ érshf 20 ++H qishiwi 75 a+— — exshiyi 21 A+ bashf 80 ata érshftr 22 A+# bashfwti 85 a+ ershisin 23 A+ jitishi 90 =+w ershist 24 Ate jitshiwi 95 —2+h ershiwi 25 AtA jitishijit 992 NUMBERS (CHAP.1 = érand Wy/ 7 liing # When counting numbers without a following classifier, the number “2” is always = er: —yi, —@, = san... (For more on classifiers, see Chapter 2: Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification.) | « When the number “2” is part of the number 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, or 92, it is always — er: += shfér + —-+-= ershfér +» =-+= sdnshfer ... = Jn all other cases, when the number “2” occurs before a classifier, it is Fa/7A liang. (See Chapter 2: Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification.) aA mg A aA AA liang bén shi liang ge rén two books two people 1. Complete the chart by converting the Chinese numbers to Arabic numerals and the Arabic numerals to Chinese numbers: Arabic Chinese Arabic Chinese Numeral Number Numeral Number 1. | 14 8. =—+=. ér shi ér 2. =—+= érshfsan 9. | 92 3. | 28 10. --X shi ba 4. B+ wit shf lit 11. | 77 3. | 39 12, ALA bai shf ba 6. | +-+w di shfst 13. | 26 7.) 67 14. | w-+— si shi yi Numbers 100-10,000 a bai 100 + qian 1,000 %/ wan 10,000CHAP.1] NUMBERS 3 Numbers through 9,999 are constructed as they are in English: hundreds : a aA litt bai thousands lit shf A+ @ ba bai jiti shi | st LGA At | A jit DXi | iti sh jt 2,894 | | ling qian 9,999 | LF | | jiti qian AFD In Mandarin, the numbers 10,000 and higher are counted in terms of the number of %/% wan ten thousands, followed by the number of thousands, the number of hundreds, the number of tens, and the number of ones. The number 24,000 is read 1 +-/%4 % w9-F ling wan si qian two ten thousands (and) four thousands. Numbers between 10,000 and 1,000,000 are illustrated here. ones 1-800 thousands | hundreds | tens ten-thousands WK a GP EO oT 89, 667 NA BIF ut KA aAtle | ba wan jiti qian =| lit bai lit shf | qi 273,561 | = +4 B/F 24+ AG AP | érshiqi wan san gian |witbai | lit shf | yi 892,894! N+ S/F at AF AT | a bashfjitt wan lidng qian | ba bai jitt shf | st 2,735,610 | H#AEFEBIFA AF x —+ ling bai qishfsin wan | wiigian | lit bai yi shf 8,979,999 | NA AF BIG WF Ga At | % | ba bai jitishiqi wan jit qian = | jitt bai | jiti shf | jit4 NUMBERS [CHAP.1 1 Million, 10 Million, 100 Million 1,000,000 GBIF (one hundred ten- one million bXi wan thousands) 10,000,000 +-8/7 (one thousand ten- _ ten million qian win thousands) 100,000,000 4&/4z, (or) BBIAA one hundred million yi wanwan Note: When the number “2” occurs before & bai hundred, + qian thousand, or 317 wan fen thousand it may be either = ér or / liang. 200: = 4 ér bai, G/F liing bai Anote on reading O/ ling: An empty hundreds place or tens place may be read as O/& ling. Compare the following two numbers: 3,053 stats san qian ling wishisan 70,182 + 8- GAPS 4£A-BAF= qi wan yi bai bashf ér When reading a number with a series of zeroes, the word ©/%& ling is only included once: 2,001 fheO— ATO liang qian ling yi 2. Complete the chart by converting the Chinese numbers to Arabic numerals and the Arabic numerals to Chinese numbers: Arabic Numeral | Chinese Number 6,700,000 2. (£E-tARS+=a | RA-FARAA+=H | wit wan yi qian lit bai ér shf érCHAP.1) NUMBERS 5 3. 9,202,002 4. ZBATFERRT-A ATR ZRATFEARF-F ATR san bai ba shi si wan liang qian yi bai wit shi lit 5, 74,000 6. w+Le-BS+ M+LA-BS+ si shf jiti wan yi b&i san shi 7. 2,000,000 i 8. WHEATLEAFAARS . |\RBRTRAAFTAERR liang bai wit shi wii wan lit qian jiti bai ling ér 9. 438,059 — _—_|___. = 10. iAtLBSatR a et KALA STARE | jiti shi jiti wan san qian lidng bai wit shi yi Ln ESTIMATES AND APPROXIMATIONS ERY chabudud almost & & % chabudud +Number + classifier indicates that a value is near but less than the specified number. # # 4 chabuduod is always followed by a Number + Classifier. (See Chapter 2: Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification, and Chapter 4: Adverbs.) WERGATK © MEAGATH ta chabuduod bashf sul. He is almost 80 years old.6 NUMBERS (CHAP.1 ARAB BRZSOTE ° AKAD Io BAZOTE o jintian tébié ré. chabudué sishf db. Today it is particularly hot. It is almost forty degrees. &.#% zubdyou about/more or less Number + classiifier #4 wadydu indicates that a value isa little more or a little less than the specified number. & 4 zudyou is always preceded by a Number + Classifier. RUA P Bi Ze Fa ° WAT BE ° ta bash{ sul zudyodu. He is about 80 years old. SROTRAD ° jintian sishi dt zudyou. Today it is about forty degrees. VA_E yishang above, VA"F yYxia below Number vA_. yishang indicates that a value is equal to or greater than the specified number. Number vA-F yixia indicates that a value is equal to or less than the specified number. vA_E yishang and ¥A-F yYxia may directly follow a number alone, or a noun phrase that includes a number. ATW E wish yishang Jifty or more ETUAF wiishf yYxia Jifty or less 2+32 48 WE STRAVUE sansh{ kuai qian yishang thirty dollars or moreCHAP.1)} NUMBERS STREET ZTRAAF sanshf kuai qian yixia thirty dollars or less dus Number % dud indicates that a value is greater than the specified number. If the number is part of a noun phrase, $ dud precedes the classifier. ETS wish du6 more than fifty EF gee ETERK sanshf dud kuai qidn more than thirty dollars _ 3. Complete the chart to express the following expressions in Chinese and English. 1. | 75 people more or less 2. —FAE yi qian yishang 3. | almost 100 people 4. SGRRAD LERRAB san bai kuai qian zudyou 5. | 75 or more people 6. ERS ZGRR ERG ADRK? chabududé san bai kuai gidn. 7. | 40 or fewer8 NUMBERS (CHAP.1 gf ea HS RR yi bai dud kuai qian 9. | more than 75 10. ZAM F | san bai yixia ORDINALIZATION Ordinalization refers to sequencing or ordering: first, second, third, etc. 4. Rewrite the Chinese ordinal numbers into English and the English ordinal numbers into Chinese: 1.3" 2.8" 3. 10" 4.2% 5,99" 6 PA di wii 7. & —-+ di ér shi 8. BAL A jit 9. A— diyi 10. BW dist READING NUMBERS In certain contexts, numbers are read as individual digits. These include numbers which are part of phone numbers, addresses, licenses, passports, and other documents used for identification. The reading of phone numbers is illustrated here. Decimal fractions described below in this chapter are also read as individual digits.CHAP.1] NUMBERS Note: In standard Mandarin as spoken in Beijing and other parts of China, the number ‘1’ is pronounced yao. 6810-2232 lit ba yi ling - ér er san ér lit ba yao ling - ér ér sn ér 3551-8867 san wiiwityi - ba ba lit qi san wii wii yao - ba ba lit qi 5. Read the following phone numbers. Provide your responses in pinyin. 6839-1234 5334-2387 8833-1111 119 (fire-emergency in China) 114 (information in China) 13521056666 (cell phone number) nw sf YN FRACTIONS AND PERCENTAGES Fractions and Percentages Expressed as ‘Parts of the Whole’ Fractions and percentages are expressed as a ‘parts of the whole’ as follows: Ax 2B A fén zhi B B parts of A parts BRA wii fén zhi yi one part of five - one fifth Notice that in Chinese, the ‘whole’ is always the first number in the expression. If the ‘whole’ is expressed in terms of the number 100, then a percentage of the whole is expressed as ‘parts of one hundred.’ ad2o+ 40 parts of 100 ... 40% | bai fén zhi si shi aR2+ bai fén zhi sht yZ2aA 50 parts of 100 ... 50% ee) bai fén zhi wiishi 10 parts of 100 ... 10%10 NUMBERS BRLZATA bai fén zhi jitishf jit BDz | J part of 100 . 1% bai fén zhi yi 99 parts of 100 ... 99% If the ‘whole’ is a expressed as a number smaller than 100, then a fraction of the whole is expressed as ‘parts of the whole.’ 1 aya I part of 4... 1/4 | si fén zhi yi , SPZS 2 parts of 3 ... 2/3 san fen zhi ér NGL S parts of 8 ... 5/8 ba fén zhi wii +PZ— I part of 10... 1/10 shi fén zhi yi 6. Complete the chart to express the following fractions and percentages in Chinese and in Arabic numerals. | aRaZA+ bai fén zhi litishf 2. 18% 3.) BRPAZAFA bai fén zhi bashf jiti 4, 66% 5.) BALZER bai fén zhi sanshf{ ér 6. 35% 7.) OLE si fén zhi san 9. [FLA shf fén zhi jitCHAP.1) NUMBERS ll =RZ— ér fén zhi yi Questioning Percentages and Fractions The question words % “+ dudshao and #8/JL jY are used to ask about the value of a percent or fraction. In the response, a number replaces the question word. (See Chapter 8: Questions and Question Words.) Percentages Q ALS H ? A BRLET bai fén zhi dudshao? bai fén zhi qishf what percent? 70% QVARLSY ? A BAZiTS bai fén zhi dudshao? bai fén zhi érshf st what percent? 24% Fractions ADZH ? ADZIL? A fén zhi ji? Q: EPZHK? MEDQZS LFZIL? EDZS wii fén zhi ji? wii fén zhi =. How many fifths? two-fifths (2/5) QADZHK? AAP ZEB AAAI? NDS jit fén zhi j¥? jiti fen zhi wit How many ninths? Sive-ninths (5/9) 7. Answer the following questions in Chinese based on the number in parentheses. LARLSP? (91% ) bai fén zhi dudshao? 2 BDL S 2? (26%) bai fén zhi duéshao?12 NUMBERS 3, BDLSY? (49%) bai fen zhi duGshao? 4 ADZEB? (78) ARZIL? ba fén zhi ji? 5. Fr-PLKR? (10/11 ) +-P2ZIL? shfyi fén zhi ji 6 REZEK? (4/5) EFZIL? wii fén zhi ji? Decimal Fractions (CHAP.1 Decimal fractions are expressed by 24/ 4% dian followed by the decimal number. The decimal! number is read as a series of individual digits. Notes: If a number begins with a decimal point, the number may optionally be read as © 3 / O48 ling didn. In decimal fractions, the number ‘2’ is always read as — ér. =) (OO) (O)a&& (ling) didn wit 79 (O) +24 (O) atk (ling) diin qi wii 758 (QO) BRERA (O) REBRAN (ling) didn qi wii ba 7508 (QO) BtERON (O) AEBRON (ling) dian qi wii ling ba 18 —EEAI- AA yi diin ba 34.69 EZ+WEAA 2B aK sanshi si didn lit jitCHAP.1} NUMBERS 8. Complete the chart to express these decimal fractions in Chinese and in Arabic QO numerals. 1. OBOB/OKROR | Mingdiningwh 2. | 2.3 3. —#-OO2/-&— yi din yi ling ling san 4} 666 | 5. OBARIO BARK ling dikn ba lit 6. | 9.7 7. OS AORIOBRAOK __| ling di&n ba ling lit 8. | 1.05 9. atagaoa/a+tn érshf ér didn ér ér 10. | 84 Discounts: Percentage Off Total Price e- neo 13 Discounts are expressed as the percentage of the original price at which goods are offered as follows: Number + 47 zhé Note: Typically, Arabic numerals rather than Chinese numbers are used with 4 zhé to express discounted price. Wat (9 HF) jiti zhé AAR (8 af ) ' ba zhé |=BbRa (2.5 47) ér diin wii zhé 73% off 50% off14 NUMBERS {[CHAP.1 23) OF san dao si zhé or af 2] aR (3-4 HH) san zhé dao si zhé Af (2 4) ér zhé (3-4 47) | 60-70% off 80% off The verb used to express discounts is 47 da. The following examples express the percentage and the discounted selling price of an item whose original price was $100. Note: The question word #4/JL ji is used to ask the percentage of the discount. Original Price | Percentage of Discount? | Discount Discounted ay Kala La ? Selling d& ji zhé? Price ee ree $100 dt HUF 10% $90 da jiti zhé $100 [at A 20% $80 | da ba zh $100 a Eb ASF 75% $25 da ér didn wii zhé PETAR OT en $100 a Aa 50% $50 da wii zhé | $100 47 =H 80% $20 da ér zhé 9. Express these discounts in Chinese using #7 zhé. 1. 40% off 2. 25% off 60% off ty * 65 % off 90% off inCHAP.1) NUMBERS 10. Compute the discounted price for each of the following items. | Original Price | Discount $100 ig af shoes: 2. 3. 4. | gloves: $20 125 if Discounted Selling Price se 15Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification NOUNS Mandarin has three kinds of nouns: common nouns, pronouns, and proper nouns. Common Nouns Common nouns may be concrete or abstract Pronouns Proper Nouns Features of Mandarin Nouns 2/4 shi book, #/# ché car, B® yisi meaning, etc. ‘ Singular #& w6 1" person (I/me) 4g nY 2" person (you) #8 nin 2" person polite form (you) fta,/-4e/E, ta 3" person (he, she, itvhim, her, it) 2G aijY reflexive pronoun (self) Plural # 41/44] w6men I" person (we, us) of 4F4/% 4] z&énmen I* person inclusive (includes speaker and addressees)(we, us) 4eAFU/4e 4] nimen 2” person (you) RAV, HAV HAI, APE 47 tamen ° 3” person (they, them) B/? | Zhongguo China % B/ B Méiguo America 5% F 1/4)? 1b Stin Zhongshan Sun Yatsen * Number: Common nouns are typically neutral with respect to number and have no separate singular and plural forms. Common nouns referring to people may be suffixed with the plural suffix {fi/4] men (4141/4 F-4 hdizimen children, & 2 4P]/ 447 xuéshengmen students), though the use of the plural suffix is relatively uncommon.” Pronouns have distinct singular and plural forms. “In this form, nouns cannot be further modified by a number + classifier phrase. In addition, they are definite in reference. 16CHAP.2] NOUNS, NOUN PHRASES, AND NOUN MODIFICATION 17 * Gender: Common nouns are neutral with respect to gender and Mandarin does not distinguish ‘masculine,’ ‘feminine,’ and ‘neuter’ nouns, Pronouns are neutral in their spoken form. As illustrated above, gender is distinguished in the third person in the contemporary written language: 4 ta he, him /-+4 ta she, her /'€ ta it, ® Grammatical case: In Mandarin, there are no separate forms of nouns associated with their use as subject (nominative case), possessive (genitive case), object (accusative case), etc. There is no distinction among pronouns equivalent to English 'T/my/me,' etc. Special Uses of Pronouns 78 41/4 411 zanmen and 4474/4, 41] w6men Mandarin spoken in and around Beijing makes a distinction between inclusive we and exclusive we. Inclusive we includes the speaker and the addressee and is expressed with the word »¢| #P]/24 47] zanmen: AT eG | A ee | zanmen. zu ba! Let's go! malate PBA © 9A ila PBA © zanmen dou shi Zhongguo rén. We are all Chinese. Exclusive we includes the speaker and not necessarily the addressee and is expressed with the word # 171/447] w6men: BANVE RAR RK © BANTER RAK © women xiing gén ni téntdn. We want to speak with you. RMBLRE PX 0 EMBER # Ko women dou xihuan xué Zhongwen. We all like to study Chinese.18 NOUNS, NOUN PHRASES, AND NOUN MODIFICATION [CHAP.2 Even in Beijing, #,4P1/4%,4/] wOmen may be used for both senses of we. A @ ait self Mandarin has a single reflexive pronoun, 4 @ zijY se/f, which is unmarked for person or gender. 8 @ zijY has the following uses. It occurs as an object to mark identity of reference with the subject: 4 EP Bl — 30.75 RRR T° he O-RARMA Lo ni zai waigud yiding déi zhaogt zijf. When you are in a foreign country you must take care of yourself. RABRKA Le RAERAT wo bit xvhuan zijy. I don't like myself. It can follow a personal pronoun for emphasis, especially for contrastive L i emphasis. (See section on modification of pronouns below for additional examples using AZ ayf.) Rm BINS THERA LAR BH oO Ra BH TRA ALARA o wo xiwang tamen jiéhiin, késhi w6 zij¥ bu xing jiéhiin. I hope they will get married, but I myself don't plan to get married. HERA LHS o RRA LHS o zhé shi w6 zijy de shi. This is my affair. 1. Complete the following sentences according to the English translations by adding the appropriate pronoun or pronouns. 1. KEE ° RAF HE 0 shi daxuéshéng. They are college students. 2. AAG © eK FE 0 yé shi daxuéshéng. We are also college students.CHAP 2} NOUNS, NOUN PHRASES, AND NOUN MODIFICATION 19 3 aR "& ? TR eB? renshi ma? Do you know them? 4. Pre? eS Aye LY 3 ? nian Zhongwén ma? Do you study Chinese? 5. RHR MBAR Lo RAP. HEAR » HAAN PK © RSP Ke méimei, ji€jie dou nian Zhongwén. bi nian Zhongwén. : My younger sister and older sister both study Chinese. I myself don't study Chinese. 6. ha FH OK “| qu chang kalaOK ba! Let's go sing karaoke! 7. RRRA RBA KE o KRRILA RRA KE © shi wi xiao j¥ ge zui congming de niishéng. They are a few of the brightest women students in our school. SRRLAE BER bth SRLS > BAIR "74K © jintian wanshang you shi, bt néng gén chi fan. I'm busy tonight. I can't eat with you. 9 Az ? (you polite) shi néi wei? Who are you? 10. BE REBF? BIA AR ° _ _ BREKF? LRAWAE hai zhY shi hdizi, bixti you biéren guain . You are still only a child. You have to have other people taking care of you. o NOUN PHRASES A noun phrase (NP) is a noun and any modifiers of the noun. NPs serve as the topic of a sentence, the subject of a sentence, the direct or indirect object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.20 NOUNS, NOUN PHRASES, AND NOUN MODIFICATION (CHAP.2 Topic ER? KHFHARTS—-SBe AER? KHFRAEFS—-Ao zhe ge xuéxido, nti hdizi bi nan haizi duo yidian. (In) this school, there are somewhat more girls than boys. Subject AMERERA LZ 0 AN KEIRA Z © na ge daxué hén yOu ming. That college is very famous. , Direct Object of a verb RERRKLEA T SY © RERKLA TSH © w6 zudtian wanshang kan le yi ge dianying. I saw a movie last night. Indirect object of a verb RARER RAE © RABAT RIM © wo bi xing géi ni zh3o méfan. I don’t want to give you trouble. Object of a preposition RPA RAR ARH © REF RAM ARH © w6 méi ge zhoumd dou gén péngyou yiqi wan. I have fun with my friends every weekend. Note: Verb phrases (VPs) may also be used like NPs. In this case, the VPs are considered 'nominalized.' "CPR IRAE HE ASR RAR HR o "CAR SRAE TE RARRBAH F Ro chi fan gén shui jiéo shi rénléi zul ji bén de xtqit. Eating and sleeping are human beings’ basic needs. Identity of Reference There are two ways to indicate identity of reference between NPs in Mandarin: omission and pronominalization.CHAP.2] NOUNS, NOUN PHRASES, AND NOUN MODIFICATION 21 Omission When NPs with identical reference occur in the same grammatical role (subject or object) in a series of sentences, all instances of the NP after the first one are often omitted.” NPs with identical reference are both subjects: RPREKGE HAMLET o RPRRKRPE > HARB T © wo didi shi daxuéshéng, mingnian jit: biyé le. My younger brother is a college student. Next year he graduates. QAR RS GBR ? A: RA ER o AB ARAB EZ AE ? na bén shi zénmeyang? hén you yisi. ' How is that book? (It is) very interesting. NPs with identical reference are both objects: Q: RR EAH ? A: 322K © UDR EAA ? UR 0 ni rénshi Wang Ming ma? rénshi. Do you know Wang Ming? I know (him). When a NP refers to an inanimate object, a second reference in subject or object position is always omitted. Q: HCA ARH ? A: Z°Ti& © LA AKRSG ? Rat ni chiguo Ribén cai ma? méi chiguo. Have you eaten Japanese food before? I've never eaten (it) before. Pronominalization When NPs with identical reference occur in different grammatical roles in a series of sentences, the second occurrence is typically represented with a pronoun. EM Rfe Ho REL EEE o EV ihe A, o RA —-REER th o Wang Ming hén héqi. w6 xiang nf yiding hul xYhuan ta. Wang Ming is very friendly. I think you will certainly like him. * Omission of an NP marks it as the topic of the passage.