VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

BACH - 905

HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY :-
AR. JASPREET KAUR RUPESH YADAV (17051)
AR. MANDHIR SINGH TSEWANG SONAM (17070)
VARUN GULERIA (17072)
VIMUKT SHARMA (17073)
VISHAL BANGA (17075)
CONTENT-
❑ Climate
❑ Topography
❑ Culture
❑ Social
❑ Economic of area
❑ Occupation
❑ Material and technology
❑ Architecture
INTRODUCTION-
WHAT IS VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ?
• VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IS AN ARCHITECTURAL STYLE THAT IS DESIGNED
BASED ON THE LOCAL NEEDS, AVAILABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
BY REFLECTING UPON THE LOCAL TRADITIONS.
• VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CREATES A BETTER RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
NATURE AND THE HUMAN BEING.
INTRODUCTION-
• The climate of warm-humid
zones is characterized by high
rainfall and high humidity.
• The temperature range is
relatively high at around 30 -
35°C and is fairly even during
the day and throughout the year.
• Characteristics of hot & humid
climate:
1. Temperature
2. Humidity
3. Precipitation
4. Sky conditions
5. Solar Radiations
6. Soil and Vegetation
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID
CLIMATE-
o TEMPERATURE
• IN SUMMERS, TEMPERATURE RANGES FROM 21° TO 32°C.
• IN WINTERS, THE TEMPERATURE REMAINS ALMOST THE SAME. THERE ARE LITTLE
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE RANGES OF TEMPERATURE, BOTH ANNUALLY AS
WELL AS DIURNALLY.

o HUMIDITY
• HUMIDITY GENERALLY REMAINS AROUND 75%.
• BUT HUMIDITY ALSO HAS A RANGE. IT VARIES FROM 55 TO 100%.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID
CLIMATE-
o PRECIPITATION
• THE AREAS WITH HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE RECEIVE ABOUT 2000 TO 5000MM OF
RAINFALL ANNUALLY.
o SKY CONDITIONS
• THE SKY IS FAIRLY CLOUDY.
• THE CLOUD COVER IN THE SKY RANGES FROM 60 – 90%.
o SOLAR RADIATIONS
• THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATIONS IS HIGH DURING SUMMERS AND
MODERATE DURING WINTER.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT AND HUMID
CLIMATE-
o WIND
• THESE AREAS HAVE TYPICALLY LOW WIND VELOCITIES RANGING FROM 50 TO 500
FEET PER MINUTE.
• THEY ALSO EXPERIENCE STRONG WINDS WITH TORRENTIAL RAINS.

o SOIL AND VEGETATION

• SOILS ARE TYPICALLY COLORED RED.
• THE SOIL HERE PROVIDES US WITH LUXURIANT NATURAL VEGETATION.
 THE SHAPE, HEIGHT, AND DEPTH OF THE LAND SURFACE IN A
TOPOGRAPHY- PLACE OR REGION. PHYSICAL FEATURES THAT MAKE UP THE
AREAS INFLUENCED BY THIS TOPOGRAPHY OF AN AREA INCLUDE MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS,
CLIMATE: PLAINS, AND BODIES OF WATER. MAN-MADE FEATURES SUCH
• GOA AS ROADS, RAILROADS, AND LANDFILLS ARE ALSO OFTEN
• MUMBAI CONSIDERED PART OF A REGION'S TOPOGRAPHY.
• VISHAKHAPATNAM
• THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
• CHENNAI
• KOLKATA
• PURI
• ASSAM
• TRIPURA
•SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES SUCH AS SINGAPORE, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA,
SOUTHERN HALF OF VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES. THESE COUNTRIES ARE
PERMANENTLY HOT AND HUMID.
•AND THEN CARRIBEAN COUNTRIES SUCH AS CUBA, HAITI, DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC, JAMAICA, ETC.
• LOW ALTITUDE AREAS OF CENTRAL AMERICA, VENEZUELA, GUYANA, SURINAME
• CENTRAL AFRICA
• SRI LANKA, BANGLADESHI AND SOUTHERN INDIA
• NORTHERN FRINGES OF AUSTRALIA
•PRETTY MUCH ALL THE ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN NEAR THE EQUATOR LIKE
GUAM, PALAU, FIJI ETC.
 THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE

• IT IS REQUIRED TO KNOW THAT CULTURE HAS MATERIALISTIC DIMENSION AS WELL

AND THEY ARE THE BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS THAT CREATE NOSTALGIC
FEELINGS AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, DERIVES FROM BELIEFS AND VALUES.
• IN FACT, ARCHITECTURE CAN MAKE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN CULTURE AND
SOCIETY AND CONSIDERS AS A PART OF PEOPLE‘S CULTURAL IDENTIFICATIONS. NOT
ONLY DOES ARCHITECTURE RESPOND THE BASIC NEED OF USERS, MEANING A
SHELTER, BUT IT ALSO TIGHTLY RELATED TO CULTURE.
• ARCHITECTURE AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON DERIVES FROM CULTURE AND
IMPACTS ON IT AND OF COURSE, IT CAN REPRESENT THE HUMAN’S THOUGHTS.
SOME RESEARCHERS FIND ARCHITECTURE AS A TURNING POINT IN THE PATH OF
CULTURE AND CREATIVITY.
• THE RAPID UPCOMING CHANGES IN NEW CENTURY PRODUCE SOME CHANGES IN
LIFE AND CULTURE. THE PROCESS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE STOPPED AND
COULD NOT ADAPT ITSELF WITH CULTURE.
 THE MAIN DESIGN OBJECTIVES
SHOULD BE:
1. RESISTING HEAT GAIN MEASURES
THAT ARE CONVENIENT TO RESIST
UNWANTED HEAT GAIN ARE:
a. DECREASING SURFACE AREA OF THE
BUILDING EXPOSED TO THE OUTSIDE.
b. USING MATERIALS THAT TAKE A
LONGER TIME TO HEAT UP.
c. PROVIDING BUFFER SPACES BETWEEN
THE OUTSIDE AND THE INSIDE.
d. INCREASING SHADING OF THE
BUILDING IN GENERAL.
e. USING MATERIALS THAT REFLECT HEAT.
2. PROMOTING HEAT LOSS:
a. TO PROMOTE HEAT LOST IT IS
ESSENTIAL TO ENSURE :
b. APPLIANCES USED ARE WELL
VENTILATED.
c. PROPER VENTILATION OCCURS
THROUGHOUT THE DAY.
d. HUMIDITY LEVELS ARE REDUCED AS
MUCH AS POSSIBLE.
 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BUILDING
DESIGN IN WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE ARE:
1. SITE:
2. (A) LANDFORM:
• FOR FLAT SITES, DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE
LANDFORM IS IMMATERIAL.
• IN CASE OF SLOPES AND DEPRESSIONS, THE BUILDING
SHOULD BE LOCATED ON THE WINDWARD SIDE OR
CREST TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF COOL BREEZES.

(B) WATERBODIES:
•WATER BODIES ARE NOT ESSENTIAL AS THEY WOULD
TEND TO FURTHER INCREASE THE HUMIDITY.

(C) STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION:

•THE WIDTH OF THE STREET SHOULD BE SUCH THAT THE
INTENSE SOLAR RADIATION DURING LATE MORNING AND
EARLY NOON IS AVOIDED DURING THE SUMMER.
• MAJOR STREET SHOULD BE ORIENTED PARALLEL TO OR
WITHIN 30 DEGREE OF THE PREVALLING WIND DIRECTION
DURING SUMMER MONTHS TO ENCOURAGE VENTILATION
IN WARM AND HUMID REGIONS.
 (D) OPEN SPACE AND BUILT FORM:
• BUILDINGS SHOULD BE SPREAD OUT WITH
LARGE OPEN SPACES IN BETWEEN FOR
UNRESTRICTED AIR MOVEMENT.
• IN CITIES BUILDINGS ON STILTS CAN
PROMOTE VENTILATION AND CAUSE
COOLING AT THE GROUND LEVEL.

2. ORIENTATION AND PLAN FORM :

•AS TEMPERATURES ARE NOT VERY HIGH,
FREE PLANS CAN BE EVOLVED AS LONG AS THE
HOUSE IS UNDER PROTECTIVE SHADE .
•AN UNOBSTRUCTED AIR PATH THROUGH THE
INTERIORS IS IMPORTANT TO ENSURE PROPER
VENTILATION.
•THE BUILDINGS COULD BE LONG AND
NARROW TO ALLOW CROSS-VENTILATION.
•FOR EXAMPLE, A SINGLY LOADED CORRIDOR
PLAN (I.E. ONE WITH ROOMS ON ONE SIDE
ONLY) IS PREFERABLE OVER A DOUBLY LOADED
ONE.
• HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCING AREAS LIKE
TOILETS AND KITCHENS MUST BE VENTILATED AND
SEPARATED FROM THE REST OF THE STRUCTURE.

COLOUR AND TEXTURE:

• THE WALLS SHOULD BE PAINTED WITH LIGHT
WHITEWASHED, WHILE THE SURFACE OF THE ROOF
CAN BE BROKEN GLAZED TILE TO REFELECT THE SUN
BACK TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

OPEN FENCES FOR BETTER

AIR FLOW.
 TECHNIQUES FOR BETTER AIR FLOW IN THE HOUSE:
• SEMIOPEN SPACES SUCH AS BALCONIES, VERANDAHS AND PORCHES CAN BE USED
ADVANTAGEOUSLY FOR DAYTIME ACTIVITIES AS WELL AS GIVE PROTECTION FROM
RAINFALL.IN MULTISTOREYED BUILDINGS A CENTRAL COURTYARD CAN BE PROVIDED
WITH VENTS AT HIGHER LEVELS TO DRAW AWAY THE RISING HOT AIR
MATERIALS-
• GOA- BAKED CLAY TILES, LATERITE, WINDOW WITH WOODEN FRAME.
• MAHARASTRA-WOOD, STONE, BRICKS.
• ANDHRA PRADESH- THATCHED ROOFS & MUD WALLS.
• KERALA- LATERITE & GRANITE STONE BLOCKS, TIMBER, MUD, LIME MORTAR, WOOD,
BAMBOO. CLAY ROOFING TILE & COCONUT PLAM LEAVES.
• WEST BENGAL- MUD, BRICKS, THATCH, STONES, TIMBER, BRICK, TERACOTTA.
• ODHISA- MUD, BRICKS, THATCH, STONES, TIMBER, BAMBOO.
• ASSAM & TRIPURA- BAMBOO, MUD, TIMBER, BRICK, THATCH.
HOUSES FOUND IN SOUTH-EAST
AND NORTH-EAST REGION OF
INDIA.
HOUSES FOUND IN SOUTH, SOUTH-
WEST AREA OF INDIA.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF KERALA
INTRODUCTION
• KERALA IS POPULARLY CALLED MALABAR WHICH MEANS LAND BETWEEN
MOUNTAIN – MA (SANSKRIT) - AND SEA- BAR (ARAB).
• KERALA ARCHITECTURE IS A KIND OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE THAT IS MOSTLY
FOUND IN INDIAN STATE OF KERALA.
• THE ARCHITECTURE OF KERALA HAS BEEN INFLUENCED BY DRAVIDIAN AND
INDIAN VEDIC ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE (VASTU SHASTRA) OVER TWO MILLENNIA.
• THE EVOLUTION OF DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF KERALA FOLLOWED CLOSELY
THE TREND OF DEVELOPMENT IN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE.
• THE PRIMITIVE MODELS OF CIRCULAR, SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR PLAIN SHAPES
WITH A RIBBED ROOF EVOLVED FROM FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATION.
• THE CHARACTERISTIC REGIONAL EXPRESSION OF KERALA ARCHITECTURE RESULTS
FROM THE GEOGRAPHICAL, CLIMATIC AND HISTORIC FACTORS.
 CLIMATIC IMPACT

• KERALA HAS A WARM HUMID CLIMATE

WITH THE TEMPERATURE OF 250C-280C.
• THE RAINFALL IS VERY HEAVY FROM SOUTH
WEST AND NORTH EAST MONSOONS.

•TO KEEP THE RAIN AND SUN AWAY FORM THE WALLS
THE ROOFS OF THE BUILDING COME DOWN VERY LOW.
•THEY HAVE VERANDAH(2FT-12FT) ALL ROUND THE
BUILDING PROTECTING THE EXTERNAL WALLS FROM
SUN AND RAIN.
•THEY ALSO HAVE AN INTERNAL COURTYARD FOR
BETTER FLOW OF AIR.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF KERALA

• MOST OF THE TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS IN KERALA ARE BUILT ACCORDING TO

VAASTUSHASTRA AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ARE NO EXCEPTION.
• ACCORDING TO SPATIAL AND STRUCTURALCONSIDERATIONS, THE
VERNACULAR RESIDENTIAL FORM OF KERALA CAN BE CATEGORIES INTO FOUR
TYPES:
• RECTANGULAR HALL(I-SHAPE) TYPE SHELTER. BELONGING TO ORDINARY FOLK
AND SOME TRIBAL PEOPLE(ADIVASIS). THEY DON’T NECESSARILY FOLLOW ANY
FORMAL TREATISE.
• RECTANGULAR SINGLE-HALL BUILDING, EKASHALA WITH GRANARY (ARA).
• TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE, NALUKETTA AND THEIR DERIVATIVES TYPES,
EXAMPLE:GREAT MANSION OF ETTUKETTU (MALAYAM TERMS FOR
DOUBLE NALUKETTA).

VERNACULAR COURTYARD HOUSES, KUTTIKETTU (MALAYALAM TERM FOR

EKSHALA WITH COURYARD-LIKE EXTENSION).
BUILDING MATERIALS

THE COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS USED FOR VERNACULAR CONSTRUCTION

IN KERALA ARE:
• GRANITE -A STRONG AND DURABLE BUILDING STONE.

•LIME MORTAR-IMPROVED IN STRENGTH AND

PERFORMANCE BY ADMIXTURES OF VEGETABLE
JUICES.

•LATERITE -LOCAL STONE THAT GETS

STRONGER AND DURABLE WITH EXPOSURE TO
THE ATMOSPHERE.
•TIMBER REMAINS THE PRIME STRUCTURAL MATERIAL ABUNDANTLY
AVAILABLE IN KERALA, IN MANY VARIETIES - FROM BAMBOO TO TEAK AND
ROSEWOOD.

•CLAY WAS USED IN MANY FORMS - FOR

WALLING, IN FILLING THE TIMBER FLOORS AND
MAKING BRICKS AND TILES AFTER FIRING IN
KILNS, TEMPERED WITH ADMIXTURES.

•PALM LEAVES ARE STILL USED

EFFECTIVELY FOR THATCHING THE
ROOFS AND FOR MAKING PARTITION
WALLS AND ALONG WITH MUD
TECHNIQUES

• A MIXED MODE OF CONSTRUCTION WAS EVOLVED IN KERALA ARCHITECTURE.

• THERE ARE TWO MAJOR SKILLS OF CONSTRUCTION PRACTICED IN KERALA,
NAMELY, LATERITE MASONRY AND WOOD CARPENTRY.
• THE STONEWORK WAS RESTRICTED TO THE PLINTH EVEN IN IMPORTANT BUILDING
LIKE TEMPLES.
• LATERITE WAS USED FOR WALLS.
• THE ROOF STRUCTURE IN TIMBER WAS COVERED WITH PALM LEAF THATCHING
FOR MOST BUILDINGS AND RARELY WITH TILES FOR PALACES OR TEMPLES.
• THE EXTERIOR OF THE WALLS WERE EITHER LEFT AS SUCH OR PLASTERED WITH
LIME MORTAR TO SERVE AS THE BASE FOR MURAL PAINTING.
• TRADITIONALLY KERALA HAS 4 MAJOR THESES ON ARCHITECTURAL WORK THEY
ARE:
• THATCHU SHASTRA,(THE SCIENCE OF CARPENTRY) , MANUSHALAYA-CHANDRIKA
FOR DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE.
• TANTRASAMUCHAYA, AND SILPARATNA FOR TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE PRIMARILY.
ROOFING SYSTEM

• MOST OF KERALA ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY LONG

STEEPLY SLOPING ROOFS, AS A MAIN PROMINENT VISUAL FORM. IT WAS BUILT
TO WITHSTAND HEAVY MONSOONS AND ALSO AS A CONSTRUCTIONAL WALLS
PROTECTION.

•THE RIDGED ROOF PITCHED AT ANGLES

BETWEEN 30DEGREE TO 40DEGREE.
•THE ROOF WITH INTRICATELY CARVED
GABLES PROTRUDING FROM THE ROOF
WITH OVERHANGS SUPPORTED BY
WOODEN BRACKETS.
•THE ROOF IS PREFABRICATED THAT IS
DIFFERENT MEMBERS ARE FIXED ON THE
GROUND AND ASSEMBLED AT THE TOP.
• KERALA’S ROOF STRUCTURES HAVE THREE DIMENSIONAL SPACE FRAMES.
• NO NAILS ARE USED.
• THE ROOF IS KEPT IN POSITION BY INTERLOCKING WITH THE HOLE IN THE RAFTERS.
 FLOORING SYSTEM

• THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF FLOORING WAS THAT

OF BEATEN EARTH POLISHED WITH COW DUNG AT
REGULAR INTERVALS .
• WOODEN FLOORING
BEATEN EARTH FLOORING

•BLACK OXIDE TRADITIONAL FLOORING USED IN

THE MORE EXPENSIVE BUILDINGS WAS DONE WITH
THE MIXTURE OF LIME AND WHITE OF EGG. THE
SMOOTHNESS WAS ACHIEVED BY POLISHING THE
FLOOR WITH A PARTICULAR VARIETY OF BANANA.
BLACK OXIDE FLOORING
TYPES OF HOUSES-VEEDU

A HOUSE IN KERALA IS GENERALLY CALLED VEEDU-MEANS HOME AND SIGNIFIES NO

IMPORTANT STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT. CLASSICAL INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
ACKNOWLEDGES A CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS AND A GENERIC
SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF THE SALA OR HALL.
• THE EKASALA IS A SINGLE HALL HOUSE,
• DVISALA A TWO-HALL HOUSE,
• TRISALA A THREE-HALL HOUSE, AND
• CATUSALA A FOUR-HALL HOUSE/COURTYARD HOUSE.
RECTANGULAR HALL I-SHAPE SHELTER

• THIS IS THE MOST COMMONLY HOUSE FOUND VERNACULAR RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING TYPE IN KERALA.
• IT APPEARS IN A STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL SMALL HALL SHELTER,
STRENGTHENED WITH HORIZONTAL ANNULAR BEAMS, STANDING,
STRENGTHENED WITH HORIZONTAL ANNULAR BEAMS, STANDING ON A RAISED
FLOOR.
• THE HOUSE IS DIVIDED INTO 2 ZONES, INNER AND OUTER ZONES.
• THE INNER ZONE HOUSES THE PRIVATE SPACES.
•USUALLY EACH COMPARTMENTED ROOM OF THE HALL IS OF SMALL SIZE,
RECTANGULAR SPACE AND IS AS MINIMUM AS 3M x 2M.
• THE OUTER ZONE USUALLY HAS A PORCH AND SITTING PLATFORM.
• THE HOUSE ALSO HAS A 2M WIDE VERANDA.
RECTANGULAR SINGLE HALL BUILDING:
EKASHALA
• IN THIS TYPOLOGY, THE GRANARY (ARA) BECOMES THE MOST SIGNIFICANT
ADDITION.
• IT CONSIST OF A VERANDA AND AN INNER CORE,COMPRISING SEGMENTED
SPACES FOR GRANARY (ARA) AND VARIOUS SUPPORTING FUNCTION ROOMS
(MOORIS & KALAVARAS) FOR LIVING INCLUDING COOKING AND UNDERNEATH
STORAGE (NILVARA).
• OTHER THAN ARA, KITCHEN (ADUPPU) IS ALSO CONSIDERED TO BE
AUSPICIOUS AND THEREFORE IS SITUATED IN NORTHERN SIDE OF THE
COMPOUND OR IDEALLY NORTH-EAST CORNER (ACCORDING TO
VAASTUSHASTRA).
TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSES: NALUKETTU
• STRUCTURALLY ACCORDINGLY TO REGIONAL VAASTUSHASTRA, A NALUKETTU
WOULD BE ESTABLISHED BY FOUR RECTANGULAR BLOCKS (VIDIK SALA).
• THESE BLOCKS CONNECTS TO ONE ANOTHER BY INTERMEDIARY STRUCTURES
(DIKSALA AND ADINGAM) WITH HIGH PITCHED ROOF AND COURTYARD
(CATUSULA) LEFT OPEN TO BRING LIGHT AND VENTILATION.
• THE COURTYARD SERVE AS THE FOCAL POINT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN THE
FAMILY AS WELL AS VARIOUS HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES AND FESTIVITIES.
• THE INTERAL AND EXTERNAL VERANDA ACTS AS A PROTECTION FROM RAIN
SUN.
• DEPENDING UPON THE SIZE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE FAMILY THE
ETTUKETTU(EIGHT BLOCKS) AND PATHINARUKETTU (SIXTEEN BLOCKS) ARE
ALSO MADE OUT OF REPEATED MODULES OF NALUKETTU.
EKASHALA WITH COURTYARD-LIKE
EXTENSION: KUTTIKETTU
• THIS HOUSING TYPOLOGY IS A VARIATION OF NALUKETTU WHEREIN THE
COURTYARD IS SMALLER AND ACTS AS WATER CISTERN.
• THE COURTYARD ACT AS A TRANSITION SPACE BETWEEN THE MAIN BUILDING
AND THE ANNEX.
• THIS TRANSITION SPACE IS ESSENTIAL AS TO CREATE A DISTRICT DEMARCATION
BETWEEN THE PUBIC ZONE WHICH IS THE MAIN HOUSE AND THE PRIVATE
ZONE WHICH IS THE ANNEX.
FENESTRATIONS
• IN TYPICAL NALUKETTU CROSS VENTILATION IS ENHANCED BY PROVISION OF
FENESTRATIONS ON OPPOSITE WALLS.
• VARIOUS KINDS OF FENESTRATIONS ARE USED RANGING FROM TYPICAL TWO
PANED FROM TYPICAL TWO PANED CASEMENT WINDOWS TO THE WOODEN.
• THE WOOEN JAALIS ARE ARRANGED METICULOUSLY TO CUT OFF GLARE AND
BRING IN DIFFUSED KIGHT AND BRING IN DIFFUSED LIGHT AND IMPROVE AIR
MOVEMENT.
• SIDE LIGHTING AND TOP LIGHTING ARE USED TO BRING IN DAYLIGHT.
• THE FENESTRATION ARE GENERALLY PLACED IN NORTHERN SIDE TO GET GLARE
FREE SUNLIGHT.
• THE TOP LIGHTING GLASS ROOF TILES ARE USED IN STRATEGIC PLACES TO
BRING IN DAYLIGHT THUS REDUCING THE ENERGY USED FOR ARTIFICIAL
LIGHTING.
• SHADING DEVICES FOR WINDOWS AS WELL AS WALLS ARE USED TO CUT
DOWN SOLAR HEAT GAIN.
• THE EAVES OF THE ROOFS ARE PROJECTED TO ACT AS A SHADING DEVICE FOR
THE WALLA IF THE VERANDAHS ARE NOT BEING PROVIDED.
THANK YOU