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SMART AND SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TECHNIQUES - Devika

Bhaskaran (11811832)

Building energy consumption is rising at a rapid rate, indicating that development is accelerating. Human
actions are directly linked to current climatic changes and the extraction of fossil fuels. Rapid economic
expansion, rising affluence, a growing population, and urbanization are all contributing to increased energy
consumption in India's structures. In 2015, India's commercial sector accounted for approximately 69 percent
of the country's gross domestic product, and this percentage is likely to rise, resulting in increased energy
demand in the commercial sector.

India offers a wide range of weather extremes, ranging from scorching heat to bitter cold. People must shield
themselves against the extremes of the environment in a natural way because energy is scarce.

A range of passive design solutions can be used to improve a building's energy efficiency. Building orientation,
form and shape, roof and wall insulation, fenestration, shading, landscaping, day-lighting, and other passive
design strategies involve constructing a building to take advantage of natural ventilation opportunities.

THE ESSENTIALS OF ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING DESIGN

The essential principles of energy-efficient design are to strike the correct balance between increasing winter
heat gain, decreasing summer heat gain, and minimizing winter heat loss.
It's important to think about things like: -the block's orientation for the best passive solar advantage, -the sort
of building materials to employ, -the usage of mass for thermal storage, and so on.

● The best insulation available to reduce heat loss in the winter and gain in the summer.
● Placing windows and glass sliding doors on the north side of the house to take advantage of the sun in
the winter;
● Shadowing all north-facing glass in the summer
● Keeping east and west-facing glass to a minimum, and ensuring that it is fully shaded outdoors during
the summer, if necessary.
● Reducing south-facing windows in the winter to reduce heat loss,
● Use of double glazing or Low-E glass for south-facing windows,
● Location of opening windows and/or sliding doors to provide cross circulation for cooling benefits in
summer,
● Efficient lighting provision by using maximum natural sunlight to reduce reliance on artificial lighting
PASSIVE VENTILATION

Natural ventilation solutions include things like suitable orientation and form, apertures in the building
envelope (windows, doors, and ventilators), moveable windows, interior space layout, and so on. The
courtyard effect, stack effect, wind tower, and air earth tunnels are some other advanced ventilation systems.

Natural ventilation's efficacy varies depending on the following factors:

● Predominant wind speed and direction.
● the surrounding environment—the footprint and orientation of the structure
● the temperature and humidity of the environment.
● the size, placement, and operation of windows

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The following are examples of passive features that help to natural ventilation:
1. Shape and Orientation
2. Courtyards
3. Building form
4. Wind towers
5. Space planning
6. Double facades and buffer spaces

ORIENTATION & FORM

● The hemisphere, slope, and

aspect are all key design
considerations.
● The microclimate conditions,
which play a vital influence in a
building's energy efficiency, are
determined by its location.
● Buildings should be oriented so
that their windward walls are
perpendicular to the summer
breeze.
● Buildings must respond to the site's solar orientation. During the winter, the sun is at a low angle and
to the south of the east-west axis.
● Its course is at a high angle and slightly north of the east-west axis during the summer.
● Solar radiation penetration patterns and heat gain and loss in a building are affected by changes in
route during different seasons.
Smart Building Solutions

Many smart building solutions embrace the EoT, but with so many alternatives, deciding which ones will work
best for your project can be tough. When developing or renovating a civic building, there are a few key
technologies to consider:

1. Sensors that can predict the weather

Weather data collection is a passive method that allows you to integrate features that allow you to more
efficiently ventilate, heat, and cool spaces based on environmental conditions. You can adopt a more active
approach to data collection to improve energy efficiency and user comfort even further

2. Night Flushing

When weather forecast software anticipates hot weather, night-flushing, which removes the extra heat that a
building accumulates during the day, cools the structure and reduces the need for air conditioning.

3. Solar Chimneys and Cooling Towers

To cool a structure, a cooling tower and a solar chimney can work alone or in tandem. The cooling tower uses
a cold water mist to chill air taken from the outside. The building will have two solar chimneys that allow any
hot air within to escape.

4. Daylight Sensors

Daylight Sensors are a type of sensor that detects the amount of light that is When daylight sensors detect
sufficient daylight, powered lights dim automatically to save energy and money. Automatic shades can also be
linked to daylight sensors to keep a building cool during the hottest hours of the day by blocking direct
sunlight.

5. Sensors for Room Occupancy

Room occupancy sensors detect and forecast the presence of humans, and as a result, automatically turn
lights on and off. The sensor's predictive data can help you better meet the needs of consumers, in addition to
lowering energy use.

6. Indicators of temperature

When the indicator light becomes red, the room's windows and doors should be closed to maintain a
consistent temperature. When the light turns green, open the doors and windows to let fresh air in.

7. Energy Dashboards In Public Spaces,

You can utilize the energy data you collect to educate the public and encourage building users to consider
environmental issues as they move around the area. For example, a giant dashboard in a foyer might show
how your building's energy use compares to the national average. If visitors alter their behaviour as a result of
this information, your building's carbon footprint will be lowered even more.

8. Smart concrete

Short carbon fibers are added to the traditional concrete mixture in smart concrete. These fibers aid in the
detection of concrete tension and tiny deformations. By carefully locating the electrodes on the structure,
carbon-fiber reinforced concrete uses an electrical network of carbon fibers as a distributed sensor network.
When a structure is formed of smart concrete and there are structural faults, the electrical resistance of the
concrete increases.

9. Smart Bricks

Sensors, signal processors, and wireless communication interfaces are all included in standard bricks. These
sensors detect hidden strains or damage in the event of natural disasters like earthquakes or storms.
Additional sensors can be added based on their utility, such as sensors for detecting moisture, humidity, sound,
chemicals, stress, force, and so on.

10. Smart wrap

A smart wrap is a polymer-based ultra-thin material made up of a substrate and laminated layers rolled into a
single sheet. The end result is a film that may change colour and appearance. It will be used to provide shelter,
control internal temperatures, provide lighting, and show information. As an innovative building material,
Smart Wrap can be used to replace existing internal and external wall materials. Six layers make up the ultra
thin and light material.

11. Smart glass

Smart glass is a type of coating that changes its light-control qualities in reaction to an external stimulus.
Switchable glazing or dynamic glazing are other terms for smart glass. Smart glass can be used in a variety of
applications, including windows, doors, skylights, partitions, and sunroofs. Smart glass can be adjusted
manually or automatically to control the amount of light, glare, or heat that passes through a window or door
element.

12. Smart composites

The smart composite material is created by mixing two or more smart materials in order to take advantage of
each material's unique qualities. The benefits and qualities of these smart materials have been combined to
create a new material, which has resulted in a slew of new goods. Composite materials are divided into two
categories. The first is a custom-made artificial smart composite material that is used to boost the strength or
stiffness of the final composite material.

13. Smart green roofs

Green roofs are commonly used for a variety of reasons, including reducing the heat island effect, managing
storm water, increasing indoor air quality, and conserving energy. Though insulation is beneficial to limit the
admission of heat when the outside temperature is higher or to keep the interiors warm when the outside
temperature is lower, it is also desirable to keep the interiors warm when the outside temperature is lower.
This necessitates a smart ventilation system that will improve a building's thermal performance.

14. Smart paints

Paints are well-known finishing compounds for coating and improving the performance of brick, mortar, and
concrete. Developing smart paints entails adding new capabilities or features to current paints. Binders and
pigments make up smart paints, with the pigments being either insoluble or soluble finely dispersed particles,
and the binder forming surface films. These intelligent paints absorb energy from light, chemical, or thermal
sources and then output it as fluorescence or afterglow lights. To make smart paint or coatings, a suspension
of carbon nanotube (CNT) or graphene can be combined with an appropriate carrier material.
CONCLUSION

Natural processes provide significantly more comfort to building occupants than being trapped in a
windowless room with only an HVAC system to regulate the air. It is critical to respond to changing climate
circumstances, and the study focuses on composite climate.

The article concludes with recommendations for acceptable design principles in architectural design, based on
the fact that passive design techniques are beneficial because no hazardous gases are emitted into the
environment, allowing the natural environment to be preserved. The key to designing a passive building is to
take use of the microclimate, which will help to lower a building's energy usage.
Using EoT technology to develop smart buildings necessitates a thorough understanding of sensor and
prediction technologies, as well as data analysis. Inexperienced participants might make the design process
take longer and more complicated. The cost of establishing a smart building can also be an issue. While not
prohibitively expensive, the cost is often more than that of a less energy-efficient structure. However, the
long-term cost savings can be substantial. Your energy and operating costs will be lower if your building is
more energy efficient.

When you work with an experienced design firm that understands green building architecture and sustainable
design best practices, designing a building becomes a lot easier.