Appendix A

UNITS, NOTATION, A N D GENERAL D A T A

1. Units and conversions 729 5. P r o p e r t i e s o f steel pipe 733

2. Notation 730 6. S t a n d a r d g a u g e s o f sheets, plates, a n d wires 734
3. P r o p e r t i e s o f s t e a m a n d w a t e r 731 7. W e i g h t s a n d angles o f slide o f v a r i o u s m a t e r i a l s 735
4. P r o p e r t i e s o f air a n d s t e a m at a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e 732 8. P e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s , typical c o m p o s i t i o n s 738

T A B L E A1. U n i t s a n d C o n v e r s i o n s

Prefixes for U n i t M u l t i p l e s and Mass:

Submultiples:
1 lb - 0.4536 k g
10 -18 atto a 101 deca da
1 kg - 2.2046 lb
10 -15 femto f 10 2 hecto h
10 -12 p i c o p 10 3 kilo k Density:
10 -9 n a n o n 106 mega M
1 lb/cuft = 16.018 k g / c u m
10 -6 micro /~ 10 9 giga G
1 g m / c u c m = 62.43 lb/cuft
10 -3 milli m 1012 tera T
10 -2 centi c ~ = 141.5/(specific g r a v i t y ) - 131.5
10 -1 deci d specific g r a v i t y = 141.5/(~ + 131.5)

Force:
1 lb force = 0.4536 k g force -- 4.448 N e w t o n s
Length:
Pressure:
1 ft = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm = 304.8 m m

Volume: 1 a t m = 760 T o r r = 760 m m H g = 101,325 N / s q m

= 1.01325 b a r = 10,330 k g / s q m = 14.696 l b f / s q in
1 cuft = 0.0283 c u m = 7.481 U.S. gal
1 c u m = 35.34 cuft = 1000 L = 2, 116.2 l b f / s q f t
1 b a r - - 100,000 N / s q m
S t a n d a r d gas v o l u m e : 1 Pa = 1 N/sqm
22.414 L / g m o l at 0~ a n d 1 a t m E n e r g y , w o r k , a n d heat:
359.05 cuft/lb m o l at 3 2 ~ a n d 1 a t m

G a s c o n s t a n t R: 1Btu = 252.16cal = 1055.06J = 0.2930Whrs

-- 1 0 . 4 1 L a t m
Energy Temperature Mole R 1 H P h r -- 0.7457 k W h --- 778 ft lbf = 2545 cal
Ib ft 2/sec 2 ~ b 4.969 x 10 4 1 cal = 4.1868 J
ft Ibf ~ b 1544 1 J = 1 N m = 1 W sec = 0.2388 cal = 0.000948 B t u
cuft atm ~ b 0.7302
cuft (Ibf/sqin.) ~ b 10.73 Power:
Btu ~ b 1.987
hP hr ~ b 7.805 x 10 -4 1 ft lbf/sec -- 0.0018182 H P = 1 . 3 5 6 W = 0.0012856
kW hr ~ b 5.819 x 10 -4 Btu/sec = 0.3238 cal/sec
1 W - 1 J/sec = 1 N m/sec
J (abs) Kelvin g 8.314
Temperature:
kg m 2 / s e c 2 Kelvin kg 8.314 x 10 3
kg fm Kelvin kg 8.478 x 102 K (Kelvin) = ~ (centigrade) + 273.16 - [~ ( F a h r e n h e i t )
cucm atm Kelvin g 82.0562 + 459.6]/1.8 = ~ (Rankine)/1.8
calorie Kelvin g 1.987
~ = 1.8K = ~ + 459.6
~ = (~ - 32)/1.8
Gravitational constant:
T e m p e r a t u r e difference:
gc = 1 k g m a s s / N sec 2 I~ = I~ = 1.8~ = 1.8~
= 1 g c m / d y n sec 2
Heat capacity and entropy:
-- 9.806 kg m a s s / k g force sec 2
1 cal/(g) (~ = 4.1868 J/(g)(~ = Btu/(lb)(~
- 32.1741b m a s s / l b force sec 2

729
730 UNITS, N O T A T I O N , A N D G E N E R A L D A T A

TABLE A1 . r e ( c o n t i n u e d ) TABLE A2. Notationa

Cp = heat capacity at c o n s t a n t pressure

Cv = heat capacity at c o n s t a n t v o l u m e
Specific energy:
gc = g r a v i t a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t ( n u m e r i c a l values in Table A1)
l cal/g = 4.1868 J/g = 1.8 Btu/lb h = i n d i v i d u a l heat t r a n s f e r coefficient
H = enthalpy
V o l u m e t r i c flow: k = thermal conductivity
k=Cp/Cv
l cuft/sec = 0.028316 cum/sec = 28.316 L/sec K = y / x = v a p o r i z a t i o n e q u i l i b r i u m ratio, VER
mi = mass f r a c t i o n of c o m p o n e n t i of a m i x t u r e
H e a t flux: M = molecular weight
P = pressure
l B t u / ( h r ) ( f t 2) = 3 . 1 5 4 6 W / m 2 Q = v o l u m e t r i c f l o w rate
Q = heat t r a n s f e r rate
2.172 k c a l / ( h r ) ( m 2)
R = gas c o n s t a n t ( n u m e r i c a l values in Table A1)
S = entropy
H e a t transfer coefficient: T = t e m p e r a t u r e , u s u a l l y ~ or ~
u = linear v e l o c i t y
1 Btu/(hr) (it 2) (F) = 5.6783 W / m 2 K
U = overall heat t r a n s f e r coefficient
V = volume
Surface tension:
x; = mol fraction of c o m p o n e n t i in the l i q u i d phase
Yi = mol fraction of c o m p o n e n t i in the v a p o r phase
1 dyn/cm = l erg/cm 2 z~ = tool f r a c t i o n of c o m p o n e n t i in a m i x t u r e
= 0.001 N s e c / m 2 z = PV/RT, c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y
/~ = viscosity
p = density
= surface t e n s i o n
Viscosity, dynamic:
aMost s y m b o l s are defined near w h e r e t h e y are used in
l cP = 0 . 0 0 1 N s e c / m 2 equations. Unless d e f i n e d o t h e r w i s e locally, certain notations have
= 0.001 Pa sec the m e a n i n g s in this list.

= 0.000672 lbm/ft sec

= 2.42 lbm/ft hr
= 0.0752 l b f h r / f t 2

Viscosity, kinematic:

1 centistoke = 0.00360 m 2 / h r
= 0.0388 ft 2 / h r
 APPENDIXA 731

TABLE A3. Properties of S t e a m and W a t e r

Thermal
Absolute Latent heat of Density of Viscosity of conductivity of
pressure, evaporation, Specific volume liquid water, liquid water, liquid water,
Temp., ~ Ib/sq in. Btu/Ib of steam, cu ft/Ib Ib/cu ft centipoises (Bt u )(ft)/(~ (ft') (h r)

32 0.0885 1075.8 3306 62.42 1.786 0.320

35 0.1000 1074.1 2947 62.42 1.689 0.322
40 0.1217 1071.3 2444 62.42 1.543 0.326
45 0.1475 1068.4 2036.4 62.42 1.417 0.329
50 0.1781 1065.6 1703.2 62.39 1.306 0.333
55 0.2141 1062.7 1430.7 62.39 1.208 0.336
60 0.2563 1059.9 1206.7 62.35 1.121 0.340
65 0.3056 1057.1 1021.4 62.30 1.044 0.343
70 0.3631 1054.3 867.9 62.28 0.975 0.346
75 0.4298 1051.5 740.0 62.23 0.913 0.349
80 0.5069 1048.6 633.1 62.19 0.857 0.352
85 0.5959 1045.8 543.5 62.14 0.807 0.355
90 0.6982 1042.9 468.0 62.12 0.761 0.358
95 0.8153 1040.1 404.3 62.03 0.719 0.360
100 0.9492 1037.2 350.4 62.00 0.681 0.362
105 1.1016 1034.3 304.5 61.92 0.646 0.364
110 1.275 1031.6 265.4 61.85 0.614 0.367
115 1.471 1028.7 231.9 61.80 0.585 0.369
120 1.692 1025.8 203.27 61.73 0.557 0.371
125 1.942 1022.9 178.61 61.66 0.532 0.373
130 2.222 1020.0 157.34 61.55 0.509 0.375
135 2.537 1017.0 138.95 61.46 0.487 0.376
140 2.889 1014.1 123.01 61.39 0.467 0.378
145 3.281 1011.2 109.15 61.28 0.448 0.379
150 3.718 1008.2 97.07 61.21 0.430 0.381
155 4.203 1005.2 86.52 61.10 0.414 0.382
160 4.741 1002.3 77.29 61.01 0.398 0.384
165 5.335 999.3 69.19 60.90 0.384 0.385
170 5.992 996.3 62.06 60.79 0.370 0.386
175 6.715 993.3 55.78 60.68 0.357 0.387
180 7.510 990.2 50.23 60.58 0.345 0.388
185 8.383 987.2 45.31 60.47 0.334 0.389
190 9.339 984.1 40.96 60.36 0.333 0.390
195 10.385 981.0 37.09 60.25 0.312 0.391
200 11.526 977.9 33.64 60.13 0.303 0.392
205 12.777 974.8 30.57 60.02 0.293 0.392
210 14.123 971.6 27.82 59.88 0.284 0.393
212 14.696 970.3 26.80 59.75 0.281 0.393
215 15.595 968.4 25.37 59.70 0.277 0.393
220 17.186 965.2 23.15 59.64 0.270 0.394
225 18.93 962.0 21.17 59.48 0.262 0.394
230 20.78 958.8 19.382 59.39 0.255 0.395
235 22.80 955.5 17.779 59.24 0.248 0.395
240 24.97 952.2 16.323 59.10 0.242 0.396
245 27.31 948.9 15.012 58.93 0.236 0.396
250 29.82 945.5 13.821 58.83 0.229 0.396
260 35.43 938.7 11.763 58.52 0.218 0.396
270 41.86 931.8 10.061 58.24 0.208 0.396
280 49.20 924.7 8.645 57.94 0.199 0.396
290 57.55 917.5 7.461 57.64 0.191 0.396
300 67.01 910.1 6.466 57.31 0.185 0.396
310 77.68 902.6 5.626 56.98 0.396
320 89.66 894.9 4.914 56.55 0.395
330 103.06 887.0 4.307 56.31 0.393
340 118.01 879.0 3.788 55.96 0.392
350 134.62 870.7 3.342 55.59 0.390
360 153.04 862.2 2.957 55.22 0.388
370 173.37 853.5 2.625 54.85 0.387
380 195.77 844.6 2.335 54.46 0.385
390 220.37 835.4 2.0836 54.05 0.383
400 247.31 826.0 1.8633 53.65 0.382

Source: Condensed from Keenan and Keyes, Thermodynamic Properties of Steam, Wiley, New York, 1936).
732 UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A4. P r o p e r t i e s of A i r a n d S t e a m at A t m o s p h e r i c Pressure

cp / ~ x 10 5 =, x i 0 3 k
T(F) (Ibmfcuft) (Btu/IbmF) (Ibm/ftsec) (sqft/sec) (Btu/hr ft F)

Air

0 0.086 0.239 1.110 0.130 0.0133

32 0.081 0.240 1.165 0.145 0.0140
100 0.071 0.240 1.285 0.180 0.0154
200 0.060 0.241 1.440 0.239 0.0174
300 0.052 0.243 1.610 0.306 0.0193
400 0.046 0.245 1.750 0.378 0.0212
500 0.0412 0.247 1.890 0.455 0.0231
600 0.0373 0.250 2.000 0.540 0.0250
700 0.0341 0.253 2.14 0.625 0.0268
800 0.0314 0.256 2.25 0.717 0.0286
900 0.0291 0.259 2.36 0.815 0.0303
1000 0.0271 0.262 2.47 0.917 0.0319
1500 0.0202 0.276 3.00 1.47 0.0400
2000 0.0161 0.286 3.45 2.14 0.0471
2500 0.0133 0.292 3.69 2.80 0.051
3000 0.0114 0.297 3.86 3.39 0.054

Steam

212 0.0372 0.451 0.870 0.234 0.0145

300 0.0328 0.456 1.000 0.303 0.0171
400 0.0288 0.462 1.130 0.395 0.0200
500 0.0258 0.470 1.265 0.490 0.0228
600 0.0233 0.477 1.420 0.610 0.0257
700 0.0213 0.485 1.555 0.725 0.0288
800 0.0196 0.494 1.700 0.855 0.0321
900 0.0181 0.50 1.810 0.987 0.0355
1000 0.0169 0.51 1.920 1.13 0.0388
1200 0.0149 0.53 2.14 1.44 0.0457
1400 0.0133 0.55 2.36 1.78 0.053
1600 0.0120 0.56 2.58 2.14 0.061
1800 0.0109 0.58 2.81 2.58 0.068
2000 0.0100 0.60 3.03 3.03 0.076
2500 0.0083 0.64 3.58 4.30 0.096
3000 0.0071 0.67 4.00 5.75 0.114
 APPENDIX A 733

TABLE A5. Properties of Steel Pipe

Surface per lin ft, ft 2

Nominal pipe Flow area Weight per

size, in. OD, in. Schedule No. ID, in. per pipe, in. 2 Outside Inside lin ft, Ib steel

1/8 0.405 40t 0.269 0.058 0.106 0.070 0.25

80~ 0.215 0.036 0.106 0.056 0.32
1/4 0.540 40 0.364 0.104 0.141 0.095 0.43
80 0.302 0.072 0.141 0.079 0.54
3/8 0.675 40 0.493 0.192 0.177 0.129 0.57
80 0.423 0.141 0.177 0.111 0.74
1/2 0.840 40 0.622 0.304 0.220 0.163 0.85
80 0.546 0.235 0.220 0.143 1.09
3/4 1.05 40 0.824 0.534 0.275 0.216 1.13
80 0.742 0.432 0.275 0.194 1.48
1 1.32 40 i 1.049 0.864 0.344 0.274 1.68
80 0.957 0.718 0.344 0.250 2.17
1 1/4 1.66 ! 40 1.380 1.50 ! 0.435 0.362 2.28
80 1.278 1.28 0.435 0.335 3.00
1 1/2 1.90 40 1.610 2.04 0.498 0.422 2.72
80 1.500 1.76 0.498 0.393 3.64
2 2.38 40 2.067 3.35 0.622 0.542 3.66
80 1.939 2.95 0.622 0.508 5.03
2 1/2 2.88 40 2.469 4.79 0.753 0.647 5.80
80 2.323 4.23 0.753 0.609 7.67
3.50 40 3.068 7.38 0.917 0.804 7.58
80 2.900 6.61 0.917 0.760 10.3
4.50 40 4.026 12.7 1.178 1.055 10.8
80 3.826 11.5 1.178 1.002 15.0
6 6.625 40 6.065 28.9 1.734 1.590 19.0
80 5.761 26.1 1.734 1.510 28.6
8 8.625 40 7.981 50.0 2.258 2.090 28.6
80 7.625 45.7 2.258 2.000 43.4
10 10.75 40 10.02 78.8 2.814 2.62 40.5
60 9.75 74.6 2.814 2.55 54.8
12 12.75 30 12.09 115 3.338 3.17 43.8
16 16.0 30 15.25 183 4.189 4.00 62.6
20 20.0 20 19.25 291 5.236 5.05 78.6
24 24.0 20 23.25 425 6.283 6.09 94.7

tSchedule 40 designates former "standard" pipe.

$Schedule 80 designates former "extra-strong" pipe.
734 UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A6. Standard Gauges of Sheets, Plates, and Wires

00

S h e e t m i l l s r o l l s t e e l s h e e t s t o U . S. g a u g e
unless otherwise ordered. Plate mills usu- T H I C K N E S S AND W E I G H T OF S H E E T S WIRE
ally roll heavy plates, ~ and heavier, and AND PLATES
light plate No. 8 to No. 12, to Birmingham
U. S. Standard Gauge American or ~ ~
gauge. In figuring weights of steel plates Adopted by U . S . Birmingham Brown &
add to above the allowance for overweight, Government or Stubs' Sharpe's "~ ~
adopted by Association American Steel March 1, 1937 Gauge Gauge ~
No. of
Manufacturers. All steel sheets in our stock Gauge
Weight Weight Weight
a r e r o l l e d t o t h e U . S. S t a n d a r d Gauge. Thickness Lbs. Thick- Lbs. Thick- Lbs. Thick.
Brass is r o l l e d t o t h i c k n e s s by Brown & Inches per ness, per ness, per i hess,
Sharpe's American G a u g e . C o p p e r is r o l l e d Sq. Ft. Inches Sq. Ft. Inches Sq. Ft. Inches
to thickness by Stubs' or Birmingham Gauge. ( 3/~ ...... i5.00 .425 17.28 .410 16.71 .363
13.75 .380 15.45 .365 14.88 .331
21~ ...... 12.50 .340 13.82 .325 13.26 .307
O0 11.25 .300 12.20 .289 11.80 .283 O 5
10 ~ 9~ .239
10.625
10.00
.284
.259
11.55
10.53
.258
.229
10.51
9.36
.263
.244
15/~ .224 9.375 .238 9.68 .204 8.34 .225
O'
7/~ .209 8.75 .220 8.95 .182 7.42 .207
s/f6
sl~
.194
.179
8.125
7.50
.203
.180
8.25
7.32
.162 q
.144
6.61
5.89
.192
.177
O,
5~ .164

m
6.875 .165 6.71 .128 5.24 .162
.149 6.25 .148 6.02 .114 4.67 .148 O 8
14 7~
.134
.12o
5.625
5.00
.134
.120
5.45
4.88
.102
.091
4.16
3.70
.135
.120
9 '
s~ .105 4.375 .109 4.43 .08 3.30 .105
15
5~
.09
.075
3.75
3.125
.095
.083
3.86
3.37
.072
.064
2.94
2.62
.092
.080
9 ~o
16 t ~ .067 2.813 .072 2.93 .057 2.33 .O72
17 l/~ .060 2.50 .065 2.64 .05 2.O7 .O63
s~
.054
.048
2.25
2.00
.058
.049
2.36
1.99
.045
.04
1.85 .054 @ tz
18 1.64 .O47
.042 1.75 .042 1.71 .036 1.46 .041 9 13
19 ii .036 1.50 .035 1.42 .032 1.31 .O35
l~ .033 1.375 .032 1.30 .028 1.16 .032 9 14
20 ,
21 _ ....... 030 1.25 .028 1.14 .025 1.03 .027 9 15
....... 027 1.125 .025 1.02 .023 .922 .026
22 , ....... 024 1.00 .022 .895 .020 .82 .023 9 IG
23 , ....... 021 .875 .020 .813 .018 .73 .020
....... 018 .750 .018 .732 .016 .649 .018 9 17
24 . . . . . ....... 016 .687 .016 .651 .014 .579 .017 9 18
25
.015 .625 .014 .569 .012 .514 .016 9 19
26 - ....... 014 .563 .013 . . . . . . . . . 011 .461 .015
,27 ~ v_ ........ 012 .500 .012 . . . . . . . . . . . 01 . .408 .014
9 21
 APPENDIX A 735

T A B L E A7. W e i g h t s a n d A n g l e s of Slide of V a r i o u s M a t e r i a l s

*Weights of Materials--The following list gives weights in pounds per cubic foot. Unless otherwise noted, weights are for material in
loose, least compacted form. In figuring Horse Powers, weights should be increased in proportion to their compressibility.

tAngles of Slide--The angles given are the minimum at which the various materials will slide on a steel plate, under best condition,
for determination of friction. The minimum angle will increase as size of particles decrease and with higher moisture content. For
definite recommendations refer to S-A Engineers. The inclination of chutes must be steeper than minimum angle of slide and S-A
Engineers should be consulted for minimum chute slopes.
Friction Factors--The moving-friction factor for any material listed, sliding on steel plate, equals the natural tangent of the "angle of
slide" given for that material. See table of natural functions of angles--listed in data section of book. For example, the friction factor
of cement equals .809 (the natural tangent of 39 ~, which is the angle of slide for cement).
Specific Gravity--The specific gravity of a material is its weight (in a solid block) compared with that of water at 62 ~ F. Example: As
water weighs 62.4 pounds per cubic foot and sulphur weighs 125 pounds, the specific gravity of sulphur is twice that of water or 2.0.

Green Timber--Usually weighs from one-fifth to nearly one-half more than dry. Ordinary building timbers, tolerably seasoned,
weigh about one-sixth more.
9 Solid Cube of material--weights of broken or crushed material decrease, for example, see figures given for coal and for limestone.
** Figures listed are for best conditions (dry, sized and without dust)--The minimum angle will increase as size of particles decrease
and with higher moisture content. For other conditions refer to S-A Engineers for definite recommendations.

I I I Minimum
Angle
DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION of
Slider

Air (Atmospheric at 60~ Under pressure of one at- Cellulose Acetate, granular ......................... 33 ~
m o s p h e r e , 14.7 lbs. p e r s q u a r e i n . , w e i g h s 1/815 as Cement, Portland (per Bbl. net 376 lbs.) (per bag 94 lbs.) 39 o
much as water) ................................ " Mortar, Portland, 1:2 ~ ................... ..........
Alabaster (marble) 9 ..............................
Alabaster (Real, a compact white plaster of Paris) 9 Chalk, 9 ........................................
" Precipitated, Powdered ...................... 45 ~
Alfalfa, Ground ................................... Charcoal, Bone, (Carbonated), granular ............. 27 ~
" Coarse ................................... " Wood Pulp, granular ..................... 35 ~
Alumina, sized or briquette ........................
Chips, Wood ..................................... 22 ~
Alumina, Fine, Granulated .........................
Chocolate, Powder ................................ 45 ~
Alum, ground .....................................
Chromic Acid, Flake .............................. 25 ~
Aluminum Hydrate, Ground .......................

Aluminum, Sulphate, Granular .................... : Cinders, (Coal, Ashes and Clinkers) ................. 35~
Ammonium, Sulphate, Damp Granulated ............ " Blast Furnace ............................ 35~
Argols, Roasted, Pulverized ........................
Clay, Dry in Lump Loose .......................... 35 ~
Ash, Black, Ground ............................... " Blended for Tile 11% Moist, Powdered ......... 45 ~
" Fly, Powdered ............................... " Ground ..................................... 35 ~
" Volcanic, Powdered ........................... " Fire, Powdered .............................. 45 ~
" Gray, Granular .............................. 35 ~
" Pulverized Fire Brick ........................ 35 ~
Ashes of B i t u m i n o u s Coal ........................
" Damp .....................................
Asphaltum ....................................... Coal, Anthracite, (Solid) 9 .........................
. . . . broken of any Size, Loose .......... 22 ~
" . . . . Moderately Shaken ......... ..........
Babassu Nuts, ground .............................
" , one ton, loose, occupies 40
Bagasse, Wet Sawdust .............................
to 43 cu. ft ................. ..........
Baking Powder ...................................
" " Chestnut ......................... 22 ~

Barytes, Granular ................................

Coal, Bituminous, (Solid) 9 ........................
Basalt (Similar to Marble) 9 .......................
. . . . m i n u s }.~", s l a c k , d r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ~
Bathstone, Oolite 9 ...............................
" . . . . " " moderately wet 40 ~
" " " " " very wet .......... 33 ~
Bauxite, Calcined (Granular without dust) ........... " broken, 1 ton, loose, occupies 43 to
" Ground dried ............................. 48 cu. ft ..........................
" Mine run ................................ " " sized, wet or dry ................. 27 #
pulverized ....................... 40 ~
Bentonite, pulverized ..............................
Bismuth 9 ....................................... Cocoanut (see Grains, Seeds and Cereals) ............
Bones, Animal, pulverized ......................... Coke, pulverized .................................. 34 ~
" Loose, 1 ton occupies 80 to 97 cu. ft ........... ..........
Bone Char, ground ................................ " Petroleum, crushed .......................... 27 ~
Borax, Dehydrated, powdered ..... 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bran ............................................ Concrete, Cinder with Portland Cement 9 ...........
" Gravel and Sand with Portland Cement A. 9
Brick, Best Pressed 9 ............................. " Trap with Portland Cement 9 .............
" Common 9 ................................
" Fire 9 .....................................
Copper, Oxide, Powdered .......................... 40 ~
" Soft inferior 9 ..............................
" Sulphate, Ground ......................... 31o**
Cork, ~' to 0". .................................. 30 ~
Brickwork, Press Brick, fine joints 9 ................
" Medium Quality ........................
" Coarse, Inferior or Soft 9 ................ Cryolite ~" to 200 mesh, crushed ................... 32 ~
Cullet (Scrap Glass Sized) .................... '..... 25 ~
Dolomite, pulverized .............................. 41 ~
Calcium Bichromate, Granular ..................... " Solid 9 ................................. ..........
" Carbide 9 .............. : .................
" Carbide, Spent, Powdered ..................
" Carbonate (See Limestone) ................. Dust, tt~e, Blast Furnace .......................... 45 ~
" Oxide, Powdered (See Lime) ................ " Foundry ................................... 38 ~
Phosphate, See Phosphates ................. " Limestone 38 ~

Carbon, ground ................................... Earth, Common I,oam, Perfectly Dry ...............

" Coke, crushed, sized ....................... " " " Moist ......................
Casein, granular .................................. " Fullers, Raw ............................... 35 ~

9 * t ** S e e n o t e s preceding table. (continued on following page)

 736 UNITS,NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A7---(continued)

I Minimum
DESCRIPTION [ cu. tt
[ Angle
of
Slider
DESCRIPTION
Averag
Wt. pe
eu. ft.
pounds:
Minimum
Angle
of
Slide t

Eggs ............................................ 48
Feldspar, Pulverized .............................. 50-60 40 ~ Gypsum. in'i(re~uis ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 142
82
45 ~
3O ~
" (Crushed) ............................... 100 32 ~ " Ground, see P l a s t e r of P a r i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 40 ~
Ferric Sulphate 9 ................................. 194 ......... Hornblende, Solid 9 ............................... 187
Ferrous Sulphate (Copperas) 9 ..................... 119 ......... Humus .......................................... 30-40 .,.,,,,,,.
Flint 9 .......................................... 162 Ice 9 ............................................ 57.4
F u i l e r ' s E a r t h (See E a r t h ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ilmenite, granulated ............................... 148 31 ~
Gelatin, Granulated ............................... 38 38 ~ " Fine Ground ............................. 120 40 ~
Glass, Common and Plate 9 .................... .... 161 Iron Oxide Pigment ............................... 25 40 o
" Batch, Average Mix ......................... 100 45 ~
I very 9 .......................................... 114
Glue (Pellet) ..................................... 45 25 ~ Kalsomine (powder) ............................... 32 42o
Gneiss, Solid 9 ................................... 168 Kaolin, Green Crushed ............................. 64 35 ~
" in Loose Piles ............................. 90-10( " Pulverized ................................ 22 45 ~
Grains, Seeds and Cereals Kieselguhr, crushed ............................... 15 4O ~
Barley (48 lb. per bushel) ........................ 38 L e a d , #70 R e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 40 ~
Beans, Coeoa ................................... 37 25 ~ " Silicate, Granulated ......................... 230 3O ~
" Navy ................................... 54 22 ~ " Sulphate, Basic Pulverized .................... 184 45~
Beans, Soy--Cake .............................. 45 32 ~ Leather 9 ........................................ 59 ......... o
. . . . Meal ........... ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 27 ~ Lime, Briquette ................................... 6O 26 ~
. . . . . Flour ............................. 27 40 ~ " Burned, Pebble (sized) ....................... 53 30 ~
Beans, Soy--Crushed ........................... 34 35 ~ Lime, Burned, Pulverized .......................... 27 43 ~
" " Whole ............................. 45-50 22 ~ " Fine (Spent Dry Carbide) .................... 45 40 o
" " Split .............................. 44 25 ~ " Mason ..................................... 17 40 ~
" Burned or Quick. crushed .................... 5O 40 ~
Bran .......................................... 16-26 36 ~ " Hydrated .................................. 10-25 42 ~
Brewers Grits .................................. 33 24 ~
B u c k w h e a t (46 lbs., p e r b u . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ~ Limestone, solid 9 ................................ 166 ........ .o
" Pulverized ............................. 85 42 ~
C l o v e r S e e d (60 lbs., p e r b u . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 28 ~ " Mixed Sizes ............................ 105 35 ~
Cocoa Nibs ..................................... 32 26 ~ " Coarse, Sized ........................... 98 25 ~
Cocoanut Meal ................................. 32 38 ~
" Shredded ............................. 25 27 ~ Liquids
Alcohol ........................................ 49 3
Coffee Beans, Green ............................. 4~ 25 ~ Benzine ........................................ 53.1
" Steel Cut ................................ 28 23 ~ Milk .......................................... 64 3
Corn, Field (on cob) ............................ 45 20 ~
~176 S h e l l e d ( 5 6 I b s . p e r b u . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 21 ~ Naptha ........................................ 53.1
Oils, Vegetable ................................. 58.7
Corn Flakes .................................... 12 22 ~ Oils, Mineral ................................... 57.1
" Germ .................................... 25 25 ~
" " Flakes .............................. 25 36 ~ Petroleum ..................................... 54.8
" Grits ..................................... 4C 24 ~ Tallow ........................................ 58.6
Turpentine ................................... 54
C o r n m e a l (50 Ibs. p e r b u . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4C 35 ~
" Muffin Mixture ........................ 24 45 ~ Water Pure Rain Distilled @ 32 ~ F. Bar. 30 in ....
Cotton Seed .................................... 2~ 29 ~ 6 2 . 4171 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . • 62 ~ F. " " ... 62. 355 ..........
. . . . Meal ............................... 33 35 ~ . . . . . . . . (~ 2 1 2 ~ F . " " ... 59.7 ..........

Farina ......................................... 44 29 ~ Water, Sea .....................................

Feed Gluten .................................... 31 34 ~ Wood, Spirit ................................... 49.9 ..........
" Molasses .................................. 25 40 ~ Lithapone, Granulated ............................ 70 40 ~
" Pulverized ............................. 73 40 ~
Flax Seed Ground ............................... 28 35 ~
.... (56 Ibs. p e r b u . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Magnesium Carbonate Powdered ................... 9 36 ~
21 ~
Flour (196 lbs. per Barrel) ....................... 3 to 4 Masonry of Granite or Limestone, Well Dressed ...... 165 ..........
31 ~
Prepared Biscuit .......................... 26 " " Brickwork (See Brickwork) ............. ..... . .i. . . . . . . . . . .
" 40 ~
Metals
Grain, Brewers Spent (Sloppy Wet) ............... 84 Aluminum 9 ................................... 165 ..........
G r a s s , B l u e , S e e d (14 l b s . p e r b u . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 30 ~ Babbitt 9 ..................................... 500-650 ..........
B r a s s (7.8 C o p p e r t o 8.4 Zinc) 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 ..........
Hay in Bales ................................... 20 " Rolled 9 ................................. 534 ..........
Hemp Seed (48 lbs. per bu.) ...................... 36
Hominy ........................................ 45 21 ~ B r o n z e (8 C o p p e r t o 1 T i n ) ( G u n m e t a l ) 9 ......... 552 ..........
Cadmium 9 .................................... 539 ..........
Linseed Meal ................................... 27 Chromium 9 ................................... 432 . .........
34 ~
Linseed Rolled .................................. 25 34 ~
Malt, Dry ..................................... 32 21 ~ Copper Cast 9 ................................. 542 ..........
" Spent I)ry ................................ 10 28 ~ Copper Rolled 9 555 . . . . . . . . . .
Gold, Cast Pure or':2i "Karat X" ~~~~
~" : : : : ~ : : : : : : : 1204 ..........
Malt Sugar (Ground) Ilygroscopic ................ 35 31 ~ Iron, Cast 9 .............................. 446 ........
. . . . ( U n~rou nd) " . ............... 30 31 ~ Iron Ore, Hematite, Magnetite. ...................... 135 .........
Oats, 32 Lbs. P e r B u s h e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 21 ~ " " , Taconite ................................... 115 ..........
" Rolled .................................... 18 28 ~ Lead, Commercial 9 ............................ 710 ..........

Pablum ........................................ 9 32 ~ Magnesium 9 .................................. 109 ......... .

" Waste .................................. 14 38 ~ M a g n e s i u m S u l f a t e (E, p s o m S a l t s ) C r y s t a l s . . . . . . . . 55 25 ~
Rice ........................................... 50 20 ~ Manganese 9 ................................... 475 ..........

R y e (56 L b s . P e r B u . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 23 ~ M e r c u r y a t 32 ~ F . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 ..........

Timothy Seed, (45 Lbs. Per Bu.) ................. 36 28 ~ Nickel 9 ....................................... 537 ..........
W h e a t ( 6 0 1.bs. P e r B u . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . . . 48 23 ~ Silver 9 ....................................... 655 ..........
" Germ ................................... 32 30 ~
. . . . Ground ........................... 32 36 ~ Steel 9 ........................................ 489.6 ..........
Tin, Cast 9 .................................... 459 ..........
Granite Solid A ................................... 159 Zinc or Spelter 9 ............................... 437.5" . .........
Granite, Gneiss 9 .................................. 175
Gravel ........................................... 120 30 o Mica, Solid 9 .................................... 183
Green Stone, Trap, Solid 9 ......................... 187 ......... " Ground ................................... 13.5 36 ~
. . . . . . Quarried in Loose Piles ........... 107 35 ~ Milk, Powdered .................................. 40 45 ~

9 * t ** S e e n o t e s p r e c e d i n g table (Continued on following page)

 APPENDIX A 737

TABLE A7.--(continued)

Average Minimum Average Minimum

Wt. per Angle Wt. per Angle
DESCRIPTION cu. tt. of DESCRIPTION cu. ft. of
pounds* Slide t pounds* Slide t

Molasses, Powdered ............................... 21 45 ~ Starch, (Powdered) ............................... 25-45 45 ~

Molybdenumitc Ore, Powdered ..................... 107 40 ~ " (Lump & Pelleted) ......................... 3O 28 ~
Mortar, Hardened ................................ 103 " Tablet, Granular Crystals ................... 4O 24 ~

Mud Wet Fluid ................................... 108 Straw in Bales .................................... 25

N a i l s a n d S p i k e s , 106 L b s . P e r K e g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... Stucco (Tubed and Untubed), Powdered ............. 50 36 ~ to 38 ~
N i t r a t e of S o d a , P e l l e t T y p e G r a n u l a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 24 ~ Sulphur, Pulverized ............................... 5O 45 ~
" Coarse .................................. 76 32 ~
Nuchar, Granular ................................. 22 30 ~
Paste, Dried, ~ laky ............................... 10 36 ~
Sugar, Brown .................................... 40-50 45 ~
" Powdered .................................. 45 45 ~
Phosphate, Powdered .............................. 60 40 ~
" Granulated ................................ 5O 35 ~
" Dicalcium, Granular .................... 60 30 ~
" Tailings ................................... 57 38 ~
" Super, Ground ......................... 51 45 ~
'rri-~oaium, Granulated ................. 60 26 ~
" Tri-Sodium Pulverized .................. 50 40 ~ Talc, Solid (Soapstone) 9 .......................... 169 ..~ ...... ~
" Rock 9 ............................... 20O " Micaceous, Granulated ....................... 62 36 ~
" F l o r i d a //20 M e s h , A i r C l e a n e d . . . . . . . . . . . 93 27 ~ Tankage, Ground ................................. 49 32 ~
" Mono Calcium, Powdered ............... 61 40 ~
Tar 9 ........................................... 75 ......... ~
Phthalic Anhydride, Flaky ......................... 42 24 ~ Tartaric Acid (Cream of Tartar), Granular ........... 6O 35 ~
Pigment (For Rubber Tires) Powdered .............. 52 45 ~ Tin, Oxide, Ground ............................... 100 35 ~
Pitch 9 .......................................... 70 ..........
" Flake ...................................... 42 27 ~
Titanium Dioxide (paint pigment), powdered ......... 25 45 ~
P l a s t e r of P a r i s , P o w d e r e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 40 ~ Tobacco Stems, Chopped, Coarse ................... 16 23 ~
Potassium, Chloride 9 ............................. 124 .......... Trap, Rock 9 .................................... 187 ..........
" Sulphate 9 ............................ 167 .......... " Quarried, in Piles ............................ 107 ..........
Tripoli (Powdered) ................................ 8O 40 ~
Powder, Face ..................................... 36 45 ~
Powder, Pudding ................................. 4O-45 36-40 ~ Vegetables and Fruits
Pumice, Pulverized ................................ 40 45 ~ Apples (56# per Bushel) ......................... 45
" Dried (22# per Bushel) .................... 17
Pyrethrum flowers, coarse ground ................... 20 30 ~ Beets, Shredded Sugar ........................... 7.6 31 ~
" spent flowers ........................... 32 40 ~
Pyro. Powdcred .................................. 56 33 ~
Onions (60# per Bushel) ......................... 48 ..........
Quartz 9 ........................................ 165 ......... Peas (64 Lbs. Per Bushel) ........................ 51 ..........
Resin, Synthetic (from plant), Crushed .............. 40 30 ~ Potatoes (60 Lbs. Per Bushel) .................... 48 .. ........
Resin and Wood Flour, Powdered ................... 19 40 ~
Copra, Medium Sized Pieces ..................... 33 20 ~
Rock, Phosphate Pulv ............................. 60 40 ~ " Meal, Ground ............................ 40 39 ~
" " Solid 9 .......................... 200 ......... " Expeller Cake Ground .................... 32 30 ~
" Florida Phosphate #20 Mesh Air Cleaned ...... 93 27 ~ " Expeller Cake Chopped .................... 29 20 ~

Rosin (From Crude Turpentine) 9 .................. 67 ......... Walnut Shells, Ground (320 Mesh) .................. 21 55 ~
Rubber, Scrap (Ground) ........................... 23 35 ~ Wax, Bees 9 ..................................... 60 ..........
Rutile, Red Oxide of Lead, Fine Ground ............. 132 32 ~
" Powdered .................................. 107 40 ~
Woods
Salt, Granulated .................................. 81 31 ~ Cedar .......................................... 22
" Rock Crushed, sized .......................... 75 25 ~ Cherry (Perfectly Dry) .......................... 44
Sand, Mine run ................................... 90-120 350** Chestnut (Dry) ................................. 30
8and, Coarse sized ................................ 9 0 - 1 O0 30 ~
" Very fine ................................... 90-I lO 32 ~ Chips (Dry) ................... : ................ 15-32 22 ~
" Core ....................................... 65 39 ~ Cypress ....................................... 32 ..........
" Voids Full of Water ......................... lO to 130 450** Elm (Perfectly Dry) ............................ 35 ..........

Sandstone, Solid 9 ................................ 147 .........

" Quarried & Piled ........................ 82 Fir, Eastern .................................... 25 ..........
.........
Hemlock (Perfectly Dry) ........................ 29 ..........
Serpentine (Talc) 9 ............................... 169 .........
Hickory (Perfectly Dry) ......................... 48 ..........
Shales. Slate 9 ................................... 172 .........
~ilex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 44 ~ Lignumvitae, Dry ........................... ,... 41 to 83 ..........
Silica, F l o u r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 45 ~ Locust, Dry .................................... 46 ..........
Mahogany ..................................... 35-53 ..........
Slag 9 ........................................... 60 to 180 .........
" Furnace Granulated .......................... 122 25 ~ Maple, Dry .................................... 33-40 ..........
" Birmingham ................................. 82 25 ~ Oak, Live, Perfectly Dry ........................ 59 ..........
" Red, Perfectly Dry ......................... 41 to 45 ..........
Slate, Solid 9 .................................... 175
" Fine Ground ................................ 82 35 ~
" Granules, Flaky ............................. 87 Pine, White Perfectly Dry ...................... 27 ..........
28 ~
45 " Yellow Perfectly Dry Short leaf ............. 38 ..........
" Flour ...................................... 45 ~
" " " " Long leaf .............. 44 ..........
Snow (Fresh Fallen) .............................. 5 t o 12 ......... ~
" (Moistened) Compacted By Rain .............. 15 to 50 Poplar, Dry .................................... 29 ..........
Red Wood, California Dry ....................... 26 to 30 ..........
Soap Chips ....................................... 5-15 Sawdust, Dry .................................. 10-30 36 ~
28-32 ~
Soapstone, Talc 9 ................................. 169 ...... .... " Ground ................................ 20 45 ~
' Fine Ground ........................... 60 40 ~
Shingles Per 1000, Short 900 Lbs. Long 1400 Lbs .... ........... . ........
Soda Ash, Light .................................. 25-35 37 ~ Spruce, Dry, California .......................... 25
" " Dense .................................. 66 32 ~ Sycamore (Perfectly Dry) ........................ 37
" " Briquette ............................... 50 22 ~
" " and Silica Sand (1 to 1.85) ............... 80 29 ~
" Bicarbonate ................................. Walnut, Black (Perfectly Dry) ................... 42
30-55 ! 42 ~
Wool Mineral .................................... 10 30 ~
Zinc calcines, Powdered ............................. 85 54 ~
Sodium, Aluminate Ground ........................ 72 25-50 ~ " Ore, roasted, Granular ........................ 110 38 Q
" Antimonate Crushed ...................... 49 31o** " O~ide ....................................... 20 45 o
" Carbonate, Powdered (Soda Ash) ........... " " Leaded, Ground ......................... 25-40 50 o
" Nitrate, Granular ......................... 68 24 ~ Sulphate, Powdered ........................... 72 44 ~
" Phosphates, See Phosphates
" Sulfite, Powdered ......................... 96 40 ~
Sulfate (fine and lumps) ................... 88 31 ~ Zonolite, Fine, Granular ............................ 30 ~

@ t ** ~ notes preceding table.

Data of Stephens-Adamson Co., Catalog 66, Aurora, IL, 1954. See also Table 5.3.
738 UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A8. Petroleum Products, Typical Compositions

S u m m a r y of P r o d u c t p T y p e s P r o d u c e d F r o m P e t r o l e u m

9N u m b e r i
of C a r b o n A t o m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C, C2 [ [ ~ c3 I~
C5 3| C6 C7 Cs C9 Clo Cl! C12 CI3 C14 C15 C16 C17 c,~! c,gl c4~
B o i l i n g P o i n t of N o r m a l ] ~ ..... i - 1 6 1 [ - 8 9 ] - 4 2 .5 98 126 151 174 196 216 235 253 270 287 302 3,~ i 3291 343 i c,
P a r a f f i n at 760 m m I ~ ..... | - 2 5 9 [ - 1 2 7 [ - 4 4 ] +31 +9 15669 209 258 303 345 384 421 456 488 519 548 575
[
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ........................ =
Precipitation Naphtha .......................... -
VM&P Naphtha ................................... A D
Mineral Spirits ....................................
Reformate .............................................
Gasoline ..............................................
Kerosene, Diesel Fuel ...........................
Aviation Turbine Fuel .......................... I

G a s Oil, F u e l Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . el
T r a n s f o r m e r Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L u b r i c a t i n g Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asphalt, Pitch ......................................
Wax ...................................................
I

Source: Humble Oil Co.