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    15 views15 pages

    Glazer 2008 CC Burnout

    Uploaded by

    Caio Moretto

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15
    ISBN 978-1-60456.500-3 (© 2008 Nova Science Publishers, ne. Chapter 7 CROSS-CULTURAL ISSUES IN STRESS AND BURNOUT ‘Sharon Glazer* San Jose State University ‘The study of occupational stress across cultures is rare; most typical are one-culture studles or comparisons of two cultures, which is insufficient for undestanding cultural differences (Hofitele, 200!) The mere fact that in Chinese the word “stress” is translated ith two characters that represent the words ‘cris and “opportunity (Hashim and Ziilang, 2003) and tht in Hebrew the word stress is translated into either “pressare” or “tension” (Glazer, 2002) demonstrates the elusiveness ofthe concept. In this chapter, I use the word ‘stress’ to define an area of study. Is process in which suessore relate tostins, Stressors ‘ae environmental demands or constants that may yield negative responses, Stains are negative responses that arise when one is unable to cope succesfully with stressors. The relationship between stressors and strains isa the ore of sizes” Across cultures reported Perceptions of siresors and strains differ and implication ofthe same stessors on stains Afr, as do types of stressors influencing the same strains (Glazer and Beskr, 2005). Thus, cular isthe greater context in which stress occurs and implications of cule on stress need to be beter understood. This chapter presents a framework (tee Figure 1) for conducting stress research across cultures substantiated with a comprehensive review of literature ftom liferent countries an cross-cultural studies. ‘Crompton and Lyonete (2006) highlight the importance of cultural context in their comparative study of work-life balance in Finland, Norway, Britain, France, and Portugal. Employment of women, state support for mothers’ employment, and child-caring ‘esponsibiltes diffs among these counties and influence work-life balance. For example, i Finland and Norway women and men te give cas or care wid up t 8 year of Work leave ‘with pay for having chien. In these countries there i ile work-lf confi. In contrast, in France, incongruence between (a) a liberal policy for women's empkyment and (b) "Te 0 24969, Eero o ‘Sharon Glazer tradtiona division of household labor might be a cultural atribue influencing French ‘workers’ work-role conflict. _— a Cultur® Figure 1, Coral Context or Occupational Sues. In this chapter 1 make a case for studying stress across culture, explain why nurses are ‘he focal group for this chapter, define culture, and then elaborate onthe stress flamework. ‘Wary EXAMINE STRESS OR BURNOUT ACROSS CULTURES? Economic globalization has created greater interdependence among countries, as evident In the exchange of goods and services, money, and knowledge (Leung, Bhagat, Buchan, Erez, ‘tnd Gibson, 2005). Inthe healthcare sector, goods and services, as well as knowledge ae ‘exchanged through programs such as “Doctors Without Borlers," and the ‘import’ of heatbcare providers from different counties (e.g, Fllpino meses tothe USA; American healthcare, 2006), ‘With an influx of immigrants and problems with dscrimimation yithin county, ethnic Aiferences must also be examined. For example, inthe USA, Affican American high-tech employees report lower levels of well-being than most other ethnic groups in the same Cross-Cultural esse in Stott and Bumost a ne ees ee ‘cecupation and in Ise, female high-tech employees report lower levels of well-being than ‘their male counterparts (Mor Barak, Finder, and Wind, 2003) On the interface of work and ‘nonwork lif, Cohen and Kirchmeyer (2005) show tha, in are, having more ciléen leads to greater tumover intention among Muslim women, but les tumover intention among Jewish ‘The purpose of cross-cultural occupational stress research isto understand how. when, and why culture impacts occupational sess at each pont of the famework (sce Figure 1), cluding socal, legal, political, and economic situations that give rise to stressors, coping strategies and display of reactions to them, and the formal programs that might be effective of ‘considered appropriate to reduce stestors and strains. ‘Nurses As FOCAL Grour For CRoss-CULTURAL OCCUPATIONAL Stress RESEARCH ‘Nurses, unlike any other healticare provider in the hospital setting are tthe foreffot of | Providing care o patents, including monitoring patent well-being, listening to putea’ needs throughout the shi serving 8 a liaison between patent and physician, es well as ‘Pharmacy and lab technician, and interacting with family and fiends of paints, Their basic Job requirements are also fury similar across countries, at are the problems of rcrulimeat and turover (Cimioti, Aiken, and Poghosyan, present volume; Coomber and Baril, 2007), This i not to say that nursing hes a higher level of work-elsted burmout than ‘midwives or hospital physicians (atleast notin Britain - Anderson, Cooper, and Willmot, 1996 and Denmark - Kristensen, Boriz, Vlladsen, and Christensen, 2005), rather they conftont somewhat similar work-related demands (, Lambert et al, 2004) And despite these similar work-related demands, nurses experince differing levels ofthese stressors and ven some unigue ones (Glazer and Gyurak in review). Defining Culture Culture goes mostly unseen and it often takes being removed from the culture or being an outsider to actually “see” it. Culture is influenced by language, ole expectations, customs, symbols, feelings, atiudes, thinking peters, traditions, bel, values, and norms, It is shared among a group of people and itis passed down from one generation tothe ext. People do not need to live inthe same country to share the same cules. In most counties there ae ‘lite cultures and each culture may be found in multiple counties. Counts, religions, ‘Bender, ethnicities, organizations, professions, and neightorhoods, each ave distinct ‘cultures. The organization's culture must function symbioticaly within the county's cute, following the county's laws and regulations of trade and commerce. The orgtization is further influenced by socal, economic, politcal, technologisal, and legal contents of the cavironment within which the organization s embedded and these contexts are influnced by ‘and influence country cultural norms, values, and general belie’ (Erez and Gai, 2004). ‘Sharon Glazer SS ‘Several frameworks characterize cultures onthe basis of social and eologcal factor, but no one framework captures the whole of cuture. These frameworks include, but ere not Timited to values (Le, guiding principles that cultures renfore it members to uphold; Hofstede, 2001; House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, and Gupte, 2004; Schwartz, 1999; ‘Trianda, 1995), socal axioms (Le, general belles that are infucmeed by one's social suronndings, Leung et al, 2005), ecological differences (eg, political, economic, ‘cavironment,growth/eath rate; Gorgas and Berry, 1995), and tightness and looseness (8. ‘She srngth of social norms and te degree of sanctioning within societies," Gelfand, Nishi, and Raver, 2006, p. 1225). People who will engage in cross-cultural research are strongly ‘noouraged to consider as many cultural indicators as posible (and not ust cual values). Methodological Issues ‘Numerous methodological issues ar of concem when conducting eros-eluralstadies, in general, and oceupetiona stress, specifically. One issue is whether the research focus ison

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