The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is primarily responsible for acquiring digestion

problems in severe ill patients.It causes the digesting food absorbing nutrients and

water, and expelling waste from the body in the form of feces. malnutrition, repair of

damaged intestinal epithelium, restoration of normal luminal bacterial populations,

promotion of normal gastrointestinal motility, and maintenance of normal immune

functions (eg, tolerance and protection against pathogens).

The amount of food, its form, the frequency of feeding and the composition of the diet

in hospitalized patients each have important effects on gastrointestinal function and

can be used to help improve signs of gastrointestinal disease. Although the nutrients

and non-nutrient components of a diet are important for gastrointestinal health, they

can also cause or influence the development of gastrointestinal diseases (eg,

antibiotic-responsive diarrhea, inflammatory disease of the gut, food intolerance or

sensitivity and/or allergy). Weight loss diets can have a profound effect on gut

recovery and the successful management of chronic or severe gastrointestinal disease.

The amount of a diet should be calculated based on the energy needs of the individual.

regarding diet is the size, frequency and consistency of meals. Typically, small meals

(eg, elt; 1/3 stomach capacity) are given several times a day (eg, 3 to 6 meals).

decreases gastric acid secretion and may reduce nausea, vomiting and

gastroesophageal reflux disease. In addition, the greater the volume of food ingested,

the less efficiently it can be assimilated. In general, liquid diets empty the stomach

faster than canned foods, and canned foods empty faster than dry foods.1 Therefore, if

liquid diets are given too quickly or in large amounts , diarrhea will occur.Although a

variety of nutritional and non-nutritional diseases affect the gastrointestinal tract, the

treatment of most gastrointestinal diseases is improved by proper dietary selection.

Many therapeutic diets are available for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases,

including highly digestible diets, novel antigen or hypoallergenic diets, hydrolyzed

protein diets, and diets with additional concentrations of dietary fiber. Each of these

diets can be used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders. However, it is necessary

to recognize and understand the differences in the nutritional composition of these

diets in order to select the most appropriate diet. Finally, in special circumstances,

homemade diets may be necessary for the successful dietary treatment of serious

gastrointestinal diseases, when available commercial products are unacceptable or

ineffective.

Theoretical mechanism of action of hydrolyzed diets. Normal dietary proteins (top

panel) are broken down into peptides, some of which are immunogenic.These

immunogenic peptides are taken up by antigen processing cells in the gastrointestinal

mucosa and presented on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), leading to

immune reactions, food intolerances or allergies. In partially hydrolyzed diets dietary

protein has been partially degraded before consumption, with the protein broken down

into small peptides that are not processed and presented as efficiently, thereby

reducing the immune response against the diet.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorder in the

absence of structural, physiological, or biochemical abnormalities of the

gastrointestinal tract. Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common in developed

countries and IBS is the most common of these disorders. IBS links their symptoms to

food intake. In other words, certain foods can worsen IBS symptoms. IBS patients

suffer from sleep disturbances, eating habits, diet, exercise and other lifestyle factors.

A diet with low amounts of fermentable oligo, di, monosaccharides and polyols has
been shown to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS.Additionally, a

diet high in fatty and spicy foods is believed to cause gastrointestinal symptoms. a

combination of diet and lifestyle can cause gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with

IBS. The association between IBS and dietary or lifestyle habits, explores the

association between diet and lifestyle habits and IBS at the same time.

The Research cohort study included consecutive in patients admitted to the

gastroenterology department from January 2011 to December 2012 who met the

Rome III diagnostic criteria for IBS.2 These criteria include symptoms of recurrent

abdominal pain or discomfort and marked change in bowel habits for at least 6

months, with symptoms occurring in at least three days of at least 3 months. Two or

more of the following conditions must apply: (1) the onset of pain is related to a

change in stool frequency; (2) the onset of pain is related to a change in stool

appearance; and (3) pain is relieved by a bowel movement.

But this study met the following criteria: (1) no evidence of esophagitis, esophageal

ulcer, gastrointestinal tumors, and cholecystitis at upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,

colonoscopy, and transabdominal ultrasound and (2) limiting symptom onset to one

year before hospitalization to avoid memory bias. Exclusion criteria were: (1) patients

with a history of drug treatment and (2) patients with a medical history such as

abdominal surgery, which could cause abdominal symptoms before the actual

diagnosis of IBS.Total of 78 subjects were enrolled in the case group. The control

group included 79 healthy subjects who received annual health checkups at the

Ministry of Health.This study complies with the standards of the Declaration of

Helsinki and current ethical guidelines.