Soil Science

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One of the following is immobile in plants *

Nitrogen

Sulfur

Calcium

Potassium

A soil with a CEC of 50 me/ 100 gm, 5 me/ 100 gm of which is Na, what is the
ESP of the soil? *

25%

10%

20%

50%

Which of the following agro-environments would produce the greatest amount

of greenhouse gases *

Pasture field

Corn field

Upland rice field

Sugarcane field

Lowland rice field

Chelation makes elements like Fe,Cu , and Zn etc *

Less available to plant

Fixes the element into insoluble compound

More available to plant

Makes plant healthy

Plant growth response to increasing amounts of limiting nutrient is generally *

A curvilinear function

A straight line function

A fluctuating function

None of below

Gravitational water is equal to *

Saturated moisture minus field capacity

Available water minus permanent wilting point

Permanent wilting point minus Hygroscopic coefficient

Field capacity minus permanent wilting point

This element(s) has a critical role in sugarcane fertilization because of its

function in the synthesis of sugar *

Phosphorus

Potassium

Nitrogen

All of below

Once a soil has been placed under cultivation, its organic matter content
usually *

Decreases

Relatively unchanged
Increases

A group of microorganisms which can fix atmospheric N even without a host

plant *

Heterotrophic

Autotrophic

Facultative

Free- Living

The process of N transformation in anaerobic paddy soils whereby N is lost as

gaseous N2, NO and N2O. *

Denitrification

Immobilization

Ammonium fixation

Nitrification

Plowing a hectare with an animal-drawn moldboard plow require how many

kilometers of walking? *

130 km

100 km

90 km

120 km

______has the highest analysis or grade among solid N fertilizer *

Urea

Muriate of Potash

Superphosphate

Ammophos

Soil with > 30%clay to 50 cm, cracks > 1 cm wide at 50 cm, have gilgai,
slikenslides and, wedge-shaped peds *
Inceptisol

Vertisol

Mollisol

Espasol

The biochemical reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen *

Immobilization

Nitrification

Ammonification

Denitrification

A fertilizer that contains only one of the three fertilizer nutrient, N-P-K is
termed ______fertilizer *

Incomplete

Complete

Compound

Straight

Of the essential elements these are not absorbed in ionic forms *

N, P and K

All of the above

C,H, and O

Ca, Mg and S

Of the following, which is more available in the soil under basic conditions *

Magnesium

Iron

Phosphorous

Nitrogen
In nitrification, the first step results in the conversion of ammonium to nitrite
by a specific group of autotrophic bacteria *

Achromobacter

Azospirillum

Nitrosomonas

Nitrobacter

Option 1

Gaseous loss of Nitrogen in alkaline soil *

Denitrification

Nitrification

Volatilization

Ammonification

Among the following microbial process. Which would have the greatest
contribution to global warming? *

SOM decomposition and nitrification

SOM decomposition

Denitrification

SOM decomposition and Denitrification

Nitrification

Catabolism of organic S is carried out by *

All of the above

Aspergillus spp.

Soil Animal

Pseudomonas spp.

Bacillus spp.
The available form of nitrogen which predominates under upland condition is *

Nitrite

Microbial Biomass N

Ammonium

Nitrate

The major gaseous products of OM decomposition under anaerobic soil

conditions *

Carbon Dioxide

Methane

Oxygen

Ethane

What do you expect when you increase OM of the soil *

Increase the amount of N to apply

Decrease the amount of N to apply

Maintain the amount of N to apply

None of the above

This soil category defines largely on the basis of physical and mineralogical
properties importance to plant growth *

Soil Series

Family

Subgroup

Great group

In the wet bed method of raising rice seedlings, how many square meters of
seedbed is needed to sow a bag of palay seed to plant one hectare? *

200 sq m

500 sq m
300 sq m

400 sq m

What is the approximate volume composition of a loam soil in a good tilt *

25% sold space and 75 % pore space

25% solid and 75% pore space

50% solid and 50% pore space

45 % solid and 55 % pore space

Nutrient enrichment of lakes and other bodies of water that stimulate the
growth of aquatic organism which leads to a deficiency of oxygen in the water
body. *

Red Tide

Algal Bloom

Eutrophication

Salinisation

Major product of the biological transformation of Nitrosomonas *

Nitrite + Hydrogen + energy

Nitrate + Hydrogen + energy

Nitrate + Sulfur + energy

Nitrite + Hydrogen + energy

Under strongly acid soil conditions, Phosphorus is usually complexed into

unavailable form as *

Tricalcium phosphate

Al and Fe hydroxyphosphate

Zn phosphate

All of the above

None of the above

The soil microbial population is generally highest in the *

C horizon

B2 horizon

A horizon

B horizon

Medium silts refers to *

Loamy silty soil

Fine silty soil

None of the above

Coarse silty soil

The soil physical property that is enhanced by addition of OM *

Soil texture

Soil architecture

Soil structure

Soil particles

In the list given below, indicate the potential sources of toxins in the soil *

Decompoising OM

All of the above

Soil microorganisms

Plant roots

Sewer sludge

Symbiotic association of algae and fungi is termed as *

Muck

Lichens

Symbiosis
Humin

Which of these processes contribute to global warming? *

Immobilization

Mineralization

Nitrogen fixation

OM decomposition

None of these

Trichoderman harzianum is an inoculant for rapid composting technology. The

rapid composting technology was developed by *

Dr. Asuncion K. Raymundo

Dr. Ida Dalmacio

Dr. Romulo Davide

Dr. Virginia Cuevas

The ____equation which has the form dy/dx= (A-y)c graphically shows that
addition of a liming nutrient increases yield but in decreasing increments *

Mitscherlich’s

Option 1

Liebig’s

USLE

Stocke’s

Sodic soils can be chemically amended by treatment with CaSO4.2H2O also

called *

Gypsum

Quicklime

Calcite

Dolomite
The reduced form of Sulfur when Sulfur is subjected to anaerobic conditions in
paddy soils *

Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfite

Hydrogen sulfate

Hydrogen disulfate

The Philippine adopts the _____Soil Classification System *

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Soil Science Society of America(SSSA)

Food and Agriculture (FAO)

International Soil Science Society (ISSS)

A soil with a pH 6.0 has H+ ion concentration of ____moles / liter *

0.000001

0.0001

0.0000001

0.00001

Option 5

When depicted graphically, the Metscherlich equation shows that with addition
of a limiting nutrient, *

All of below

None of below

Yield increases linearly

Yield increases but in decreasing increment

Yield increases exponentially

Aside from neutralizing soil acidity, lime like CaCO3 may also *
E. A and C

D. A and B

A. Improve soil structure

C. Increase CEC

B. Improve soil texture

Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to supply nutrients in *

Sufficient and balanced amount

None of the above

All of the above

Readily available forms

Amounts above the optimum

Soils with high buffering capacity are generally those which *

Sandy with high OM

Clayey with low OM

Sandy soil with low OM

Clayey with high OM

Basic properties described in a soil profile *

Plasticity, structure, consistency

Texture, bulk density, consistency

CEC, OM ( % ) content, BS, BD

Color, texture, stoniness, structure

In nitrification, the first step results in the conversion of ammonium to nitrite

by a specific group of autotrophic bacteria *

Nitrobacter

Achromobacter
Azospirillum

Nitrosomonas

Ammonium volatilization is a process that results in nitrogen loss from the soil,
it is more favored by *

High pH and low CEC

High level of soil fertility

Low pH and low CEC

Low pH and high CEC

Nutrient antagonism means that reduced availability or absorption of a

nutrient *

All of below

None of below

When another nutrient is deficient

When another nutrient is excessive

When another nutrient is in equal amounts

In calcerous soils, P become unavailable as *

Ammonium phosphate

Dicalcium phosphate

Tricalcium phosphate

Monocalcium phosphate

The two major fertilizer nutrients usually fixed by clays are *

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Potassium and Nitrogen

Potassium and Phosphorus

All of the above

Process taking place in the soil which is source of energy and carbon for the
soil microflora *

Immobilization

Nitrogen Fixation

Decomposition

Volatilization

The method of fertilizer application is one of the determinants of fertilizer use

efficiency. To achieve this, the fertilizer should be applied *

By side dressing

By applying it in shallow trenches

By broadcasting

By spot application

Soils with no diagnostic horizon *

Entisol

Inceptisol

Vertisol

Alfisol

If a soil adsorbed and contained 30me/ 100 gm NH4 and no other cations it
has a CEC of _________me/ 100 gm *

64

45

30

27

Organic fertilizers improve *

Soil texture

Both soil texture and soil structure

Soil structure

The biochemical oxidation of ammonium to nitrate, predominantly by

autotrophic bacteria *

Denitrification

Ammonium fixation

Nitrification

Immobilization

The predominant available for of N in a corn field is *

Nitrate N

Ammonium N

Nitrite N

Fixed N

Option 1

Microaerophillic microorganism require *

Miminal oxygen level

High oxygen level

No oxygen level

Extremely high oxygen level

Continuous flooding such as waterlogged lowland rice, soils causes reduction

of soils which decreases the availability of these essential elements *

Ca, Mg and S

Mo, Mn and Ca

N, P and K

Zn, S and Cu

If a 100 gm soil contains 5 me of K+, what is the weight of this element in Kg/
ha. *
7,800 kg / ha

3,900 kg / ha

3900 gm / ha

790 kg / ha

What soil order predominates in the Philippines? *

Histosols

Entisols

Ultisols

Vertisols

Non-symbiotic N2 fixing organisms in lowland soil *

Cyanobacteria

Bacteria

Option 5

Fungi

Actinomycetes

In strongly acid soils, the availability of most micronutrients cation is *

Increased

Decreased

Not affected

Remains the same

Among the soil microorganisms listed below, which would influence soil
aggregation in the upland to the greatest extent *

Bacteria

Fungi

Actinomycetes
Protozoa

Algae

Type of soil structure that is less erodible due to its high infiltration rate and
strong aggregate stability *

Loam

Platty

Massive

Crumb

Tissue nutrient analysis is used to determine the nutrient status of the plants.
Correct sampling of tissues always give reliable results. The most common
tissue used is *

Roots

Bark

Leaf

Petiole

Nitrification carried out by autotrophic bacteria is not affected by which of the

following? *

Oxygen supply

Redox potential

Soil OM

Temperature

pH

In lowland rice production, land preparation requires puddling of the soil in

order to : *

Promote aeration

Modify soil structure

Destroy soil structure

Increase water percolation

Iron oxide mineral that contribute red color to many soils *

Geothite

Hematite

Flouroapatite

Chlorite

This is a mechanism of nutrient movement and uptake due to concentration

gradient *

Diffusion

None of below

All of below

Mass flow

Contact exchange or root interception

Nitrate is not removed from the soil system by which of the following *

Plant uptake

Nitrogen fertilization

Erosion

Run-off

Leaching

A soil with a bulk density of 1.3 g / cm2 and a particle density of 2.6 g/ cm2
will have this porosity *

50

70

60

80
Poorly drained soils results in *

All of the above

Increase rooting density

Increase incidence of root diseases

Increase ethylene content in the leaf resulting to yellowing and etiolation

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum in effect says that plant growth and yield *

All of below

None of below

Is limited by the absence of a nutrient

Is limited by excess of a particular nutrient

The milliequivalent weight of Ca is *

0.002 gm

0.02 gm

0.004 gm

0.2 gm

Which of the following organic materials will remain in the soil the longest? *

Chicken manure

Wood chips

Corn stover

Rice straw

The percent water remaining in soil 2 to 3 days after its having been saturated
and after free drainage has practically ceased *

Permanent wilting point

Plant available water

Field capacity
Wilting coefficient

Relationship of percent base saturation and soil pH *

%BS decreases as soil pH increases

%BS increases as soil pH decreases

%BS decreases does not affect soil pH

%BS decreases as soil pH decreases

Phosphorus is less available *

At very low or very high pH

Only at low pH

Only at high pH

None of the above

Nitrification causes development of soil acidity due to production of _____ ions *

H+

Active

Al+

Reserve

Option 5

A soil that is fertile is *

All of below

None of below

Necessarily productive

Not necessarily productive

Always productive

The process by which available Nitrogen is reconverted to organic Nitrogen by

soil organisms. *
Denitrification

Ammonium fixation

Immobilization

Nitrification

The principal form of nitrogen utilized during rapid plant growth period *

N2

NO3

NH4

NH2

What is the greatest advantage of no-plow system of reduced tillage? *

Reduced labor and operation costs

Greater yields

Option 5

Less fertilizer required

Earlier date of planting

Among the major soil organisms, which one is the most numerous in soils *

Cyanobacteria

Actinomycetes

Bacteria

Fungi

Soils with no diagnostic horizon *

Alfisol

Vertisol

Entisol

Inceptisol
Soil microorganism that degrade carbon-containing pesticides are considered *

Autotrophs

Chemotrophs

Heterotrophs

Phototrophs

None of the above

Bio-N is a biofertilizer which enhances shoot growth and root development of

host crop and makes the plants resistant to drought and pest attack. Bio-N
was developed by *

Dr. Mercedes Umali-Garcia

Dr. Ida Dalmacio

Dr. Bayani Espiritu

Dr. Reynaldo Ebora

Bio-N is a biofertilizer for Graminae from this genus of bacteria *

Bradyrhizobium

Rhizobium

Frankia

Azospirillum

A chemical element is considered essential if *

It is involved in metabolic functions in the plants

All of the above

It makes the plant greener

It is taken up by plants

Which of the following has a high CEC *

Fe, Al Oxides
Silt loams

Soil humus

Clayey soils

The immediate source of carbon by plants is *

All of below

None of below

CO2 from air

CO2 from carbon minerals

Which of the following manures contains the highest amount of Nitrogen *

Bat

Poultry

Goat

Cattle

Iron is more available to plants in *

Its oxidized form, Fe 3+

Option 6

Its reduced form, Fe2O3

None of the above

Its reduced form Fe 2+

All of the above

Which of this C : N ratio of organic materials will transform organic N to

inorganic N *

40 : 1 ratio

5 : 1 ratio

60 : 1 ratio
22 : 1 ratio

An organic material with most of the material decomposed sufficiently so that

little fiber remains *

Humin

Peat

Tailings

Muck

Most of the N in the soil solid fraction of the soil is in the form of *

Ammonium N

Option 6

Nitrate N

Fixed N

Organic N

Nitrite N

Which of the following process is not mediated by soil microorganisms? *

S oxidation

BNF

P immobilization

K leaching

N mineralization

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