Driller’s Handbook

国外司钻手册

油田钻井二公司
国际项目组
CONTENTS 目录

PART 1: VOLUMES 第一部分：体积

PART 2: TRIPPING 第二部分：起下钻

PART 3: STUCK PIPE 第三部分：卡钻

PART 4: WELL CONTROL 第四部分：井控

PART 5: CASING/CEMENTING 第五部分：下套管/固井

PART 6: HYDRAULICS 第六部分：水力参数

PART 7: MISCELLANEOUS 第七部分：其它

PART 8: CONVERSION FACTORS 第八部分：换算系数

I
 INDEX 索引

Page PART 1: VOLUMES 体积

1. Volume Formula, Strokes, Time 体积公式、泵冲、时间
2. Drill pipe Sizes and Capacities 钻杆尺寸和容积
3. Casing Capacities 套管容积
4. Common Annular Volumes 通用环空体积
5. Drill Collar Weights and Capacities 钻铤重量和容积

PART 2: TRIPPING 起下钻

6. Buoyancy Factor (See Page 17) 浮力系数
7. Ton Miles 吨英里
8. Ton Miles For Mixed String, Steel Displacement 组合钻具吨英里
9. Weights/Foot 重量/英尺
10. Slug Volume And Weight 重泥浆体积和比重
11. Level/Pressure Drop When Tripping 起下钻时液面降/压力降
12. Pressure Drop Pulling Wet Pipe 起湿钻具的压力降

PART 3: STUCK PIPE 卡钻

13. Free Length Of Stuck Pipe 卡钻的自由长度
14. Stretch Of Pipe 钻杆的伸长
15. Maximum Overpull 最大超拉力

PART 4: WELL CONTROL 井控

16. Pressures, Weights, Gradients 压力、重量、压力梯度
17. Equivalent Mud Weights And Buoyancy Factor 当量泥浆比重和浮力系数
18. Kill Mud Weight, ICP, FCP 压井泥浆比重、初始循环压力、终了循环压力
19. Step Down Chart 压井图
20. Influx Heights/Gradients 注入高度/梯度
21. Fractures 破裂
22. MAASP, Maximum Casing Pressure 最大允许压力、最大套压
23. Volume Increase, Psi/Barrel 体积增长（psi/桶）
24. Boyles Law, Trip Margin 波义耳定律、起下钻安全系数
25. Accumulator Precharge, Gas Percolation Rate 储能器预充压、气体渗透率
26. Mud To Bleed 排放的泥浆
27. Shut In Procedure, Start Up Procedure 关井程序、开井程序
28. Kill Methods 压井方式
29. Barite Required 所需的重晶石
30. Volume Increase 增长的体积

II
31. Usable Fluid Volume 可用的液体体积
32. Gas Expansion For T And ‘Z’ 气体随温度和常数的膨胀计算
33. Combined Stripping And Volumetric Formulae 分段起下钻和体积公式

PART 5: CASING/CEMENTING 下套管/固井

35 Buoyant Force 浮力
36. Balance Mud Weight, Sacks Required 平衡泥浆比重、所需水泥袋数
37. Balanced Plugs 平衡的水泥段

PART 6: HYDRAULICS 液压力

39. Annular Velocity, ECD 环空返速、循环当量密度
40. ECD 循环当量密度
41. GPM For Optimization And PDC Bits, Surface HHP 最佳排量、地面液压力
42. Critical Velocity 临界速度
43. GPM To Obtain Critical Velocity 临界速度所需排量
44. Pressure Drop Across Bit 钻头压降
45. Nozzle Sizes 水眼尺寸
46. HHP At Bit, HHP/Sq Inch 钻头水压力
47. %HHP, Psi/Stroke/Weight Relationship 水压力百分比
48. Jet Velocity, Impact Force 喷射速度
49. PV, YP, Apparent Viscosity, Etc. 塑性粘度、动切力、表面粘度

PART 7: MISCELLANEOUS 其它
50. Critical RPM, Test Volume 临界转速
51. Gel Required 所需静切力
52. Micron Sizes, Cone Capacities, PH 颗粒尺寸、喷嘴排量
53. Marsh Funnel, Pressure Gradients 泥浆粘度计、压力梯度

PART 8: CONVERSION FACTORS 换算系数

55.

III
 GUIDE TO THE USE OF DRILLING FORMULAE
钻井计算公式使用向导

A) All formulae titles are listed in A) BOYLES LAW 波义耳定律

bold type as a main entry. 所有 B) This formula expresses
的计算条目均用黑体标明。 relationship between gas and
B) A statement identifying the gas pressure.该公式表明了气体
purpose of the formula usually 和气体压力之间的关系。
follows the entry. 公式条目下一 C) Original Pressure 初始压力 (P1)
般都注明用途。 = 6000 spi
C) A sample problem is given in Original Volume 初始体积(V1) =
each formula. These numbers 20 bbls
are given for an example only. Current Pressure 现压力 (P2) =
In the actual application of 1000 psi
each formula, the real D) Boyles LAW 波义耳定律
numbers are to be provided by P1V1 = P2V2
you. 每一个公式均带一个例子， E) Find 求 V2
其中的数字只作为例子，实际计
V2 =
算中应用你所需的实际数字。
D) The title of the formula is =
listed again followed by the
formula in bold type. 公 式 条 目 =
下又用黑体字列出该公式。 =120 barrels
E) This section shows how the
elements of the formula are
applied and worded through.
You must provided the correct
numbers that apply to the
problem you are solving. 本 节
列明了公式中各元素如何运用，
你应运用你所需的正确数字。
F) Solution to the formula, based
on the sample information
given in c). 根据 c) 例子中的数据
得出计算结果。

IV
 PART 1: VOLUMES

SQUARE SIDED TANK VOLUME, BBLS 方形罐体积（桶）

=
CYLINDRICAL TANK VOLUME, bbls 圆柱形罐体积

=
PIPE VOLUME, bbls/ft 管材体积（磅/英尺）

=
ANNULAR VOLUME, bbls/ft 环空体积

=
Dp = Hole Wall dia., inches 井眼直径（英寸）
dp = Tubular OD, inches 管具外径
STROKES TO PUMP 所泵冲数
= Volume  pump Output/Stroke 体积  泵排量
TIME, minutes = Stroke  SPM 所需时间 = 泵冲  排量
Or 或
= Volume  Pump Output/Stroke  SPM 体积  排量
ANNULAR VOLUME, bbls/ft (2 Tubings) 环空体积（2 种管具）

=
D1= Outer Casing 套管外径
D2= OD of Inner Tubing 内部管具外径
D3= OD of Inner Tubing 内部管具外径

1
 DRILL PIPE SIZES AND CAPACITIES 钻杆尺寸和容积
OD Nominal Weight 通用重量 ID Barrels
(in) (lbs/ft) (in) per foot
IU EU IEU
8.5 3.063 .009114
9.5 9.5 2.992 .008696
3.5 11.2 2.900 .008196
13.3 13.3 13.3 2.764 .007421
15.5 15.5 15.5 2.602 .006577
11.85 11.85 3.764 .01174
4.0 14.00 14.00 14.00 3.340 .01084
15.70 15.30 3.240 .01020
12.75 4.000 .01554
13.75 13.75 3.958 .01522
4.5 16.60 16.60 16.60 3.826 .01422
18.15 18.15 3.754 .01369
20.00 20.00 20.00 3.640 .01287
16.25 16.25 4.408 .01887
5.0 19.50 19.50 4.276 .01776
20.50 20.50 4.214 .01725
6.625 25.2 5.965 .0346
5”HWDP 加重钻杆, 49.3 lbs/ft, 3” ID Bore 内径, NC50
Capacity 容积 = .0087 bbls/ft
Displacement 替代量= .01795 bbls/ft
4-1/2” HWDP, 41.0 lbs/ft, 2-3/4” ID Bore, NC46 (4”IF)
Capacity = .0073 bbls/ft
Displacement = .0149 bbls/ft
4” HWDP, 29.7 lbs/ft, 2-9/16” ID Bore, NC40 (4” FH)
Capacity = .0064 bbls/ft
Displacement = .0108 bbls/ft
3-1/2” HWDP, 25.3 lbs/ft, 2-1/16” ID Bore, NC38 (3-1/2”IF)
Capacity = .0041 bbls/ft
Displacement = .0092 bbls

2
 CAPACITY OF CASING 套管容积
OD Wt/Ft ID Drift 通径规 Barrels
(in) (lbs) (in) Diameter (ins) per foot 每英尺
17.0 6.538 6.413 .04152
20.0 6.456 6.331 .04048
23.0 6.366 6.241 .03936
26.0 6.276 6.151 .03826
7 29.0 6.184 6.059 .03714
32.0 6.094 5.969 .03607
35.0 6.004 5.879 .03501
38.0 5.920 5.795 .03404
32.30 9.001 8.845 .0787
36.00 8.921 8.765 .0773
9-5/8” 40.00 8.835 8.679 .0758
43.50 8.755 8.599 .0745
47.00 8.681 8.525 .0732
53.50 8.535 8.379 .0708
48.00 12.715 12.559 .1571
54.5 12.615 12.459 .1546
13-3/8” 61.0 12.515 12.359 .1521
68.0 12.415 12.259 1497
72.0 12.347 12.191 1481
18-5/8” 87.50 17.755 17.567 .3062
94.0 19.124 18.936 .3553
20 106.5 19.00 18.812 .3507
133.0 18.73 18.542 .3408

3
 COMMON ANNULAR VOLUME 常规环空体积
Bit Dia.钻头直径 Tubular OD 管具外径 bbls/ft
26” to 5” = .6324
17.5” to 5” = .2733
17.5” to 9.5” = .2098
17.5” to 8” = .2353
12.25” to 5” = .1215
12.25” to 6.625” = .1032
12.25” to 8” = .0836
8.5” to 5” = .0459
8.5” to 6.25” = .0322

4
 DRILL COLLAR WEIGHTS, lb/ft 钻铤重量（磅/英尺）
ID, ins
OD, ins 1.5” 1.75” 2” 2.25” 2.5” 2.8125” 3” 3.25”

4.5 48 46 43 41
4.75 54 52 50 47 44
5.0 61 59 56 53 50
5.25 68 65 63 60 57 53
5.5 75 73 70 67 64 60 57
5.75 83 80 78 75 72 67 64
6.0 90 88 85 83 79 75 72 68
6.25 98 96 94 91 88 83 80 76
6.5 107 105 102 99 96 92 88 85
6.75 116 114 111 108 105 101 98 94
7.0 125 123 120 117 114 110 107 103
7.25 134 132 130 127 124 119 116 112
7.5 144 142 140 137 134 129 126 122
7.75 154 152 150 147 144 139 136 132
8.0 165 163 160 157 154 150 147 143
8.25 176 174 171 168 165 161 158 154
8.5 187 185 182 179 176 172 169 165
8.75 198 196 194 191 188 183 180 176
9.0 208 206 203 200 195 192 188
9.25 220 218 215 212 207 204 200
9.5 233 230 228 224 220 217 213
9.75 246 243 240 237 133 230 226
10.0 256 254 250 246 243 239
10.25 270 267 264 259 257 252
10.5 284 281 278 273 270 266
10.75 298 295 292 287 285 280
11.0 306 302 299 295
11.25 321 317 314 310
11.5 336 332 329 325
11.75 352 348 345 340
12.0 368 363 361 356
.0022 .003 .0039 .0049 .0061 .0077 .0087 .0103
bbls/f
CAPACITIES t

2747 lbs of steel will displace 1 bbl 2747 磅钢材替代 1 桶

1000 lbs of steel will displace .364 bbl 1000 磅钢材替代 0.364 桶

5
 PART 2: TRIPPING 起下钻
BUOYANCY FACTOR 浮力系数
Used to calculate weight of a STEEL tubular in mud. 用于计算管材在泥浆中的
重量
Dry Weight/Foot 纯重量 = 90 lbs
Mud Weight 泥浆比重 = 11.2 ppg

BUOYANCY FACTOR 浮力系数

= .829

BUOYED WEIGHT, lbs 浮重

= Dry Weight, lbs/ft  Buoyancy Factor 纯重  浮力系数
= 90  .829
= 74.61 lbs
If SG mud is used, replace 65.44 with 7.856. 如泥浆比重用克/厘米 3， 用 7.856
替换 65.44
For PCF used 490.如用磅/英尺 3，替换为 490
See page 17 for list of Buoyancy Factors.参见 17 页浮力系数表

6
TON MILES 吨英里
For complete round trip 用于一趟完整起下钻
W = Buoyed Weight of Drill Pipe 钻杆浮重 = 17.52 lbs/ft
D = Total Length of Drill String 钻具总长 = 10,000 lbs/ft
L = Average Stand Length 平均立柱长度 = 93 ft
M = Total Weight of Blocks, Hook and Drill String Compensator (if any)
游车、大钩和补偿器（如有的话）总重量 = 40,000 lbs
C = Buoyed Weight of BHA minus the Buoyed Weight of equal length of Drill
Pipe 下部钻具浮重减相同长度钻杆浮重 = 27,240 lbs.
TON MILES

= +

= +

=+
= 167.4 + 203.1
= 370.5 Ton Miles

DRILLING TON MILES 钻进吨英里

= (RTTM after Drilling – RTTM before Drilling )  3

CORING TON MILES 取芯吨英里

= (RTTM after Coring – RTTM before Drilling)  2

CASING TON MILES 下套管吨英里

=[+]

RTTM = Round Trip Ton Miles 起下钻吨英里 Remove for Top Drive 如用顶驱不乘 3

WIPER TRIP TON MILES 倒划眼起钻吨英里

=[]+[]
[]+[]

7
TON MILES FOR MIXED STRING 组合钻具吨英里

Use same formula as for TON MILES, but replace W with WAVG
使用同样的吨英里公式，但用 WAVG 替换 W

WAVG = Average Buoyed wt/ft of Drill Pipe 平均钻杆浮重

C = Average Buoyed Wt of Equal Length of Drill Pipe 相同长度钻杆平均浮重
e.g.例如
3-1/2” DP = 2187 ft.  15.5 lbs/ft = 33,898 lbs
5” DP = 6766 ft.  19.5 lbs/ft = 131,937 lbs
Total 总计 = 8953 ft = 165,835 lbs
Average Weight 平均重量= 165835  8953 = 18.52 lbs/ft
If 10 ppg then WAVG = 18.52  .847 = 15.69 lbs/ft
如泥浆比重为 10ppg, 则 WAVG = 18.52  .847 = 15.69 lbs/ft

STEEL DISPLACEMETN 钢材替代量

For volume taken up by steel tubular.用于计算被管具替出的体积
Dry Weight of Pipe 钻杆纯重= 21.9 lbs/ft
DISPLACEMENT, bbls/ft 替代量

=
= .00797 bbls/ft

8
WEIGHT PER FOOT 每英尺重量
Figures taken from API RP 7G 数据取自 API RP 7G
5” Drill Pipe, IEU, NOM. Wt 19.5, XH

Grade E = 20.9 lbs/ft

Grade X = 21.4 lbs/ft
Grade G = 21.9 lbs/ft
Grade S = 22.5 lbs/ft

3-1/2” Drill Pipe, EU, Nom. Wt 15.5, NC 38

Grade E = 16.39 lbs/ft
Grade X = 16.69 lbs/ft
Grade G = 16.88 lbs/ft
Grade S = 17.56 lbs/ft (NC 40)
6-5/8” Drill Pipe, IEU, Nom. Wt 25.2, FH
Grade E = 27.3 lbs/ft
Higher Grades not listed in API RP7G August 1990 更高的钢级未列入 API RP7G
1990 年标准

5” Heavy Wall Drill Pipe = 49.3 lbs/ft

Drill Collars and Casing

Use tables on page 5 to get actual wt/ft for specific ODs and IDs.
使用第 5 页的表格查找具体的内外径

9
SLUG VOLUME/WEIGHT 重泥浆体积/比重
How big should your slug be or how heavy!你使用的重泥浆有多重！
Mud Weight 泥浆比重 = 10 ppg
Pipe Capacity 钻杆容积 = .01776 bbl/ft
Level drop in mud below Rotary table (L. dry) 转盘以下泥浆面降低 = 200 ft

VOLUME OF SLUG, bbls 重泥浆体积

=
(using Slug Weight of 11.5 ppg, 所用重泥浆比重 11.5ppg)

=
= 23.68 bbls

SLUG WEIGHT, ppg 重泥浆比重

= [] + M.Wt ,ppg
[] + 泥浆比重
(using a Slug Volume of 25 bbls 所用重泥浆体积为 25 桶)

= [] + 10
= []+10
=1.42 + 10 = 11.42 ppg

10
LEVEL/PRESSURE DROP WHEN TRIPPING (DRY PIPE)
起干钻杆时液面降/压力降
Due to pulling pipe out of hole 由于起出钻杆
Metal Displacement 金属替代量= .00797 bbls/ft (see pape 2)
Casing Capacity without any pipe in hole 井眼内无钻具时套管容积 = .1522 bbls/ft
Mud Weight = 10.5 ppg
Stand Length 立柱长度 = 93 ft

LEVEL DROP/STAND 液面降/柱

=
= 5.14 ft

PRESSURE DROP 压力降, psi

= Level Drop, ft  M.Wt, ppg  .052
= 5.14  10.5  .052
= 2.8 Psi

11
PRESSURE DROP PULLING WET PIPE 起湿钻杆压力降
If returns are not routed back to trip tank via Mud Bucket, then use 如返回泥浆不
进入计量罐，则使用下述公式

PRESSURE DROP/STAND 压力降/柱

= []  Stand Length. Ft

[]  立柱长度
Gradient in psi/ft 压力梯度用 psi/英尺
Capacity/Disp. in bbls/ft 容积/替换量用桶/英尺

12
 PART 3 STUCK PIPE 卡钻

Formulae for STEEL Pipe only! 本公式只适用于金属钻杆

FREE LENGTH OF STUCK PIPE 卡钻自由长度

e = Differential Stretch of Pipe 钻杆差动伸长= 24 inches
Differential Pull to obtain ‘e’ 获得差动伸长的差动拉力= 30,000 lbs
Wdp = Drill Pipe PLAIN END Weight 钻杆未加厚部分重量= 17.93 lbs/ft
Excludes Tool Joints 不包括工具接头 – see Table 2.1 in RP7G August 1990, Plain end weight for

5” (19.5lbs/ft) Drill Pipe 5” 钻杆未加厚部分重量= 17.93 lbs/ft

FREE LENGTH OF STUCK PIPE, ft 卡钻的自由长度

= 10547 ft

13
STRETCH OF SUSPENDED STRING 悬浮钻柱的伸长

Stretch due to its own weight. 自身重量的伸长

L = length of String = 10520 ft
Mud Wt = 11 ppg

STRETCH, inches 伸长量

=  [ 65.44 – (1.44  Mud Wt, ppg)]

=  [ 65.44 – (1.44 11)]

= 1.1498  [ 65.44 –15.84]

= 1.1498  49.6
= 57 inches

GENERAL STRECH FORMULA 通用伸长量公式

Stretch due to weight on end of steel pipe.由于加在钻杆末端重量引起的伸长

Length of Pipe = 800 ft
Casing weight attached to end of Pipe 钻杆末端套管重量= 350000 pounds
Pipe OD = 5”
Pipe ID = 4.276”
Example shows stretch of pipe when running casing to seafloor wellhead.
下述例子表明了当下套管至海床井口时的伸长

STRETCH, inches

= 21.1 inches

14
PLAIN END WEIGHT, lbs/ft
Weight of steel pipe (excluding tool joints).
= 2.67  (Pipe OD2 – Pipe ID2)
OD = inches
ID = inches

MAXIMUM OVERPULL (MOP) 最大超拉力

Overpull pounds, allowed on stuck pipe.卡钻时所允许的超拉力
MOP (Single Grade only e.g. S)
= (Pa(s)  .9) – B.st
Pa = max. allowable design load in tension, e.g.
560760 lbs for 5”, Grade S
设计最大允许拉伸负荷，如 5” S 级钻杆为
560760 磅
B.st = Buoyed String Weight (Hook Load less
hook Weight), e.g. = 229500 lbs
钻柱浮重（大钩负荷减大钩重量）
= (560,760  .9) – 229500
= 504684 – 229500
= 275184 pounds

15
 PART 4: WELL CONTROL 井控

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 静液压力

CONSTANTS: PPG  FT  .052 = PSI, SG  MT  .1 = kg/cm2
常数 SG  FT  .433 = PSI, SG  MT  9.8 = kPa
SG  MT  1.420 = PSI, Kg/M3  MT 102=kPa
PPG  MT  .171 = PSI, PPG  MT  1.176 = kPa
SG  MT  .098 = BARS, PPG  FT  .358 = kPa

PRESSURE, psi
= Mud Weight  Constant  Depth, ft

PRESSURE GRADIENT, psi/ft

= Mud Weight  Constant
OR

PRESSURE GRADIENT, psi/ft

= Pressure, psi  Depth, ft

MUD WEIGHT
= Pressure, psi  Depth, ft  Constant
OR

MUD WEIGHT
= Pressure Gradient, psi/ft  Constant

FROCE = Pressure  Area

LENGTH TO CREATE A PRESSURE, ft 产生压力的长度

= Pressure, psi  Gradient psi/ft
OR
= Pressure, psi  Mud weight ppg  .052

FORMATION PRESSURE 地层压力

= (Mud Wt, ppg  .052  Bit TVD, ft) + SIDPP 立压, psi

16
 EQUIVALENTS 换算量
BUOYANCT
PPG PSI/FT SG PCF
FACTOR
8.34 .873 .433 1.0 62.4
8.4 .872 .436 1.01 62.8
8.6 .868 .447 1.03 64.3
8.8 .865 .457 1.06 65.8
9.0 .862 .468 1.08 67.3
9.2 .860 .478 1.10 68.8
9.4 .856 .488 1.13 70.3
9.6 .853 .499 1.15 71.3
9.8 .850 .509 1.18 73.3
10.0 .847 .519 1.2 74.8
10.2 .844 .530 1.22 76.3
10.4 .841 .540 1.25 77.8
10.6 .839 .551 1.27 79.3
10.8 .836 .561 1.29 80.8
11.0 .833 .571 1.32 92.3
11.2 .829 .582 1.34 83.8
11.4 .826 .594 1.37 85.3
11.6 .823 .603 1.39 86.8
11.8 .820 .613 1.41 88.3
12.0 .817 .623 1.44 89.8
12.2 814 .634 1.46 91.3
12.4 .810 .644 1.49 92.8
12.6 .808 .655 1.51 94.3
12.8 .804 .665 1.53 95.8
13.0 .801 .675 1.56 97.3
13.2 .798 .686 1.58 98.7
13.4 .795 .696 1.61 100
13.6 .792 .706 1.63 102
13.8 .789 .717 1.65 103
14.0 .786 .727 1.68 105
14.2 .783 .738 1.70 106
14.4 .780 .748 1.73 108
14.6 .777 .758 1.75 109
14.8 .774 .769 1.77 111
15.0 .771 .779 1.80 112
15.2 .768 .790 1.82 114
15.4 .769 .800 1.85 115
15.6 .763 .810 1.87 117
15.8 .759 .821 1.89 118
16.0 .755 .831 1.92 120
16.3 .751 .848 1.96 122
16.6 .718 .862 1.99 124
17.0 .740 .883 2.04 127
17.3 .735 .900 2.08 130
17.6 .731 .914 2.11 132
18.0 .725 .935 2.16 135
18.3 .720 .952 2.20 137
18.6 .716 .966 2.23 139
19.0 .710 .987 2.28 142

17
KILL MUD WEIGHT/ICP/FCP 压井泥浆比重/初始循环压力/最终循环压力
Bit TVD 钻头垂深 = 10,000 ft
Mud Weight = 10.6 ppg
SIDDP = 800 psi
Slow Circulating Rate Pressure @ 40 SPM 低泵冲（40 冲/分）压力 = 900 psi

KILL MUD WEIGHT, ppg

= (SIDPP, psi  .052  TVD, ft) + Mud Wt, ppg
= (800  .052  10,000) + 10.6
= 1.54 + 10.6
= 12.14 ppg
ICP (Initial Circulating Pressure)
= Slow Circulating Rate Pressure, psi + SIDPP, psi
= 900 + 800
= 1700 psi
FCP (Final Circulating Pressure)
= Slow Circulating Rate Pressure, psi 
= 900 
= 900  1.1453
= 1031 psi
Note: You can use SCR psi = Actual ICP – SIDPP
注：可使用低泵冲压力=实际初始循环压力 – 立压
If using units other than PPG or feet or PSI then refer to page 17 for constants.
如所用单位非磅/加仑、英尺或 PSI，则参见 17 页换算

18
STEP DOWN CHART 压井图
Used to calculate pressure drop versus strokes as KILL MUD is pumped to the
BIT. There are 2 ways this can be done: -- FIXED STROKE INTERVAL OR
FIXED PRESSURE INTERVAL
用于计算当压井泥浆泵向钻头时的压力降。可用两种方法：-- 固定泵冲或固定压力

FIXED STROKE INTERVAL 固定泵冲间隔

PSI Drop/100 Strokes =  100
压力降 PSI/100 冲 =  100
(This number should be replaced if you use a different stroke interval e.g. 50, 200,
300 etc 如使用不同的泵冲间隔，如 50, 200, 300 等，该数字应予以替换)

FIXED PRESSURE INTERVAL 固定压力间隔

Strokes/50 PSI Drop =


(This number should be replaced if you use a different pressure ‘interval’ e.g.
40, 60 et 如使用不同的压力间隔，如 40, 60 等，该数字应予以替换 c)
EXAMPLE: ICP = 1600, FCP = 900
Surface to Bit Strokes = 1084
Fixed Strokes Fixed Pressure

=  100 =
= 65 psi approx = 77 strokes approx.

STROKES PSI STROKES PSI

0 1600 (ICP) 0 1600 (ICP)
100 1535 77 1550
200 1470 154 1500
300 1405 231 1450
400 1340 308 1400
500 1275 385 1350
600 1210 462 1300
700 1145 539 1250
800 1080 616 1200
900 1015 693 1150
1000 950 770 1100
1084 900 (FCP) 847 1050
924 1000
1001 950
1084 900 (FCP)

19
 Pressure is then held constant for remainder of kill.然后再打入剩余压井泥浆压力稳定。

Used for WAIT and WEIGHT Method 适用于等候加重方式.

INFLUX HEIGHT/GRADIENT 注入高度/压力梯度

SIDPP 立压 = 800 psi
SICP套压 = 900 psi
Collar length 钻铤重量 = 538 ft
Annular Volume around Collars 钻铤周围环空体积 = .0836 bbls/ft
Annular Volume around Pipe 钻杆周围环空体积 = .1215 bbls/ft
Mud Weight = 10.6 ppg

Total Annular Volume around Collars 钻铤周围环空总体积

= Collar Length, ft  Collar Annular Volume, bbls/ft
= 钻铤长度  钻铤周围环空体积
= 538 ft  .0836 bbls/ft
= 45 barrels

If INFLUX is LESS THAN volume around collars e.g. 20 barrels

如注入量少于钻铤周围体积如 20 桶，则

INFLUX HEIGHT, ft 注入高度

= Influx Volume, bbls  Annular Volume around Collar bbls/ft
= 注入体积  钻铤周围环空体积
= 20  .0836
= 239 ft
If INFLUX is GREATER THAN volume around collars e.g. 75 bbls
如注入量大于钻铤周围体积如 75 桶，则

INFLUX HEIGHT, ft 注入高度

= + Collar Length, ft

= + 钻铤长度

= + 538

= + 538

= 247 + 538
= 785 feet

INFLUX GRADIENT, psi/ft 注入梯度

20
 = (Mud Wt, ppg  .052) – []
= (10.6 .052) - []
= .5512 - []
= .5512 - .4184
= .1328 psi/ft
Gradient of 2 or less 梯度小于或等于 2 = Gas
Gradient of 4 or more 梯度大于等于 4 = Water
In between could be oil or mixture of oil, water and gas
介与 2 和 4 之间为油、水、气混合物

FRACTURE MUD WEIGHT/GRADIENT/PRESSURE 破裂泥浆比重/梯度/压力

Fracture can be calculated using a Leak Off Test pressure. 破裂可由破试求得
Shoe TVD 套管鞋深度 = 8000 ft
Leak Off Test (LOT) was 2000 psi with 10.0 ppg mud in hole
破试压力 2000psi，所使泥浆比重为 10.0ppg

FRACTURE MUD WEIGHT(MAX. EQUIV. MUD WT),ppg 破裂泥浆比重(最大当量泥浆比重)

= (LOT, psi  Shoe TVD, ft  .052) + Mud Wt, ppg
= (2000 8000  .052) + 10.0
= 4.81 + 10.0
= 14.81 ppg

FRACTURE GRADIENT, psi/ft 破裂梯度

= Frac. Mud Wt, ppg  .052
= 14.81  .052
= .77 psi/ft
FRACTURE PRESSURE, psi 破裂压力
= Fracture Mud Wt, ppg  .052  Shoe TVD, ft
= 14.81  .052  8000
= 6161 psi

21
MAASP 最大允许压力
Maximum pressure allowed on casing gauge during operations.
施工中最大允许套压
Fracture Mud Wt, ppg = 14.81 (See example on previous page 见前页例子)
Current Mud Wt, ppg 现泥浆比重= 10.6 ppg
Shoe TVD, ft = 8000 ft

MAASP, psi
= (Frac. M. Wt, ppg – Current M. Wt, ppg)  .052 Shoe TVD, ft
= (14.81 – 10.6)  .052  8000
= 4.21  .052  8000
= 1751 psi

MAXIMUM SURFACE CASING PRESSURE 最大地面套压

Approximate max. pressure at casing gauge during a well kill operation.
压井时最大套压
(Occurs when influx of gas is almost at surface 浸入的气体将至地面时发生).
Using Wt and Weight.使用等待加重法
Formation Pressure (Fp)地层压力= 6000 psi (See page 16 for formula)
Pit Gain 泥浆增长 = 20 bbls
Kill Mud Weight 压井泥浆比重 = 11.5 ppg
Surface Annular Volume 地面环空体积= .1279 bbls/ft

MAXIMUM CASING PRESSURE, psi 最大套压

= 200 

= 200 

= 200 

= 200 
= 200  3.2848
= 657 psi

22
VOLUME INCREASE 体积增长
Approximate volume gain at surface due to gas expansion when circulating out
a kick.当压井循环时由于气体膨胀引起的泥浆体积增长
Formation Pressure (Fp) = 6000 psi (see page 4.1 for formula).
Pit Gain = 20 bbls
Surface Annular Volume = .1279 bbls/ft
Kill Mud Wt = 11.5 ppg

VOLUME INCRESE, bbls

=4

=4

=4

=4

= 4  36.5

= 146 bbls

PSI/BARREL 压力 psi/桶
A factor representing the pressure exerted by 1 barrel of mud in the annulus
该系数表明了环空内 1 桶泥浆产生的压力
Mud Weight = 11 ppg
Annular Volume = .1215 bbls/ft
PSI/BARREL

=
= 4.7 psi/barrel
(Can be used for inside Pipe by using Pipe capacity instead of Annular Volume
将环空体积替换为钻杆容积可用于计算钻杆内压力.)

23
BOYLES LAW 波义耳定律
This formula expresses relationship between gas volume and gas pressure.
该公式阐明了气体体积和气体压强之间的关系
Original Pressure (P1)初始压力 = 6000 psi
Original Volume (V1)初始体积 = 20 bbls
Current Pressure (P2)现在压力 = 1000 psi

BOYLES LAW
P1  V1 = P2  V2
Find V2

V2 =

= 120 barrels

TRIP MARGIN 起下钻安全系数

Approximate mud wt value to be added after killing a kick
压井后泥浆比重增加值.
Yield Point of Mud 屈服点泥浆 = 14
Hole Diameter (Dh)井眼直径 = 12-1/4”
Pipe Outside Diameter (dp)钻杆外径 = 5”

TRIP MARGIN

=
= .164 ppg

24
ACCUMULATOR PRECHARGE PRESSURE 储能器预充压力
A method of measuring average Accumulator Precharge Pressure by operating
the unit with charge pumps switched off.
一种关闭充气泵来测量储能器平均预充压力的方式
Accumulator Starting Pressure (Ps)储能器开始压力 = 3000 psi
Accumulator Final Pressure (Pf) 储能器最终压力 = 2200 psi
Total Accumulator Volume储能器总体积 = 180 gallons
Volume of Fluid Removed 减少的液体体积 = 20 gallons

AVERAGE RECHARGE PRESSURE, psi 平均充气压力

= []
=  []

= .1111  []
= .1111  8250
= 917 psi

GAS PERCOLATION RATE, ft/hr 气体上窜速率

How fast is gas percolating (migrating) up the hole.气体上窜多快
SIDPP at time Zero 开始关井时立压 = 700 psi
SIDPP after 15 mins 15 分钟后立压 = 725 psi
Mud Weight = 10.5 ppg

GAS PERCOLATION RATE, ft/hr 气体上窜速度

Increase per 15 minute interval 每间隔 15 分钟压力增长 = 25 psi

Increase per hour 4  25 psi 每间隔 1 小时压力增长 = 100 psi

=
= 183 ft/hr
(SIDPP can be replaced with SICP)
（关井立压可用关井套压代替）

25
MUD TO BLEED DUE TO BUBBLE RISE (VOLUMETRIC)由于气泡增加所排出泥浆
Method of bringing gas to surface without SIDPP reading and unable to
circulate 无立压且不能循环时携带气体至地面的方式.
Pressure rise allowed while well is shut in 关井时允许压力增 = 100 psi
Current psi/barrel factor 现压力系数= 14 psi

VOLUME TO BLEED, bbls 排出体积

=
=
= 7 barrels
e.g. If SICP 立压= 800 PSI
Allow 50 to 100 psi for Safety.允许 50—100psi 安全压力增
Let SICP rise with well shut in due to gas migration to 800 + Safety, for
instance 875 psi.
关井让立压增至 800+安全压力增，例如 875psi
Allow SICP to continue to rise to 875 + 100 = 975 psi.
允许立压继续增加 100 至 975psi
At 975 psi carefully manipulate choke to maintain 975 psi while bleeding
off 7 barrels of mud (see above answer).
增至 975psi 时小心调节节流阀使立压保持 975psi，排掉 7 桶泥浆（见上面结果

Once 7 bbls has been bled, shut in and allow SICP to rise to
975+100=1075. Again hold at 1075 psi while bleeding 7 bbls.
排掉 7 桶后立即关闭节流阀,让立压增至 1075psi,保持压力再排掉 7 桶
Process is repeated until gas arrives at choke.
重复上述步骤直至气体抵达压井管汇
Shut in and remove gas by Lubricating Method.
关闭节流阀排掉气体

26
SOFT SHUT IN PROCEDURE (Drilling)软关井程序（钻进时）
1. Pick up off bottom to clear first tooljoint.将钻具提离井底清洗前部工具接头
2. Check flow ---- (if Positive go on).检查溢流，如正常则进行下面步骤
3. Open H.C.R. or Failsafe.打开液动阀
4. Close Annular or Ram (if space out known).关万能或闸板
5. Close Remote Adjustable Choke.关远控节流阀
6. Close Gate Valve at Choke in case it leaks.如闸阀漏，关闭
7. Complete Shut In e.g. close rams, hang off, install Kick joint etc.
完成关井程序，例如关闸板，提离井底，安压井接头等

SOFT SHUT IN PROCEDURE (Tripping)软关井程序（起下钻时）

1. Install Safety Valve.安安全阀
2. Close Safety Valve.关安全阀
3. Open H.C.R. or Failsafe.打开液动阀
4. Close Annular or Ram (if space is known).关万能或闸板
5. Close Remote Adjustable Choke.关节流阀
6. Close gate valve at choke in case it leaks.如泄露关闸阀
7. Prepare course of action e.g. strip to bottom, open up and run to bottom,
kill at current depth, etc.
准备活动，如提离井底，开井，下入井底，压井

START UP PROCEDRUE 开始压井程序

Bring Pumps up to Kill Speed holding CASING PRESSURE constant.
开泵至压井泵冲，保持套压不变。
For deep water floater application, Casing Pressure may require to be lowered
during start up by an amount equal to Choke Line Friction Loss.
在装有深水浮子的情况下，开始压井时套压也许要求降低一个等同于节流管线管
损的量。

27
DRILLERS METHOD 司钻压井法
1st Circulation 第一次循环
Start Up – bring pumps to speed holding casing pressure constant.
开始 — 开泵保持套压不变
Once up to speed look at drill pipe pressure and hold this constant for one
complete circulation.
当达到泵速后，查看立压并保持立压不变循环一周
2nd Circulation 第二次循环
Start up – bring pumps up to speed holding casing pressure constant.
开始 -- 开泵保持套压不变
Once up to speed, continue to hold casing pressure constant until kill mud is at
the bit. At this point, switch over to drill pipe pressure and hold constant until kill
mud reaches surface.
当达到泵速后，继续保持套压不变直至压井泥浆到达钻头。此时转向立压并保持
立压不变直至压井泥浆返至地面。
Note: As the Annulus may not be clean after 1st Circulation, it is recommended
that the procedure for Wait and Weight be used in place of 2nd Circulation.
注：第一次循环后环空也许并不干净，建议使用等候加重程序代替第二次循环。

WAIT AND WEIGHT METHOD 等候加重法

Start up – bring pumps up to speed holding casing pressure constant.
开始 – 开泵保持套压不变。
Once up to speed look at drill pipe.
达到要求后查看立压。
This should read approximately ICP.
此时立压读数应大致为初始循环压力。
Allow drill pipe pressure to fall to FCP in accordance with step down chart or
graph.
根据压井图让立压降至终了压力。
With kill mud at bit hold drill pipe pressure at FCP until kill mud reaches
surface.
压井泥浆抵达钻头时保持立压值为终了压力不变直至压井泥浆返至地面。

If drill pipe pressure is in excess of 100 psi + or --, then redo step down chart
based on new ICP and FCP without shutting down.
如果立压超出 100psi 左右，则根据初始循环压力和终了循环压力重做压井图。
Recalculate slow circulating rate pressure
重新计算低泵冲压力

28
 = New ICP – SIDPP
then recalculate FCP
然后重新计算终了循环压力
= New S.C.R., psi 

29
BARITE REQUIRED 所需重晶石量
Amount added to mud to obtain kill weight.
配压井泥浆所要加的量
Original Mud Wt(w1) = 10ppg
Kill Mud wt (w2) = 11.5ppg
Pit Volume = 840 barrels

BARITE REQUIRED, Pounds/barrel

所需的重晶石，磅/桶

=
= 94 pounds/barrel

TOTAL BARITE, pounds

所需重晶石总量，磅
= Mud Volume in Pits, bbls  Barite Required lbs/bbl
= 840  94
= 78960 pounds

30
VOLUME INCREASE/100 BARRELS OF MUD
泥浆体积增长/百桶
(due to adding barite 由于加重晶石)

=
=
= 6.3 barrels/100 of Mud
(each 15 Sxs of Barite added increase volume by approx 1 barrel)
（每加 15 袋重晶石体积大约增加 1 桶）

TOTAL VOLUME after weight up

加重后的总体积

= + Pit Volume

= + 840

= + 840
= 53 + 840
= 893 barrels

31
USABLE VOLUME 可用体积
Gallons of usable fluid in a single accumulator Battle. Multiply by number of
bottles to get total.
用于计算一个储能器中可用液体体积，乘以瓶数可得到总量。
Single Bottle Volume 单瓶体积 (V1) = 10 gals
Nitrogen Precharge Pressure 预充氮气压力(P1) = 1000 psi
Accumulator Pressure 储能器压力 = 3000 psi

USABLE FLUID VOLUME, gas/bottle 可用体积（加仑/瓶）

= V1 – ()
= 10 - ()
= 10 - ()
= 10 – 3.33
= 6.67 gallons

Only 2/3 of a bottle in this example is hydraulic fluid. When designing an
accumulator system, requirements for volumes are based on performing the
necessary operations without letting bottle pressure drop below 1200 psi. This
further reduces usable Fluid Volume per bottle. (See API, RP53 for more
detail)
本例子中只有 2/3 的瓶子是液体。当设计储能器系统时，体积要求要基于能进行
必要操作而瓶压不低于 1200psi。这就进一步削减了每瓶的液体体积。

ACCUMULATOR VOLUME REQUIRED 所要求的储能器体积

Gallons of fluid required 所需的体积

= VR  - ()
VR = Volume required to perform chosen function, galls (either from API
specs or local regulations)
进行所选定的操作所需的体积

32
GAS EXPANSION FOR T AND ‘Z’ 气体膨胀

V2 =

T = F + 460
Z = Variable (get from client)
P = psi + 14.7

33
COMBINED STRIPPING AND VOLUMETRIC FORMULAE
组合钻具起下钻和体积公式
The following calculations are used for stripping pipe in the hole when influx
migration is a potential problem.
当溢流很大时，使用下述强行下钻计算公式
Vk = Kick Volume, bbls 井涌体积
A1 = Open Hole Capacity, bbls/ft 裸眼容积
A2 = Drill Collar to Open Hole Capacity, bbls/ft 钻铤到裸眼的容积
V1 = Closed End Displacement of 1 stand of drill pipe, bbls 1 柱封闭钻杆的替换
量
V2 = Volume to Bleed, bbls 泄掉的体积
Mg = Mud Gradient, psi/ft 泥浆梯度
lg = Influx Gradient, psi/ft 流入梯度
SICP = Shut in Casing Pressure, Psi 关井套压
Pw = Chosen Working Pressure , psi 选取的工作压力
Ps = Safety Pressure for Hydrostatic Pressure lost when BHA penetrates kick ,
psi 当下部钻具穿过井涌段时的安全压力降
Pchoke = Choke Pressure Reading, psi 节流压力

Step1 Calculate Ps, psi 计算 Ps

Ps = (-) (Mg-lg)
Step 2 Choose Pw 选取 Pw
Between 50 and 200 psi 50—200 之间
Step 3 Calculate V2, bbls 计算 V2
V2 = Pw 
Step 4 Strip into hole, without bleeding mud , until SICP increases to
Pchoke1 下入井眼中，不排放泥浆，直至套压升至 Pchoke1
Pchoke 1 = SICP + Ps +Pw
Step 5 Continue stripping in the hole holding casing pressure constant at
Pchoke1. This will require mud to be bled from the well. Fill pipe
regularly.
保持套压不变，继续下钻。这时需从井眼中排放掉泥浆，定时向钻杆
中灌泥浆。
Step 6 The amount of mud gained in the Trip Tank over and above the drill
pipe closed end displacement (V1)will be the affect of gas
expansion. (Some rigs have Stripping Tank to allow for bleed-off of
V1 every stand)

34
 返回计量罐中的泥浆超过封闭钻杆替换量是由于气体膨胀所致（有
一些钻机备有强行起下钻罐用以放掉每柱钻杆内的泥浆）
Step 7 When gain in Trip Tank due to gas expansion equals V 2, continue to
strip with choke closed to build casing pressure up to Pchoke2.
当由于气体膨胀返回计量罐泥浆体积等于排放泥浆量时，关闭节流阀
继续下钻直至套压增至节流阀压力。
Step 8 Continue stripping in hole holding casing pressure constant at
Pchoke2.
保持套压不变继续下钻。
Step 9 Repeat Steps 6, 7 and 8 (increasing Pchoke by Pw each time V 2 is
measure in Trip Tank) until back to bottom.
重复第 6、7 和 8 步（每次增加节流阀压力至所选择的工作压力，用计
量罐计量排放的体积）直至下到井底。
Step 10 Kill well as per standard well control techniques.
根据标准井控技术压井。

35
 PART 5: CASING/CEMENTING
下套管和固井

BUOYANT FORCE ON CASING

加在套管上的浮力
Effect of cementing operation on a String of Casing. Most dangerous with
Shallow strings of large diameter. Heavy cement may want to float the casing
out of the hole.
计算固井施工对套管的影响。特别对于大直径的浅层套管是最危险的。比重过高
的水泥浆可将套管托出井眼。
C1 = Casing Length 套管长度 = 1500 ft
C.wt = Casing Wt/Ft 套管重量 = 106.5 lbs/ft
C.cap = Casing Cap 套管容积 = .3507 bbls/ft
W.cmt = Cement Weight 水泥浆比重 = 15.4 ppg
B.F.cmt = Cement Buoyancy Factor 水泥浮力系数 = .765
M.Wt = Mud Weight 泥浆比重 = 9.0 ppg

BUOYANCY FORCE 浮力系数

= C1[(C.WT  B.F.cmt) – (42  C.cap  (W.cmt – M.WT))]
= 1500 [(106.5  .765) – (42  .3507  (15.4 – 9.0))]
= 1500 [81.47 – (14.73  6.4)]
= 1500 (81.47 – 94.27)
= 1500  (-12.8)
= -19200 lbs (this is a MINUS number 这是最小值)
A minus number means a force upward; a positive number means force
downward. 负数表示浮力向上；正数表示浮力向下

36
BALANCE MUD WEIGHT 平衡泥浆比重
Weight of Mud to displace cement if Buoyant force is upward.
计算如果浮力向上用来替换水泥浆的泥浆比重
W.cmt = Cement Weight 水泥浆比重 = 15.4 ppg
C.wt = Casing Wt/ft 套管重量 = 106.4 lbs/ft
B.F.cmt = Cement Buoyancy Factor 水泥浆浮力系数 = .765
C.cap = Casing Capacity 套管容积 = .3507 lbs/ft

BALANCE MUD WIEGHT 平衡泥浆比重

= W.cmt – []
= 15.4 - []
= 15.4 - []
= 15.4 – 5.5
= 9.9 ppg
SACKS OF CEMENT 所需水泥袋数
Volume of Cement required 所需水泥体积 = 500 lbs
Yield/sack of cement 屈服值/水泥袋 = 1.15 cu.ft/sack

SACKS 所需袋数

=
= 2441 sacks

37
BALANCE PLUGS 平衡塞
CEMENT VOLUME REQUIRED, bbls 所需水泥体积

= ()  Required Plug Length, f t 所需水泥塞长度

WATER SPACER AHEAD, BBLS 清水隔离液
Choose a volume but be careful that loss of hydrostatic does not cause kick.
合理选择一定量，但须谨慎静态液压损耗并不会导致井涌。

LENGTH OF SPACER IN ANNULUS, ft (V1) 环空内隔离液长度

VOLUME OF SPACER BEHIND CEMENT, bbls (V2) 水泥浆之后隔离液体积

V1  Pipe Cap., bbls/ft

LENGTH OF BALANCED CEMENT COLUMN, ft 平衡水泥柱的长度

MUD TO DISPLACE PLUG INTO POSITION, bbls 替入泥浆量

= [(C.base – L.plug)  Pipe Cap. (bbls/ft)] – V2

STROKES TO DISPLACE 替换泵冲

=
C.base = Base of Plug, ft 基塞
L.Plug = Length of Cement Plug, ft 水泥塞长度
V2 = Spacer volume behind cement, bbls
水泥浆之后的隔离液体积

EXAMPLE
Plug Length to be 水泥塞长度 = 400 ft
Water Spacer ahead 前部清水 = 20 bbls
Annular Volume 环空体积 = .1215 bbls/ft
Pipe Capacity 钻杆容积 = .01776 bbls/ft
Hole Capacity 井眼容积 = .1458 bbls/ft
Depth of Plug base 基塞长度 = 10,000 ft
Pump Output 泵排量 = .109 bbls/stroke

Cement Volume Required, bbls 所需水泥体积

= .1458  400 ft
= 58.32 bbls

38
Length of Spacer in Annulus, bbls 环空内隔离液长度

= = 164.6 ft

Volume of Spacer behind Cement, bbls 水泥浆上面隔离液体积

= 164.6  .01776 = 2.92 bbls

Length of Balanced Cement Column 平衡水泥柱长度

= = = 418.8 ft

Mud to Displace into Position Column 替入泥浆体积

= (10,000 ft – 418.8)  .01776 = 170.16 bbls – 2.92 bbls
= 167.24

Strokes to Displace 替换泵冲

= = 1534 strokes

39
 PART 6: HYDRAULICS
水力参数

ANNULAR VELOCITY ft/min 环空返速

Flow Rate 排量 = 450 gallons per minute (GPM)
Dh = Hole Diameter 井眼直径 = 12-1/4”
Dp = Pipe OD 钻杆外径 = 5”

ANNULAR VELOCITY, ft/min 环空返速

=
= 88.2 ft/min

EQUIVLENT CIRCULATING DENSITY (ECD) 当量循环密度

For low mud weight 适用于低比重泥浆
Mud Wt 泥浆比重 = 11 ppg
Yield Point 屈服点 = 13
Dh = Hole Diameter 井眼直径 = 12-1/4”
Dp = Pipe OD 钻杆外径 = 5”

ECD, ppg 当量循环密度

= Mud Wt, ppg + []
= 11 + [
= 11 + []
= 11 + .18
= 11.18 ppg

EQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY 当量循环密度

For Mud Weights greater than 13 ppg 适用于比重大于 13 ppg 泥浆。
Mud Weight 泥浆比重 = 15 ppg
Yield Point 屈服点 = 18
Plastic Viscosity 塑性粘度 = 30
Dh = Hole Diameter 井眼直径 = 12-1/4”
dp = Pipe OD 钻杆外径 = 5”
V = Annular Velocity 环空返速 = 90 ft/min
ECD, ppg 当量循环密度

= M. Wt + [  ( YP + ())]
40
 = 15 + [  (18 + ())]
= 15 + [  (18 + ())]
[ (
= 15 + .0138  18 + ())]
= 15 + [.0138  (18 + 1.2414)]
= 15 + [ .0138  19.2414]
= 15 + .2655
= 15.26 ppg

ECD USING ANNULAR PRESSURE LOSS 用环空压力降计算当量循环比重

ECD ppg = (Annular Pressure Loss  .052  TVD, ft) + Mud Wt, ppg

41
GALLONS PER MINUTE FOR OPTIMIZATION: Roller Cone Bits 牙轮钻头排量
= Bbls/Stroke  SPM  42
= Recommended range is between 30 and 50 GPM/inch of Bit Diameter.
建议范围选在钻头直径的 30 – 50 倍加仑/分。
e.g. 30 GPM  12-1/4” = 367.5 GPM
50 GPM  12-1/4” = 612.5 GPM

GALLONS PER MINUTE FOR PDC BITS PDC 钻头排量

Minimum flowrate to be used 使用最低排量
D = Bit Diameter = 12-1/4”

MINIMUM FLOWRATE, GPM 最低排量

= 12.72(D) 1.47
= 12.72 (12.25) 1.47
= 12.72  39.77
= 505.9 GPM

HHP REQUIRED AT SURFACE (INPUT) 地面所需水马力

This is the 10 D rule
HHP required at surface
= 10 (Bit Size) 2

42
CRITICAL VELOCITY, ft/min 临界流速
Mud Velocity above which flow changes from Laminar to Turbulent
从层流转变为紊流时的泥浆流速
Mud Wt = 11 ppg
Plastic Viscosity = 30
Yield Point = 15
Dh = Hole Diameter = 12-1/4”
dp = Pipe OD = 5”

CRITICAL VELOCITY, ft/min 临界速度

= 60  []
= 60 

= 60 

= 60 

= 60 

= 60 

= 60 

= 60 
= 60  4.265
= 256 ft/min

43
GPM TO OBTAIN CRITICAL VELOCITY 获取临界速度的排量
Critical Velocity 临界速度 = 256 ft/min
Dh = Hole Diameter = 12-1/4”
Dp = Pipe OD = 5”

GPM 排量

=
= 1306 GPM

44
PRESSURE DROP ACROSS BIT 通过钻头的压力降
Two formulae: one for Total Area of Nozzles in square inches
The other for sizes of nozzles in 32nds
有两个公式：一个用于水眼面积使用平方英寸，另一个用于水眼尺寸用 1/32
GPM = 450
M. Wt = 12 ppg
Nozzles = 3  12/32nds
Or = .3313 square inches

PRESSURE DROP, psi 压力降

= OR =

= OR =

= OR =

= OR =

=2038 psi OR =
= 2038 psi

45
NOZZLES SIZES 水眼尺寸
For bits with 2, 3 or more nozzles 适用于 2 个、3 个或更多个水眼的钻头
M. Wt = 12 ppg
Pressure Drop at Bit = 2038 psi
GPM = 450
No. of Jets =3

NOZZLE SIZE 水眼尺寸

= 3.536

= 3.536

= 3.536

= 3.536

= 3.536

= 3.536  3.3926
= 11.99

Interpretation of answers 答案解析

Example: if answer is between 11.8 and 12.2, choose 3  12/32nds
例如： 如答案介与 11.8 和 12.2 之间，选择 3  12/32nds
Example: if answer is between 11.5 and 11.8, choose 1  11/32nds
and 2  12/32nds
例如： 如答案介与 11.5 和 11.8 之间，选择 1  11/32nds 和 2  12/32nds
Example: if answer is between 11.2 and 11.5, choose 2  12/32nds
and 1  12/32nds
例如： 如答案介与 11.2 和 11.5 之间，选择 2  11/32nds 和 1  12/32nds

46
HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER AT BIT (HHP) 钻头处的水马力
GPM排量 = 450
Pressure Loss at Bit 钻头处压力降 = 2038 psi
Total Pump Pressure 总泵压 = 3000 psi
Bit Diameter 钻头直径 = 12-1/4”

HHP AT BIT 钻头处水马力

=
= 535 HHP

TOTAL HHP 总水马力

=
=
= 787.6 HHP

HHP/SQUARE INCH OF BIT DIAMETER 水马力/钻头直径平方英寸

=
= 4.5 HHP/sq.inch

47
% HHP AT BIT 钻头处的水马力百分比
Percentage of total HHP. Optimum hydraulics range is 50 to 65%.
占总水马力的百分比，最佳范围为 50% -- 65%。
There are two formulae: one using HHP, the other using pressure.
有两个公式：一个使用水马力，另一个使用压力。
HHP Total = 787.6; Total Pressure = 3000
HHP at Bit = 535; Pressure Loss at Bit = 2038

% HHP

= =

= =
= 67.9% = 67.9%

PRESSURE/STROKE/MUD WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP

压力/泵冲/泥浆比重之间的关系
Effect on pump pressure due to changes in SPM or Mud Weight.
计算由于改变泵冲或泥浆比重对泵压的影响。
Current Pressure 现压力 = 3000 psi
Current SPM 现泵冲 = 80
Current Mud Wt现泥浆比重 = 11
New SPM 新泵冲 = 90
New Mud Wt 新泥浆比重 = 12

NEW PRESSURE, psi 新泵压

= Curr Pressure, psi  ()2 = Curr Pressure 
= 3000  () 2
= 3000 
= 3000  (1.125) 2
= 3000  1.0909
= 3000  1.2656 = 3272 psi
= 3797 psi

A more accurate answer can be obtained by using the power 1.86 instead of squaring.

This needs a special function key on your calculator.

要得到更精确的答案，需用 1.86 次幂代替平方，这要求计算器上要有一个特殊功能键。

48
NOZZLE (JET) VELOCITY, ft.sec 水眼喷射速度
Speed at which mud is travelling through each nozzle. Often called Jet Velocity.
计算泥浆通过每个水眼的速度，通常称为喷射速度。
GPM = 450
Nozzle Size = 3  12/32nds
Or = .3313 square inches

NOZZLE VELOCITY, ft/sec 水眼喷射速度

= =

= =

= =

= = 435 ft/sec
= 435 ft/sec

IMPACT FORCE, lbs 冲击力

GPM = 450
M.Wt = 12 ppg
Jet Velocity = 435 ft/sec

IMPACT FORCE, lbs 冲击力

=
=
= 1216 lbs

49
PLASTIC VISCOSITY/YIELD POINT 塑性粘度/屈服点
PV = Fann 600 Reading 600 速读数 – Fan 300 Reading 300 读数
(General rule: keep as low as possible 一般原则：尽量低)
YP = Fann 300 reading – PV
(General rule of thumb: YP = M. Wt, ppg)
FANN 600 Reading = 2PV + YP
FANN 300 Reading = YP + PV

APPARENT VISCOSITY 表面粘度

=
HHP/SQ IN (RULE OF THUMB) 水马力/英寸（经验法则）
= (in most cases no more than 7 多数情况下不超过 7)
1 YP in lbs/100 ft2 = .479 Pascal
1/32nd  .7937 = Millimeters

HYDRAULIC RULES OF THUMB 经验法则水力参数

General rules of optimization of hydraulics (remember that technology is
extending values given below)
选取最佳水力参数的一般原则（记住技术上都超过下面所给出的数值）
Flow rate: 30-50 gpm/inch of bit diameter.流速：30—50 加仑/钻头直径英寸
(values up to 70 are not uncommon 数值达到 70 并非不正常)
HHP/square inch: 2.5-7
(values up to 11 are not uncommon)
% pressure at bit: 50-65%
(may be different depending on requirement for hole cleaning)
根据清洗井眼所需可选取不同的值
Jet velocity: 350-450 ft.second
(may vary with changes to above)

50
 PART 7: MISCELLANEOUS
其它

CRITICAL RPM (accurate to + or – 15%) 临界转速

RPM to avoid due to excessive vibration 计算应避开的由于过度波动所致的转速
L = length of one joint of pipe 一柱钻杆长度 = 31 ft
OD = Pipe OD = 5”
ID = Pipe ID = 4.276”

CRITICAL RPM

= 

= 

= 
= 34.3964  6.579
= 226 RPM
Rule of thumb: for 5” drill pipe, do not exceed 200 RPM for any depth.
经验法则：对于 5”钻杆，如何深度下均不得超过 200 转/分。

TEST VOLUME 测试体积

Approx. mud to pump to achieve a desired test pressure.
求达到所要求测试压力所需泵入的泥浆体积
Test pressure required = 7500 psi
VM = Mud volume between testing pump and other end of system (e.g.
closed ram)测试泵与另一系统间（如关闭的闸板）泥浆体积 = 15 bbls.

TEST VOLUME, bbls

= VM  .000003  Test Pressure, psi
= 15  .000003  7500
= .34 bbls

51
GEL REQUIRED 所需胶液体积
For making a gel with water. 适用于用水配制胶液
VH2O = Vol. Of Water 水体积 = 800 bbls
W1 = Weight of water 水比重 = 8.5 ppg
W2 = Weight of Gel Mud 胶液比重= 9.0 ppg

GEL REQUIRED, lbs

= VH2O  []
= 800  []
= 800  []
= 800  35.928
= 28742 lbs
(Bentonite increases volume by approx 1 barrel every 9 sxs)
（每 9 袋膨润土大约引起体积增长 1 桶）

52
MICRON SIZES 颗粒尺寸
Clay and Bentonite 粘土和膨润土 – less than 小于 1
Barite 坂土 2 – 60
Silt 粉砂 2 – 74
API Sand API 沙砾 - greater than 74
Talcum Powder 滑石粉 - 5 – 50
Kitchen Flour 面粉 - 1 – 80

MICRON CUT POINTS 清除尺寸

Centrifuge 离心机 - 3 – 5 Micron 微米
Desilter 除泥器 3” – 4” 23 – 60 Micron
Desander 除砂器 5”—12” 30 – 60 Micron

PRESSURE AT CONE MANIFOLD 漏斗组处的压力

A rule of thumb for required pump pressure at cone manifold on Desilters or
Desanders.根据经验要求除泥器和除砂器漏斗处泵压为：
= 4  M. Wt (ppg)

CONE CAPACITIES 漏斗排量

4” 50 GPM/cone 50 加仑每分每漏斗
6” 100 GPM/cone
8” 155 GPM/cone
10” 500 GPM/cone
12” 600 GPM/cone

PH
Measure of effective acidity or alkalinity of mud.测量泥浆酸碱度
Range is 0 – 14. 范围 0—14 PH 7 is neutral.PH 值为 7 为中性
Greater than 7 is ALKALINE. 大于 7 为碱性。
Less than 7 is ACID.小于 7 为酸性

53
MARSH FUNNEL 马氏漏斗
Time for fresh water to drain 清水粘度
= 26 secs  1/2 second per quart. 每夸脱 261/2 秒

NORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE 正常地层压力

.465 psi/ft or 8.94 ppg

FRESH WATER GRADIENT 清水压力梯度

.433 psi/ft

OVERBURDEN GRADIENT 上覆岩层压力梯度

1.0 psi/ft

54
 PART 8: CONVERSION FACTORS

MULTIPLY 乘 BY 乘以 TO OBTAIN 得
Atmospheres 大气压 76.0 Cms of mercury 厘米汞柱
Atmospheres 760.0 Millimeters of mercury 毫米汞柱
Atmospheres 29.92 Inches of mercury 英寸汞柱
Atmospheres 33.90 Feet of water 英尺水
Atmospheres 1.0333 Kgs/sq cm 千克/平方厘米
Atmospheres 14.70 Lbs/sq in 磅/平方英寸
Atmospheres 1.058 Tons/sq ft 吨/平方英尺

Barrel 桶 5.6146 Cubic ft 立方英尺

Barrel .15897 Cubic meters 立方米
Barrels-oil 42. Gallons-oil 加仑
Bbls (US)桶（美） .15899 Cubic meters 立方米
Barrel of water .1588 Metric ton 公吨
Barrel (36 A.P.I.) .1342 Metric ton 公吨
Barrel/hour 桶/小时 .0936 Cubic ft per minute 立方英尺/分
Barrel/hour .700 Gallon per minute 加仑每分
Barrel/hour 2.695 Cubic in/sec 立方英寸/秒
Barrel/day 桶/天 .02917 Gallon per minute 加仑每分
Bbls/ft 桶/英尺 .52161 Cubic meters/meter 立方米/米

Bars 巴 .9869 Atmospheres 大气压

Bars 2089. Lbs/sq ft 磅/平方英尺
Bars 14.50 Lbs/sq in 磅/平方英寸
Bars 100 Kilopascals 千帕
Bars/Mt 4.421 Psi/ft Psi/英尺

Btu 英热单位 .2520 Kilogram – calories 千克-卡

Btu .2928 Watt hour 瓦特小时
Btu 777.5 Foot – lbs 英尺磅
Btu .0003927 Horsepower – hours 马力小时
Btu 107.5 Kilogram – meters 千克米
Btu .0002928 Kilowatt – hours 千瓦小时

Btu/min 英热单位/分 12.96 Foot – lbs/sec 英尺磅/秒

Btu/min .02356 Horsepower 马力
Btu/min .01757 Kilowatts 千瓦
Btu/min 17.57 Watts 瓦特

Centigrams 厘克 .01 Grams 可

Centiliters 厘升 .01 Liters 升

Centimeters 厘米 .3937 Inches 英寸

Centimeters .01 Meters 米
Centimeters 10. Millimeters

55
Centimeters of mercury 厘米汞柱 .01316 Atmospheres
Centimeters of mercury .4461 Feet of water
Centimeters of mercury 136.0 Kgs/sq meter
Centimeters of mercury 27.85 Lbs/sq ft
Centimeters of mercury .1934 Lbs/sq in

Decigrams .1 Grams

Deciliters .1 Liters

Decimeters .1 Meters

Degrees (angle) 60. Minutes

Degrees (angle) .01745 Radians
Degrees (angle) 3600. Seconds

Degrees/sec .01745 Radians/sec

Degrees/sec .1667 Revolutions/min
Degrees/sec .002778 Revolutions/sec

Dekagrams 10. Gram

Dekaliters 10. Liters

Dekameters 10. Meters

Fathoms 6. Feet

Feet 30.48 Centimeters

Feet 12. Inches
Feet .3048 Meters
Feet .3600 Varas(Texas)
Feet 1/3 Yards

Feet of water .02950 Atmospheres

Feet of water .8826 Inches of mercury
Feet of water .03048 Kgs/sq cm
Feet of water 62.43 Lbs/sq ft
Feet of water .4335 Lts/sq in

Feet/min .5080 Centimeters/sec

Feet/min .01667 Feet/sec
Feet/min .01829 Kilometers/hr
Feet/min .3048 Meters/min
Feet/min .01136 Miles/hr

Feet/sec .68182 Miles per hour

Feet/sec/sec 30.48 Cms/sec/sec
Feet /sec/sec .3048 Meters/sec /sec

56
Foot-pounds .002186 Btu
Foot-pounds .00000050 Horsepower-hrs
5
Foot-pounds .0003241 Kilogram-calories
Foot-pounds .1383 Kilogram-meters
Foot-pounds .00000037 Kilowatt-hrs
66
Foot-pounds 1.3558 Newtons/meter

Foot-pounds/min .001286 Btu/min

Foot-pounds/min .01667 Foot-pounds/sec
Foot-pounds/min .0000303 Horsepower
Foot-pounds/min .0003241 Kg-calories/min
Foot-pounds/min .0000226 Kilowatts

Centimeters/second 1.969 Feet/min

Centimeters/second .03281 Feet/sec
Centimeters/second .036 Kilometers/hrs
Centimeters/second .6 Meters/min
Centimeters/second .02237 Miles/hrs
Centimeters/second .0003728 Miles/min
Centimeters/second/second .03281 Feet/sec/sec

Cubic centimeters .00003531 Cubic feet

Cubic centimeters .06102 Cubic inches
Cubic centimeters .0000010 Cubic meters
Cubic centimeters .00000130 Cubic yards
8
Cubic centimeters .0002642 Gallons
Cubic centimeters .001 Liters
Cubic centimeters .002113 Pints(liq)
Cubic centimeters .001057 Quarts (liq)

Cubic feet .1781 Barrels

Cubic feet 28320. Cubic cims
Cubic feet 1728. Cubic inches
Cubic feet .02832 Cubic meters
Cubic feet .03704 Cubic yards
Cubic feet 7.48052 Gallons
Cubic feet 28.32 Liters
Cubic feet 59.84 Pints(liq)
Cubic feet 29.92 Quarts (liq)

Cubic feet/minute 472.0 Cubic cm/sec

Cubic feet/minute .1247 Gallons/sec
Cubic feet/minute .4720 Liters/sec
Cubic feet/minute 62.43 Lbs of water /min
Cubic feet/minute 10.686 Barrels per hour
Cubic feet/minute 28.800 Cubic in / sec

Cubic feet/second .646317 Million gals/day

57
Cubic feet/second 448.831 Gallohns/min

Cubic inches 16.39 Cubic centimeters

Cubic inches .0005758 Cubic feet
Cubic inches .00001639 Cubic meters
Cubic inches .00002143 Cubic yards
Cubic inches .004329 Gallons
Cubic inches .01639 Liters
Cubic inches .03463 Pints(liq)
Cubic inches .1732 Quarts (liq)

Cubic meters 6.2905 Barrels

Cubic meters 1000000. Cubic centimeters
Cubic meters 35.31 Cubic feet
Cubic meters 61023. Cubic meters
Cubic meters 1.308 Cubic yards
Cubic meters 264.2 Gallons
Cubic meters 1000. Liters
Cubic meters 2113. Pints(liq)
Cubic meters 1057 Quarts (liq)

Hectograms 100. Grams

Hectoliters 100. Liters

Hectowatts 100. Watts

Horsepower 42.44 Btu/min

Horsepower 33,000. Foot-lbs/min
Horsepower 550. Foot-lbs/sec
Horsepower 1.014 Horsepower
Horsepower 10.70 Kg-calories/min
Horsepower .7457 Kilowatts
Horsepower 745.7 Watts

Horsepower (boiler) 33,479. Btu/hr

Horsepower (boiler) 9.803 Kilowatts

Horsepower - hours 2,547. Btu

Horsepower – hours 1,980,000. Foot-lbs
Horsepower – hours 641.7 Kilogram-calorie
Horsepower – hours 273,700. Kilogram-meters
Horsepower - hours .7457 Kilowatt-hours

Inches 2.540 Centimeters

Inches of Mercury .03342 Atmospheres

Inches of Mercury 1.133 Feet of water
Inches of Mercury .03453 Kgs/sq cm
Inches of Mercury 70.73 Lbs/sq in

58
Inches of Mercury .4912 Lbs/sq ft

Inches of water .002458 Atmospheres

Inches of water .07355 Inches of mercury
Inches of water .002540 Kgs/sq cm
Inches of water .5781 Ounces/sq in
Inches of water 5.202 Lbs/sq ft
Inches of water .03613 Lbs/sq in

Kilograms 980,665. Dynes

Kilograms 2.205 Lbs
Kilograms .001102 Tons (short)
Kilograms 1,000. Grams

Kilograms/meter 7.233 Ft-lbs

Kilograms/meter .6720 Lbs-ft

Kilograms/ sq cm .9678 Atmospheres

Kilograms/ sq cm 32.81 Feet of water
Kilograms/ sq cm 28.96 Inches of mercury
Kilograms/ sq cm 2,048. Lbs/sq ft
Kilograms/ sq cm 14.22 Lbs/sq in
Kilograms/ cm2 .98 Bars
Kilograms/ cm2 98. Kilopascals
Kilograms/ cm2 14.22 Lbs/square inch

Foot-pounds/sec .07717 Btu/min

Foot-pounds/sec .001818 Horsepower
Foot-pounds/sec .01945 Kg-calories/min
Foot-pounds/sec .001356 Kilowatts

Gallons (U.S.) .02381 Barrel

Gallons (U.S.) .83267 Gallons (imperial)
Gallons (U.S.) .00378 Cubic meters
Gallons 3,785. Cubic centimeters
Gallons .1337 Cubic feet
Gallons 231. Cubic inches
Gallons .003785 Cubic meters
Gallons .00495 Cubic yards
Gallons 3.785 Liters
Gallons 8. Pints (liq)
Gallons 4. Quarts (lip)

Gallons (imperial) 1.20095 Gallons (U.S.)

Gallons (imperial) 277.419 Cubic inches
Gallons (imperial) 8.3453 Pounds of water

Gallons/min 1.429 Barrels per hour

Gallons/min .1337 Cubic ft/min
Gallons/min 34.286 Barrels/day

59
Gallons/min .06308 Liters/sec
Gallons/min 8.0208 Cubic ft/hr
Gallons/min .002228 Cubic ft/hr
Gallons/min .002228 Cubic ft/sec

Gallons of water/min 6.0086 Tons water/24 hrs

Grains/U.S. gallons 17.118 Parts/million

Grains/U.S. gallons 142.86 Lbs/million gal

Grains/imperial gallons 14.286 Parts/million

Grams 980.7 Dynes

Grams 15.43 Grains
Grams .001 Kilograms
Grams 1,000. Milligrams
Grams .03527 Ounces (Avoir.)
Grams .03215 Ounces (troy)
Grams .002205 Pounds

Grams/cm .0056 Pounds/inch

Grams/cubic cm 62.43 Pounds/cubic foot

Grams/cubic cm .03613 Pounds/cubic inch

Grams/liter 58.417 Grains/gal

Grams/liter 8.345 Pounds/1000 gals
Grams/liter .062427 Pounds/cubic foot
Grams/liter 1,000. Parts/million

Meters/min 1.667 Centimeters/sec

Meters/min 3.281 Feet/min
Meters/min .05468 Feet/sec
Meters/min .06 Kilometers/hr
Meters/min .03728 Miles/hr

Meters/sec 196.8 Feet/min

Meters/sec 3.281 Feet/sec
Meters/sec 3.6 Kilometers/hr
Meters/sec .06 Kilometers/min
Meters/sec 2.237 Miles/hr
Meters/sec .03728 Miles/min

Micons .000001 Meters

Miles 160,900 Centimeters

Miles 5,280 Feet
Miles 1.609 Kilometers
Miles 1,760 Yards
Miles 1,900.8 Varas (Texas)

60
Mile (Nautical) 6,080.27 Feet
Mile (Nautical) 1.15 Mile (statute)

Miles/hr 44.7 Centimeters/sec

Miles/hr 88. Feet/min
Miles/hr 1.467 Feet/sec
Miles/hr 1.609 Kilometers/hr
Miles/hr .8684 Knots
Miles/hr 26.82 Meters/min

Miles/min 2,682 Centimeters/sec

Miles/min 88. Feet/sec
Miles/min 1.609 Kilometers/min
Miles/min 60. Miles/hr

Milliters 1,000. Kilograms

Milligrams .0010 Grams

Milliliters .0010 Liters

Millimeters .1 Centimeters
Millimeters .03937 Inches

Milligrams/liter 1. Parts/million

Million gals/day 1.54723 Cubic feet/sec

Minutes (angle) .0002909 Radians

Ounces 16. Drams

Ounces 437.5 Grains
Ounces .0625 Pounds
Ounces 28.349527 Grams
Ounces .9115 Ounces (troy)
Ounces .0000279 Tons (long)
Ounces .00002835 Tons (metric)

Kgs/sq millimeter 1,000,000. Kgs/sq meter

Kiloliters 1,000. Liters

Kilometers 100,000. Centimeters

Kilometers 3,281 Feet
Kilometers 1,000. Meters
Kilometers .6241 Miles
Kilometers .5396 Miles(nautical)
Kilometers 1,094 Yards

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Kilometers/hr 27.78 Centimeters/sec
Kilometers/hr 54.68 Feet/min
Kilometers/hr .9113 Feet/sec
Kilometers/hr .5396 Knots
Kilometers/hr 16.67 Meters/min
Kilometers/hr .6214 Miles/hr

Kms/hr/sec 27.78 Cms/sec/sec

Kms/hr/sec .9113 Ft/sec/sec
Kms/hr/sec .2778 Meters/sec/sec

Kilowatts 56.92 Btu/min

Kilowatts 44,250. Foot-lbs/min
Kilowatts 737.6 Foot-lbs/sec
Kilowatts 1.341 Horsepower
Kilowatts 14.34 Kg-calories/min
Kilowatts 1,000. Watts

Kilowatt-hours 3,415 Btu

Kilowatt-hours 2,655,000. Foot-lbs
Kilowatt-hours 1.341 Horsepower-hrs
Kilowatt-hours 860.5 Kilogramp-calories
Kilowatt-hours 367,100. Kilogram-meters

Knot 1. Nautical miles/hr

Knot 1.151 Statute miles/hr

Liters 1,000. Cubic CENTIMEERS

Liters .03531 Cubic feet
Liters 61.02 Cubic inches
Liters .001 Cubic meters
Liters .001308 Cubic yards
Liters .2642 Gallons
Liters 2.113 Pints(liq)
Liters 1.057 Quarts(liq)

Liters/min .0005886 Cubic ft/sec

Liters/min .004403 Gals/sec

Meters 100. Centimeters

Meters 3.281 Feet
Meters 39.37 Inches
Meters .001 Kilometers
Meters 1,000. Millimeters
Meters 1.094 Yards

Ounces(fluid) 1.805 Cubic inches

Ounces(fluid) .02957 Liters
Ounces/sq inch .0625 Lbs/sq in

62
Parts/million .0584 Grains/U.S. gal
Parts/million .07016 Grains/imperial gal
Parts/million 8.345 Lbs/million gal

Pounds 16. Ounces

Pounds 256. Drams
Pounds 7,000. Grains
Pounds .0005 Tons (short)
Pounds 453.5924 Grams
Pounds 1.21528 Pounds (troy)
Pounds 14.5833 Ounces (troy)

Pounds of water .01602 Cubic feet

Pounds of water 27.68 Cubic inches
Pounds of water .1198 Gallons

Pounds/cubic foot .01602 Grams/cubic cm

Pounds/cubic foot 16.02 Kgs/cubic meter
Pounds/cubic foot .0005787 Lbs/cubic foot

Pounds/cubic inch 27.68 Grams/cubic cm

Pounds/cubic inch 27,680. Kgs/cubic meter
Pounds/cubic inch 1,728 Lbs/cubic foot

Pounds of water/min .000267 Cubic ft/sec

Pounds/foot 1.488 Kgs/meter

Pounds/gallon 8.337 Grams/cubic cm
Pounds/gallon 120. Kgs/meter3
Pounds/gallon .01175 Bars/meter
Pounds/gallon .1198 SG
Pounds/inch 178.6 Grams/cm

Pounds/sq foot .01602 Feet of water

Pounds/sq foot .0004883 Kgs/sq cm
Pounds/sq foot .006954 Pounds/sq inch

Pounds/sq inch .06804 Atmospheres

Pounds/sq inch 2.307 Feet of water
Pounds/sq inch 2.036 Inches of mercury
Pounds/sq inch .07031 Kgs/sqcm
Pounds/sq inch 6.895 Kilopascals

Pounds-force 4.448 Newtons

Pounds-force 0.4448 Deca newtons

Quarts (dry) 67.20 Cubic inches

Quarts (liquid) 57.75 Cubic inches
Quarts (liquid) .946 Liter

63
Square centimeter .1550 Square inch

Square foot .0929 Square meter

Square foot .1296 Square vara(Texas)
Square inch 6.452 Square centimeters
Square kilometer .3861 Square mile
Square meter 10.76 Square feet
Square mile 2.590 Square kilometers
Square vara (Texas) 7.716 Square feet
Square mile 640. Acre
Specific Gravity (SG) .0981 Bars/meter

Temp (C.) + 17.78 1.8 Temp(F.)

Temp (F.) – 32 .5555 Temp (C.)

Tons (long) 1016. Kilograms

Tons (long) 2240. Pounds
Tons (long) 1.12 Tons (short)

Tons (metric) 1000. Kilograms

Tons (metric) 2205. Pounds

64