ther welfare measures.

Here are some extra measures which a social work subjects covers and presvents individual to have
their right.
Is
1. Social and economic justice
Although much written about the concepts of social and economic justice, many works

Talk more about social and economic injustice

Than justice. The term social justice was first used

By a Sicilian priest in 1840, and then by philosophers in discussions about how society should
Be structured to best meet the needs of its citizens.

The concept of social justice gained additional

Attention in 1861 in John Stuart Mill’s essay Utilitarianism. Mill advocated that all resources and other
Benefits of living in a society should be distributed

According to recognizable principles of justice. His

Writings were intended to appeal to the aristocracy
In Europe to address the needs of uprooted peasants who had relocated to cities seeking jobs. Mill

Called for decision makers to attend to the “common good,” whereby citizens would work
collaboratively to build communities and programs that
Would contribute to the “good” of others.

Mill and other philosophers debated the question: what is justice society ? Their writings covered a
continuum of perspectives, from allowing
Members of society to create their own lives and
Use resources as they wished, as long as they didn’t infringe on the rights of others, to the idea
That resources generated by all members of society should be distributed to all, first meeting the
Needs of those members who were the worst off

Today, social justice is viewed from both political and philosophical perspectives. This concept
Is imbedded in many religious teachings as well,
Including principles set forth in Judeo-Christian

Teachings. The goal of social justice is full participation of all groups in a society that is mutually
Shaped to meet their needs and ensures that all of
Its members are psychologically safe and secure

(Adams, Bell, & Griffin, 1997). Social justice focuses on how individual rights are protected and
Supported in day-to-day interactions as well as

Within the fabric of society.

2. Prejudice and discrimination

Social injustice and social inequality are generally considered to be products of prejudice
And discrimination. Prejudice is a value learned
Through the process of socialization. Once internalized, prejudice becomes part of an individual’s
Value system. People who are prejudiced rarely
Consider themselves to be so. Objects of prejudice
Are presumed to have behavioral characteristics
That those who are prejudiced find objectionable.

Through negative stereotyping, women, people

Of color, gays and lesbians, and members of other
Diverse groups are presumed to hold behavioral
Traits that justify their exclusion from free and full
Participation in the social roles of society.

Stereotypes are beliefs that members of cer-

Tain groups behave in specific ways. Hence, some

In our society hold beliefs that women are not as astute as men at decision making; that African
Americans are less intelligent and prone to
Idleness and crime; that Latinos prefer the slower pace of agrarian life; and that gays and lesbians
Persist.
In contrast, positive stereotypes—that women are
Nurturing and supportive; that African Americans
Gain strength from religion and their churches;
And that Latinos place considerable value on their
Large, extended families—are just as liable as
Negative stereotypes to false presumptions. The
Notion that Caucasian males are endowed with
Intellectual prowess and creative skills that other
Groups lack is another example of a positive
Stereotype. To illustrate how prejudice affects
Decision making, consider the following:

A conservative Caucasian couple had an older

Daughter who graduated from college and moved to
Florida to work for a well-known national corporation. While there, she fell in love with an attorney
Who also worked for the corporation. At first her
Family was happy about the reported relationship,
But became extremely upset when they learned that
The attorney was Puerto Rican. In spite of family
Pressure, she married the attorney and joined the
Catholic church. As a consequence, her parents,two of her four siblings, and one set of grandparents
discontinued contact with her. Because there
Were also strong differences of opinion within the

Family about whether the marriage was desirable, in

Effect, intermarriage tore this family apart.

In this situation, the older daughter violated

Strong in-group values and traditions that had become institutionalized and affirmed as a matter of
Family beliefs and faith. There was little doubt that
Her husband was of impeccable character, a hard
Worker, an outstanding citizen, a man of faith, and
A loving and caring husband. Those qualities from
The family’s perspective were necessary but not
Sufficient for their blessing and acceptance of the
Newlyweds. Indeed, from the parents’ perspective, any male who was not Caucasian would
Have been unacceptable as a marriage partner for
Their daughter.

3. Social and Economic Justice

For Women

In a grievance against her employer, a female

Staff member with a college degree charged that
Her male boss had touched her inappropriately
On numerous occasions, pressured her to come to
His hotel room while they were attending a conference, hired males for comparable positions at
Much higher salaries than hers, and told her when
She applied for a transfer to a different division of
The organization that she should either quit her
Job and stay at home with her children or go to
Work as a checker at a local grocery store.

Throughout recorded history, women have

Faced various forms of social inequality and

Discrimination. Invariably, inequality was—and

Is—justified on the basis of the biological superiority of men, despite no evidence to support that
Premise. Notwithstanding advances made during
The past several decades, women in our society
Experience discrimination. Gender-biased dis-crimination is more visible in the occupational
Market and economic areas than in other aspects
Of social participation. Some progress has been made, but many male-dominated job positionshave
remained virtually unobtainable by qualified women. Males still primarily hold positions
Such as pilots, military officers, andconstruction
Supervisors..
Although many women have successfully entered and moved up in male-dominated
careers,
They tend to be concentrated in lower-paying,
Lower-status positions such as clerical workers,
Child-care workers, receptionists, nurses, hair stylists, bank tellers, and cashiers. Men tend to be
Concentrated in higher-paying positions including
Lawyers, judges, engineers, accountants, college
Instructors, physicians, and dentists, as examples.
Management and administrative positions at the
Upper levels continue to be held mostly by men.

Facts About Working Women and Gender Equity

• Percentage of women who participated in

The labor force in 2004: 59.2%1

• Percentage of the workforce in 2004 who

Were women: 46%1

• Percentage of women working who worked

Full-time in 2004: 74%1

• Percentage of women who participated in

The labor force in 2004 by ethnicity: 61.5%

For Blacks; 58.9% for Whites; and 56.1%

For Latinos1

• Difference in median weekly earnings for

Men and women by ethnic group in 2004:

Both Asian men and women had the high-

Est earnings compared to members of other

Groups and Latinos had lowest earnings 2

• Percentage of median income for full-time,

Year-round women workers compared to

Men in 2004: 80%2

• Amount of income working families in the

U.S. lose annually because of the wage gap:

$200 billion3…

4. Behavior and modification

Shortly after Fred and Mary Chapman accepted

3-year-old Tonya into their home for foster care,
Their 6-year-old son, Frank, became enuretic.
Neither Fred nor Mary could identify the rea-
Son(s) for Frank’s bedwetting behavior, as his
Last episode had been more than 3 years ago.

In an effort to help Frank control this behavior, Fred and Mary reduced his liquid intake
Before bedtime, withheld privileges, and, in
Their frustration, scolded him—all to no avail.
They discussed the problem with the foster
Care social worker, who suggested that Frank’s
Behavior may have resulted from Tonya’s placement in their home: Frank felt displaced! Fred
And Mary agreed that they had been overly
Solicitous of Tonya in their attempt to make her
Feel safe, wanted, and secure.
Following social worker’s cue, they began spending more
Time with Frank alone and included him as an
Important family member in helping Tonya feel
More secure. Within 2 weeks, Frank’s enuretic
Episodes had ended dramatic family changes such as the one
Described here can be threatening to a child, as
Frank’s behavior demonstrated. His involuntary
Enuresis was a reflection of insecurity prompted
By the arrival and attention given to Tonya. As
A 6-year-old child, Frank lacked the insight
And maturity to verbalize his feelings. As a consequence, regressive behavior took the form of
Enuresis. When his parents directed more attention to him and included him in planning for
Tonya, his fears of displacement were abated
And the consequent enuresis ceased..

5. Homelessness

Increases in the poverty rate in the United States,

Coupled with marked increases in the costs of
Housing and the precipitous decline in availability of public assistance benefits, have resulted in
Large numbers of homeless individuals and

Families (U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services, 2006). Demographic groups that
Are more likely to experience poverty also are more likely to be homeless., a person who is considered
Homeless.
These youth become homeless as part of their
Families but later are separated from them by
Shelter, transitional housing, or child welfare
Policies so social work also covers them.
Welfare state and social services

International Social Welfare

And Globalization

International social welfare is the field of practice concerned with promoting basic human well-being in
a context in which cross-national efforts
Are involved. Sari (1997) discussed a number of
Reasons why social workers should have knowledge of international social work practice, as well
As skill in working in other countries or with nternational populations within the United States.

• An international cross-cultural social wel-

Fare education can broaden one’s horizons

About alternative economic, political, and

Social welfare systems.

• A cross-cultural emphasis helps one to understand and appreciate diverse cultures

From other countries as well as to gain

Added insight about one’s own values, ide-

Ologies, and cultural preferences.

• An international approach exposes one to

Divergent thinking so one can view social

Policies and services more critically and in a

Comparative perspective because there usu-

Ally are alternative options.

• Cross-national collaboration between social

Workers and other human service profes-

Sionals opens up many possibilities for in-

Novation and change (pp. 390–391).

This international perspective will allow social

Workers to practice more effectively in a world
That is increasingly interdependent along economic, political, and social lines, as well as to
Contribute in meaningful ways to reduce conflict
And exploitation throughout the world.

Social welfare practice in an international

Context focuses on the study of social problems

Between and among nations. Such problems
Include, but are not limited to, the following

(Amnesty International, 2003; UNICEF, 2006):

• deaths from war

• global governance that deals with problems

That affect all peoples

• social justice

• the rights of women and children;

• religious, economic, and political oppressions

• the rights of immigrants and those seeking

Asylum from political persecution.

• displacement of persons because of war,

Political strife, and natural disasters;

• marginalization of people through market-

Place globalization;

• the distribution of wealth

• poverty and

• human and environmental exploitation.

Global governance that has clearly defined

And limited authority and deals with global

Problems that affect all peoples is also central
To achieving a global village of social and economic justice, lasting peace, and a sustain-

Able environment (Afulezi, 2005; Follesdal &

Pogge, 2006; McFaul, 2006).

The time must come
When people will accept international law to settle global disputes as they now accept their na-
Tional government in settling disputes between
States and provinces as evidenced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the
United Nations in 1948 (see Box 16.1).

Achieving a global village is seriously hinderd by the inequitable distribution of power

And wealth throughout the world. Today, with
Little more than 10% of the world’s population,
Wealthy countries and their multinational corporations make virtually all of the world’s economic
Decisions, and most of the military ones, without
Any consultation from the world community. For
Example, the global arms trade involves billions
Of dollars of weapons sales every year. The

United States leads this business with morethan

Half of such sales.

World peace cannot be accomplished unless

Every country is allowed only enough military capability to defend its borders and never enough
To wage aggression against its neighbors along
With this fulfillment of international law is the
Complete elimination of nuclear, chemical, and Other weapons of mass destruction that serve no valid
purpose in maintaining a world community In which social and economic justice exist (Association of
World Citizens, 2006a, 2006b; Human
Rights Watch, 2005; Mattern, 2006).
The social work profession has long embraced The notion that justice, particularly social justice, is a
critical component in creating the global village The global village cannot be achieved without
Overcoming the many historic prejudices andFears that divide the peoples of the world nor Can there be
peace and lasting stability in the World without achieving a reasonable degree of Economic justice.
Today, less than 20% of the World’s people hold 80% of the world’s wealth,While more than 80% hold
the rest (Global Issues,2006). The same relationship exists when it Comes to consumption of the world’s
resources.
The richest 50 million people in Europe and North America have the same income as 2.7 billion people.
The gap between the rich and the Poor continues to widen every year. Nearly 3 billion people in the
world live on less than $2
A day.
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the poorest nations (a quarter of the world’s countries) is less than
the wealth of the world’s three Richest people combined. Nearly 11 million children under 5 years of age
die each year as a consequence of poverty. The wealthiest nation on
Earth, the United States, has the widest gap between the rich and the poor of any industrialized
Nation (Global Issues, 2006).
These facts are staggering—even to those who Are the most cynical about world poverty. TheyAlso
point out how much work has to be done to Close the income gap between the rich and the Poor and
between wealthy countries and poor Countries across the globe.

The concept of world citizenship is also

Central to achieving the global village. Technologically, we have achieved a world community,
As evidenced by modern communications, travel,
And international trade. But the world remains a
Place that is dramatically divided into political,
Social, religious, and ethnic tribes. Although a
Number of proposals have been advanced to overcome the divisions, the only concept that
Comes close to conquering them is the idea of
World citizenship, or people accepting their responsibility in this interdependent world by
Thinking and acting as citizens of that world

(Brown & Isaacs, 2005; Hansen & Stepputat,

2005; Hoffman, 2004; O’Byrne, 2003; Tan, 2005).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by

Teaching and education to promote respect for
These rights and freedoms and by progressive
Measures, national and international, to secure
Their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member
States themselves and among the peoples of
Territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason
And conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freeDoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of
any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
Language, religion, political or other opinion,
National or social origin, property, birth or other
Status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made
On the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to
Which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self governing or under any Other
limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person

Article 4

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all Their
forms

Article 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6

Everyone has the right to recognition everyWhere as a person before the law.

Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled Without any discrimination to equal protection of The law.
All are entitled to equal protection Against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against
any incitement to suchDiscrimination.
Article 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by The competent national tribunals for acts violating the
fundamental rights granted him by the Constitution or by law.

Article 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,Detention or exile.

Article 10

1. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and Public hearing by an independent and impartial
tribunal, in the determination of his rights And obligations and of any criminal charge Against
him..

2. Everyone charged with a penal offence has The right to be presumed innocent until Proved
guilty according to law in a public Trial at which he has had all the guarantees Necessary for his
defence.

There are 27 these articles which are in use in helping and achieving the standard of mankind a high
value of human life with risk at its least. We have discussed only 10 above mentioned..

Values and Principles of the United Nations Millennium decleration

We consider certain fundamental values to be Essential to international relations in the twenty first
century. These include:

• Freedom
Men and women have the right To live their lives and raise their children in Dignity, free from hunger
and from the fear Of violence, oppression or injustice. Democratic and participatory governance based
onThe will of the people best assures these Rights.

• Equality
No individual and no nation must JustBe denied the opportunity to benefit fromDevelopment. The equal
rights and Welfare state and social services

International Social Welfare

and Globalization
International social welfare is the field of practice concerned with promoting basic human well-being in
a context in which cross-national efforts
are involved. Sari (1997) discussed a number of
reasons why social workers should have knowledge of international social work practice, as well
as skill in working in other countries or with nternational populations within the United States.
• An international cross-cultural social welfare education can broaden one’s horizons about alternative
economic, political, andsocial welfare systems.
• A cross-cultural emphasis helps one to understand and appreciate diverse cultures
from other countries as well as to gain
added insight about one’s own values, ide-
ologies, and cultural preferences.
• An international approach exposes one to
divergent thinking so one can view social
policies and services more critically and in a
comparative perspective because there usu-
ally are alternative options.
• Cross-national collaboration between social
workers and other human service profes-
sionals opens up many possibilities for in-
novation and change (pp. 390–391).
This international perspective will allow social
workers to practice more effectively in a world
that is increasingly interdependent along economic, political, and social lines, as well as to
contribute in meaningful ways to reduce conflict
and exploitation throughout the world.
Social welfare practice in an international
context focuses on the study of social problems between and among nations. Such problems include,
but are not limited to, the following
(Amnesty International, 2003; UNICEF, 2006):
• deaths from war
• global governance that deals with problems
that affect all peoples
• social justice
• the rights of women and children;
• religious, economic, and political oppressions
• the rights of immigrants and those seeking
asylum from political persecution.
• displacement of persons because of war,
political strife, and natural disasters;
• marginalization of people through market-
place globalization;
• the distribution of wealth
• poverty and
• human and environmental exploitation.
Global governance that has clearly defined
and limited authority and deals with global
problems that affect all peoples is also central
to achieving a global village of social andeconomic justice, lasting peace, and a sustain-
able environment (Afulezi, 2005; Follesdal &
Pogge, 2006; McFaul, 2006).

The time must come

when people will accept international law to settle global disputes as they now accept their na-
tional government in settling disputes between
states and provinces as evidenced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the
United Nations in 1948 (see Box 16.1).
Achieving a global village is seriously hin-
dered by the inequitable distribution of power
and wealth throughout the world. Today, with
little more than 10% of the world’s population,
wealthy countries and their multinational corporations make virtually all of the world’s economic
decisions, and most of the military ones, without
any consultation from the world community. For
example, the global arms trade involves billions
of dollars of weapons sales every year. The
United States leads this business with morethan
half of such sales.
World peace cannot be accomplished unless
every country is allowed only enough military capability to defend its borders and never enough
to wage aggression against its neighbors along
with this fulfillment of international law is the
complete elimination of nuclear, chemical, and
other weapons of mass destruction that serve no valid purpose in maintaining a world community
in which social and economic justice exist (Association of World Citizens, 2006a, 2006b; Human
Rights Watch, 2005; Mattern, 2006).
The social work profession has long embraced
the notion that justice, particularly social justice, is
a critical component in creating the global village.
The global village cannot be achieved without
overcoming the many historic prejudices and
fears that divide the peoples of the world nor
can there be peace and lasting stability in the
world without achieving a reasonable degree of
economic justice. Today, less than 20% of the
world’s people hold 80% of the world’s wealth,
while more than 80% hold the rest (Global Issues,
2006). The same relationship exists when it
comes to consumption of the world’s resources.
The richest 50 million people in Europe and
North America have the same income as 2.7 billion people. The gap between the rich and the
poor continues to widen every year. Nearly 3 billion people in the world live on less than $2
a day.
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the poorest nations (a quarter of the world’s countries) is less than
the wealth of the world’s three
richest people combined. Nearly 11 million children under 5 years of age die each year as a consequence
of poverty. The wealthiest nation on
earth, the United States, has the widest gap between the rich and the poor of any industrialized
nation (Global Issues, 2006).
These facts are staggering—even to those who
are the most cynical about world poverty. They
also point out how much work has to be done to
close the income gap between the rich and the
poor and between wealthy countries and poor
countries across the globe.

The concept of world citizenship is also central to achieving the global village. Technologically, we have
achieved a world community,
as evidenced by modern communications, travel,
and international trade. But the world remains a
place that is dramatically divided into political,
social, religious, and ethnic tribes. Although a
number of proposals have been advanced to overcome the divisions, the only concept that
comes close to conquering them is the idea of
world citizenship, or people accepting their responsibility in this interdependent world by
thinking and acting as citizens of that world
(Brown & Isaacs, 2005; Hansen & Stepputat, 2005; Hoffman, 2004; O’Byrne, 2003; Tan, 2005).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive byt and education to promote respect fort rights and
freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure
their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member
States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason
and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and free-
doms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other
status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made
on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to
which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self governing or under any
other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3
Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person

Article 4
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all
their forms

Article 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.
All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against
any incitement to such
discrimination.

Article 8
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the
fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,detention or exile.
Article 10
1. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial
tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him..

2. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty
according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

There are 27 these articles which are in use in helping and achieving the standard of mankind a high
value of human life with risk at its least. We have discussed only 10 above mentioned..

Values and Principles of the United Nations Millennium decleration

We consider certain fundamental values to be essential to international relations in the twenty first
century. These include:
• Freedom
. Men and women have the right to live their lives and raise their children in dignity, free from hunger
and from the fear of violence, oppression or injustice. Democratic and participatory governance based
on the will of the people best assures these rights.
• Equality.
No individual and no nation must be denied the opportunity to benefit from development. The equal
rights and opportunities of women and men must be assured.
• Solidarity.
Global challenges must be man aged in a way that distributes the costs and burdens fairly in accordance
with basic principles of equity and social justice opportunities of women and men must be assured.