Life Is Short, Art Long

The Art of Healing in Byzantium

New Perspectives

Brigitte Pitarakis and

Gülru Tanınan, editors

Life ls Short, Art Long

The Art of Hea ling in Byzantium-New Perspectives

Editors
Brigitte Pitarakis and Gü lru Tanman

istanbu l Resea rch Institute Publications 38

Symposium Series 2

Istanbu l, February 2018

ISBN: 978-605-4642-76-2

Copyediting: Robin O. Surratt

Publishing coordination and proofreading: Emir Alı ş ı k
Book design: Timuçin Unan
Cover design: Volkan Şenozan
Color Separation and Prinring: Pasifik O fset, Cihangir M ah., Ba ha İ ş Merkezi, A Blok,
Haramidere-İstanbuL Sertifika No: 12027

T his vo lume brings together presentations from the symposium Life ls Short, Art Long:
The Art of Healing in Byzantium-New Perspectives, held at the Pera Museum on March 14,2015, and

,,
a few addirio nal contributio ns.

© 2018 Su na and İn an Kıraç Fou ndation İ sta nbul Research Institute

Meşrutiyet Caddesi, No. 47, 34430 Tepe baş ı -Beyoğ lu , Istanbul
www .iae.org.t.r
A~•
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1 ı ı'
Preface 8 From the Indian Ocean to the Markets of Constantinople:
Ambergris in the Byzantine World 201
Perceptions and Concerns Surraunding Health 13 Koray Durak
Healing and Salvation in Byzantium 15
Dental Health and Diet in Byzantine Anatolia 227
Derek Krueger
F. Arzu Demirel
Curing the Body and Soul in Eleventh-Century Constantinople 31
Healing by Design: Bayezid II's Hospital in Edirne 241
Frederick Lauritzen
Nina Ergin
The Incarnated Logos, Divine Music and Exorcism 43
Brigitte Pitarakis

From Demonic Noise to Paradisial Melody: Healing in Byzantium 65

Christos Merantzas

Healing Shrines: Pagan Origins and Hagiography 77

Asklepios: Mythical God of Medicine Bom Out of Reality 79
Şehrazat Karagöz

Healing Springs of Anatolia: St. Michael and the 97

Problem of the Pagan Legacy
Philipp Niewöhner

The Kosmidion of Constantinople 127

Haluk Çetinkaya

Sick and Cured: St. Eugenios of Trebizand and

His Miraculous Healings 139
Anna Lampadaridi

Medical Practices, Health, and Disease: A Cross-Cultural Perspective 153

Enrichment of the Medical Vocabulary in the
Greek-Speaking Medieval Communities of Southern Italy:
The Lexica of Plant N ames 155
Petros Bouras- Vallianatos

Substitutes in John Archiatros's Therapeutics 187

Barbara Zipser
 The Kosmidion of
Constantinople
Haluk Çetinkaya

During a regular archaeologica l survey in the old neighborhoods of Is-

tanbul, the author discovered long Byzantine terrace walls on top of a steep
hill approximately 800 meters outside the Ayvansaray (Blachernai) seetion
of the city walls toward Eyüp (Fig. 1). 1 The ruins can be reached through the
Selahi Mehmet Bey alley west of the Zal Mahmut Paşa mosque. The walls
are perhaps connected to the Kosmidion, the monastery dedicated to Sts.
Kosmas and Damianos.

Kosmas and Damianos were members of the group of physicians known

as the anargyroi (literally, "without silver"), because they did not accept
payınem for their medical services. They are considered to be the first sur-
geons to have transplanred a leg.2 The cult of Sts. Kosmas and Damianos
was probably introduced to Constantinople in the first half of the fifth
century, 3 and from there the fame and cult of the anargyroi spread rapidly,
including to the Western Roman Empire. 4

Information about the lives of Kosmas and Damianos is based on legends

and gathered from sources written in later centuries. 5 The rapid growth of

ı The survey wa s conducted in summer 2000.

2 L. M. Z im ın erm a n, " Cosmas and Damian, Patron Saints of Surgery," American
journal of Surgery 33 .ı (ı 936 ): ı 6 0- 6 8 .
3 R . Jani n, La geographie ecclesiastique de l'empire byzantin, vo l. ı, L esiege de Con -
stantinople et le patriarcat oecumenique, pt. 3, Les eglises et !es m onasteres (Paris,
ı953), 294; C. M a ngo, " On the Cu lt of Saints Cosm as and Dami an at Constantino -
ple," in E!v(lia(la arruıvıJf1 '1 T1JÇ AaaKapivaç Mrcavpa (Athens, ı994 ), ı90-91.
4 R. Krautheimer, Rame: Profile of a City, 312-1308 (Princeton, ı980), 75 .
5 F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, "Kosmas and Damianos," in T he Oxford Dic-
tionary of the Christian Church, ed. F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, 2nd ed .
(London, 1 74), 350. See also the discussion in P. Booth, "Orthodox and Heretic
in ı h · 1\ ı ı· l y 1 \ y ~. ~ nı in ult(s) of Saints Cosmas and Damian," in An Age of Saints?
Po ıtıcr, ( :u11(i1r 1 t111 til i ent iıı Early M edieva l Chris tiaıı ity, ed . P. Sarris, M . Del
D :ııııo , , , , ,, ı ı • l lı 11ı tl ı (1 ı · iı lı · ıı , 20 11 ), 11 4- 28.
128 129

their cult beginning in the fifth century led to its true origins being lost and
replaced by conflicting accounts. The Kosmas and Damianos of conceriı here
are the ones martyred by Lysias, governor of Cilicia during the reign of Diocle-
tian.6 According to the most common version of their vita, the twins were born
in Arabia and received their training in Syria. They later lived in Aigai (today
Yumurtalık) in Cilicia. Soon after their martyrdom, the region of Cyrrhus, in
Northern Syria, became the center of their cult. 7 The Mirades of Kosmas and
Damianos were rewritten by Andrew of Crete, Peter of Argos, Theodore II
Laskaris, and Maximos the Deacon around 1300. 8 Several churches were dedi-
cated to Sts. Kosmas and Damianos in the eastern provinces of the empire. Ex-
cept for one in Edessa, built between 454 and 470, all the other churches were
erected in the sixth century, in the cities of Antioch, Apamea, and Gerasa and in
the provinces of Cappadocia, Cilicia, and Pamphilia. 9 The first chapel dedicated
to the Sts. Kosmas and Damianos in the West was built by Pope Symmachus in
the vicinity of Sarrta Maria Maggiore in Rome between 498 and 514. 10

Mosaic depictions of Sts. Kosmas and Damianos are found in several

sixth-century churches, including the church of SS. Cosma e Damiano, in the
Roman Forum; the rotunda of St. George, Thessaloniki; Euphrasius' basilica,
Porec; and the hasilicas of S. Apollinare and S. Michele in Africisco, Raven-
na. This distribution clearly indicates the rapid spread of the saints' cult in
the sixth century. With confusion having arisen in the traditions surrounding
the origins of Kosmas and Damianos, three homonymous but distinguishable
pairs of the saints-variably from Arabia, Rome, and Asia Minor-entered
the Constantinopolitan liturgical calendar. The church calendar celebrates
the Arab twins on October 14. The Roman Kosmas and Damianos, said
to have been executed in Rome by the emperor Carinus (r. 283-285), have
their feast day on July 1. The twin sons of a certain Theodote from Asia
Minor died of natural deaths on an unspecified date, and their feast day is
November 1. There were six churches dedicated to themin Constantinople. 11
The church known as the Kosmidion, located outside the western city walls,
became the most famous of them. The name Kosmidion is derived from the
names Kosmas and Damianos.

The most detailed description of the sanctuary and its environs is found
in Prokopios. According to him, the sanctuary sat on top of a very steep hill

6 Cosmae et Damiani sanetarum medicorum vitam et miracula, e cadice Londinensi,

ed. E. Rupprecht (Berlin, 1935).
7 "Kosmas und Damianos," Lexikon (ür Theologie und Kirche, ed . J. Hofer and K.
Fig. 1 Aerial view of suggested site of Kosmidion (photo: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Harita
Müdürlüğü. 1:5000) Rahner (Freiburg, 1986), 6:566.
8 "Kosmas and Damianos," Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. A. Kazhdan (New
York, 1991) 2:1151.
9 Ma ngo," n the u lt of Saints Cosmas and Damian," 190.
10 R. Krauıhl'iıııtr, W. Prankl, a nd S. Corbett, Corpus basilicarum Christianarum Ro-
mae: Tlic J·: al'i ı ( : !ı ri$ tin11 /Jasilicas of Rome (IV-IX Cent.) (Varican City, 1967), 3:6.
11 .)n nin , l.a i:I' "J.I Iıi/J/'II ' t'tri ·sia tiq11e de l'empire byzantin, 1.3:294-299.
130
at the end of the Golden Horn a nd had its own harbor. Upon recovering
from a serious illness with the help of Kosmas and Damianos, Justinian I (r.
527-565) enlarged and bea utified the existing buildings of the sanctuary. 12
Prokopios says that the sanctu ary of the Kosmidion had existed "from olden
times," and despite the a bsence of archaeological evidence to support the
theory, there is consensus that it was found ed in the fifth century. 13
According to different versions of the Patria Konstantinoupoleos, the
Kosmidion was located in an area called either Ta Paulinesor Ta Pa ulinou.
The latter name, which is found in the most recent and worst manuscripts
of the Patria, suggests that the neighborhood was naın ~.d after Pa ulinus,
a friend of the emperor Theodosios Il (r. 408-450) who on the eve of the
emperor's marriage to Athenais converted her to Christianity and renamed
her Eudokia. 14 Legend hold s that the e ınp eror presented a huge apple from
Phrygia to Eudokia, who later gave it to Paulinos. 15 The jea lous eınperor
then invited Paulinos to the palace, where he was attacked and lost one ear.
The intervention of Sts. Kosmas a nd Damianos saved him. Because of this
incident, the author of the Patria claims, Paulinos dedicated the church be-
ing built on hi s property to his saviors. Soon after completing the church,
he was exec uted.
Use of the name Ta Paulinesin the ın ore reliable manuscripts of the Pa-
tria has raised doubts a bo ut this acco unt. The feminine form indicates that
in tr uth the Kosmidion was bui lt on the property of a woman, namely Pa uli -
na. According to the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, there
were three women named Paulina who li ved in the fourth century, 16 and
two who lived in the fifth. 17 lt has been arg ued that the Paulina most likely
to h ave been co nnected w ith th e sanctu ary was the morher of Leontios, who
led an un successful uprising in 484 during the reign of Zeno . 18
There was ind eed an area in Constantinople called Ta Paulinou, but
according to a seventb-centur y wine contract between Egypt and Constan-
12 Prokopi o , Buildings, tran s. H. B. Dew ing w ith G. Down ey ( a mbridge, M ass.,
1954), 1.6.4- 8.
13 A. M. Ta lbot, "Pi lgrim age to H ea lin g Shrines: Th e Ev iel ence of Mirael e Accou nt ,"
Dumbartoıı Oaks Papers 56 (2002): 155.
14 Scriptares Originuııı Constantiııopo litaııaruın, ed . T. Preger, vol. 2.3 (Leipzig, ı907) ,
chap. ı46 , pp. 26ı-63: A. Berger, tra ns., A c couııts of Medieval Coııs taııtinople : The
Patria, Dumbarton Oaks M edi eva l Library 24 (Ca mbridge, M ass., 2013), 201.
15 Chroııi co ıı Paschale, 284-628 A.D., trans. M . W hitby and M. Whitby (Liverpool,
ı989), O lymp iad 300.
ı6 A. H . M. Jones, J. Morris, and J. R. Martindale, The Prosopography of the Later
Roman Empire (hereafter PLRE), vol. ı, A.D. 260- 395 (Caınbrid c, 1971), 675;
J. R. Martinda le, Th e Prosopography of the Later Roman Rlllpirc, vo l. 2, A.D.
395-527 (Cambr idge, ı980), 845.
ı7 PLRE 2:845.
18 M a ngo," ulr o f S3ints os mn a nel Danıian ," 190 () 1,
131
tinople, it was a clocking area and may therefore have had no connection to
the Kosmidion. 19
Another confusing pi ece of information is found in the Mirades of Sts.
Kosmas and Damianos, where the saints' monastic complex is deseribed as
being located in the Blachernai area. 20 lt is uncer tain to how extensive an
area the toponym was applied.
Since it was located outside the city walls, the Kosmidion complex was a
prime targer for invading forces. During the Avars' raid on Constantinople
in 623, the monastery of Sts. Kosmas and Damianos was looted, and in the
second attack of the Avars, in 626, the monastery was burnt. 2 1 The manas-
tic complex was reestablished in 711. 22
The Kosmidion is briefly mentioned in the sources during the reign of
emperor Theophilos (r. 829-842),2 3 a nd it is known that after the Bulgar-
ia ns attacked Constantinople in September 924, peace talks between the
emperor Romanos I Lekapenos a nd the Bulgarian tsar Symeon were held in
the vicinity of the Kosmidion. 24
The Kosmidion underwent severa l extensions, particularly in the elev-
enth century, during the reign of Michael IV (r. 1034-1041), who not only
ad d ed new chapels a nd fountains but a Iso had a n enclos ing wa ll bu ilt for the
enti re complex. Michael was buried in the monastery that he had enl arged. 25
In 1047, during the re ign of Emperor Consta ntin e IX Monom achos, the
monastic complex was destroyed by the rebe l Tornikios on September 25
and the debri s dumped into the sea. 26
In t he Iate elevent h-century in the struggle agai nst Nikephoro III Bota-
neiates, Alexios Komnenos and hi s fo llowers, including the genera l George
19 F. Morelli , "Vino sul N il o T. Va ri e 3, un viagg io a osta ntin opoli in nı eno e un a
tran azione inn ovativa ," Zeitschrift (ür Papyrologie und Epigraphik ı75 (20ıO):
215. Si nce t he Ko s ınidi o n was on the Go lden Horn , one ıni g ht th in k that t hi s clock-
in g place was nearby, but the fact t hat it does not mention the Kosnı idi o n o r its pi er
se enı ssuspic ious.
20 Rupprecht, Cosınae et Daıniani, no. 7, p. 2 ; no. ı 7, p. 40; no. 18, p. 45; no. 20, p. 49.
2ı Chronicon Pascha le, O l y ınpi ad 350.
22 A. Berger, Unte rs u chuııgen zu deıı Patria Konstantinupoleos (Bo nn , ı 988), 672 .
23 Berger, Unte rsuchuııgeıı, 435.
24 S. Runciman, The Eınperor Roınanus Lecapenus aııd His Reign (Cambr id ge, ı963),
90- 91.
25 Mic hael Psellos, C h roııographia, tra ns. E. R. A. Sewter (Londo n, ı95 3), bk. 4,
para . 31.
26 Arıncnia and the Crusades: 10th to 12th Ceııturies. The Chronicle of Matthew of
Edesstl, 11\111 ~ . /\ . E. Dostouri an (Lan ha m, Md., ı993), 75; Urfa'lı Mateos Vekayi-
11111111'' 1 ('i ll l!ı) Il i' Papaz Grigor'un Zeyli (1136-1162), trans. H . D. A ndreasy-
:ın (/\ ııln 1ıı ı , I 'IHl), H .
132
Palaiologos, chose the Kosmidion as a safe havenY Members of the First
Crusade were not permitted to enter Constantinople in 1096, so they made
their camp around the Kosmidion monastery. 28 Though there is no specific
and clear information about the monastery during the Latin occupation
(1204-1261) following the Fourth Crusade, it is most probably to be identi-
fied with the one deseribed as the "castle of Bohemund." 29
The monastery had a large library.30 Rights to the use of certain lands
and tax exemptions were set outina chrysobull dated to 1342-1344. 31 Be-
cause of financial difficulties, the monks of the Kosmidion were forced to
seli some of the monastery's sacred relics. A document. dated to July 1401
confirms that the monks made a commitment to neve~ do so again. 32 Rus-
sian pilgrims of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries mention the gold-
covered skulls of Sts. Kosmas and Damianos in the Kosmidion. 33 lt has been
suggested that the Hazret-i Ca bir mosque, in particular its diakonikon, was
the place in which these relics were housed. This theory is based on frescoes
discovered outside the monastic church that depict Sts. Kosmas and Dami-
anos with the arehangel Michael. 34 lt has also been suggested that relics of
Sts. Kosmas and Damianos were once in the monastery of the Pantokra-
tar on Mount Athos and that in the ninth century they were brought to
Hildesheim, from where they spread to Essen, Bremen, Munich, Cologne,
Goslar, Duderstadt, Bruges, Florence, and Salamanca. 35
The Kosmidion is mentioned for the last time in accounts of the battle
between Musa and Süleyman, the two sons of Yıldırım Bayezid. The battle
of Kosınidion took place on June 15, 1410, and ended in Musa's defeat. The
Byzantines had supported Süleyman w ith the expectation of regaining some
lost territories. 36 lt has been suggested that the Kosmidion continued to exist
until the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 _37
27 Anna Komn ene, Alexiad, 2 .6, trans. E. A. S. Dawes (London, 1928).
28 Anna Komnene, Alexiad, 10.10.
29 Geoffrey Vill ehardouin , La coııque te de Coııstaııtiııople, ed. E. Fara l (Paris, 1965),
165.
30 O. Volk, "Die Byzantini sc hen klosterbibliotheken von Konstantinopel-Thessa lon i-
ke-Kl einasien" (PhD di ss., Univers itat Mün chen]Munich , 195 4), 60.
31 E. Lappa- Zizikas, "Un chrysobulle inconnu en faveur du mon astere des Saints An-
argyres de Kosınidion," Travaux et Mim.oires 8 (1981): 255.
32 A cta et dip /omata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana Acta patriarchatus Coııstaıı­
tiııopolitaııi, 1315- 1402, ed. F. Mik losic h and I. Mü ller (Vienna, 1862), 657.
33 G. P. Majeska, Ru ss iaıı Travelers to Coııstaııtiııo ple irı the Fourteeııth aııd Fifteerıth
Ceıı turi es (Wa shin gton, D.C ., 1984), 44, 150, 162.
34 B. Aran, "The Nunnery of the Anargyres and the Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque,"
]ahrbuch der Österreichischeıı Byzaıı tiııistik 26 (1977): 252.
35 "Kosmas und Damianos," Lexikoıı für Theologie uııd Kirche, ed. J. Hofer and K.
Rahner (Freiburg, 1986), 566.
36 D. J. Kastritsis, The Soııs of Bayezid: Empire Buildiııg aııd R etJre entation iıı the
Ottomaıı Civil War of 1402 -141 0 (Leiden, 2007), 147- 1.
37 Jan in , Les eglises et fes ınonastines, 297-99.
133
Given the expansions made during the Kosmidion's long history, the
complex must have had an enclosing wall, a series of chapels, a main
church, a refectory, a dormitory, and all the secondary buildings needed in
a monastic complex. Several theories have been floated about the location
of the Kosmidion, including the neighborhood of Eyüp, 38 Tokmak Tepe (im-
mediately outside the Blachernai walls), 39 and Pierre Loti hill (in the middle
of the Eyüp cemetery). 40
Tokmak Tepe was a Turkish cemetery, probably created soon after the
Ottoman conquest for soldiers who died during the siege. With time, it
grew into a large cemetery. In the early 1970s, it was removed to make
way for the construction of a road and a new bridge over the Golden
Horn. There are no records of archaeological material being found dur-
ing the construction. Aerial photographs from the 1940s show no visible
archaeological remains that might relate to the Kosmidion or its surraund-
ing walls. Although this hill is close to Blachernai, it is not steep nor does
it have a bay in front of it.
Pierre Loti hill, which is in the midst of one of the largest Islamic cem-
eteriesin the world, at Eyüp, is too far from Blachernai and does not have a
navigable bay. The same applies to the center of Eyüp. In addition, neither
of the candidates has archaeological material to support the theory that
the Kosmidion may have been located there. Despite having supporters, 41
the view that the Blachernai and Kosmidion complexes were fairly close in
location and shared a common bath may not be an accurate inference from
the limited extant textnal evidence. The discovery of new archaeological
ev id ence referenced above throws new light on the issue and should be given
ser ious consideration.
The Kosmidion's Location: A New Proposal
The location of the Kosmidion suggested here is approximately 800 me-
ters from the Blachernai walls and 65 ıneters above sea !eve!. There are
two rows of enclosing terrace walls. The first wall is 26 meters long, and
38 Jan in, Les eglises et les moııasteres, 299.
39 Ma ngo, "Cu lt of Saints Cos mas and Damian ," 189-90. See a lso Booth, "O rthodox
and Heretic in the Early Byzantine Cu lt(s) of Saints Cos mas and Dam ian," 116 n. 8.
Here the only evidence is the mention of a "patient exiting from the Church of the
Theotokos at Blachernae is able to point to the saints who possess that martyrium
up there": L. Deubner, Kosmas uııd Damiaıı: Texte uııd Eiııleituııg (Leipzig, 1907),
miraele 18). This is fairly vague and the location of the martyrium could be any-
wh cr . T he r · ntl y d iscovered series of terrace walls may change this approach.
40 N. Öz:ıs l ıı ıı , " l'ı·o ın ılı h ri ne of Kosmidion to the Shrine of Eyüp Ensari," Greek
Rolll tlll tlltt! l l)! t nll iııt' Studies 40 (1999): 388.
4 1 M : ıııı•,o, " ( ı ılı ıı l ı ııııı ~ <:os ııın s ~nd Damian," 19 1.
134 135

Fig. 3 Cracked pilaster on the first terrace wa ll (photo: Ha llık Çetinkaya)

Fig. 2 First terrace wa ll (p hoto: H a llık Çetinkaya) Fig. 4 Recessed brick on the second terrace wa ll (photo: Haluk Çetinkaya)

parts of it were altered during the Ottoman period (Fig. 2). There are four
ing wall with the intention of halting the progression of the crack, which
large pila sters in the wall. The second of these pilasters has a large crack
had it continued, might have destroyed the wall entirely. The most impor-
(Fig. 3), which perhaps occurred after one of the earthquakes between 1063
tant feature of the wall is the recessed-brick technique (Fig. 4), which was
and 1065 .42 Because of the crack- observable at the top of Figure 3 at the
used widely across the Byzantine Empire between the eleventh and fifteenth
juncture of the two walls- a buttress was added next to the already exist-
centuries 43• The ea rliest examples are from Old Rus, of Iate tenth-century
42 F. Vercleyen, "Tremblements de terre a Constantinople: L'impact sur la population,"
Byzantion 58.1 (1988): 155-73. G. Downey, "Earthqu akes at Constantin o1lc and 43 P. L. Vouıtnpnu l o s, "Th o ıı cca l ed Co urse Technique: Further Examples and Few
Rcııı,ı..ı,~:· / ı tlullllı lı ılrr () sterreichische·n Byzantir~. istik
28 (1979): 247-84.
Vicinity, A.D. 342- 1454," Specuhtm 30 ("1955): 600.
136 137

covered. The house must have been destroyed before the twentieth century,
since old aerial photographs indicare the !and being used for agriculture.

In conclusion, the existence of these Byzantine terrace walls, datable to

the eleventh or twelfth century, a short distance outside the city walls and
close to the Golden Horn, suggests that the steep hill on which they stand
might be a good candidate for the site of the Kosmidion, which is known to
have been renovared by Michael IV in the eleventh century.

Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University

Fig. 5 Second terrace wa ll, looking south (photo: Haluk Çetinkaya)

churches, including Desyatinnaya in Kiev. This technique is believed to have

originated in Constantinople. 44 All examples of this technique in Constan-
tinople, however, are from the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

The second wall, which survives in parts and is barely visible because of
vegetation, is approximately 16 meters away. The first part of the wall is 6
meters long (Fig. 5), and the second and third parts are each approximately
4 meters long. All were built with alternaring bands of stone and bricks.
Most parts have seven bands of bricks and four bands of roughly hewn
limestone. The bricks measure 4 x 37 x 35 centimeters, whereas stones,
though mostly irregular, are roughly 35 x 14 x 20 centimeters, except for
Fig. 6 Indoor pool at the Köprü lü house (photo: H a l lık Çetinka ya )
the pieces at the corners, which are 45 x 14 x 20 centimeters.

The fiat hilltop is in the possession of Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa Vakfı,

that is, the Köprülü family, one of the most prominent dynasties during the
Ottoman Empire. Although there is no document indicating the exact date
at which the land was given to the Köprülüs, it most likely occurred in the
sixteenth century, at the zenith of the family's power. It is clear that the
Köprülüs had a large house on the spor. An indoor pool measuring 6 x 8
meters and a water reservoir next to it suggest a luxurious house (Fig. 6). A
fifth-century column capital was found in the middle of the pool.

Three large cells on the outer enclosure wall contain large arched re-
cesses measuring 2 x 3 meters that must have been used by the servants or
guards of the Köprülü family (Fig. 7). In 2006 there was a deep well in the
middle of this fiat land, near the indoor pool, but for safety reasons it was

44 A. Vinogradov and D. Jolshin, "The Tithe Church in Kiev: A Byzantine Trace," in

Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Belgrade,
22-27 August 2016: Thematic Session of Free Communications: Architecture of
the Byzantine World, ed. D. Dzelebdzic and S. Bojanin (Bclgrnd , 2016), 902-9 03.