ADVERBUL

- Determina un verb in sensul lui concret, de baza

- Determina un adjectiv

Ex: He runs quickly because he is extremely quick.

In general adverbul este terminat in “ly”, dar nu tot ce are “ly” este adverb.
De regula se formeaza din adjectiv + “ly”.

Modificari ortografice:
1) daca adjectivul se termina in “e”, acesta se pastreaza “ely”
Ex: nice – nicely
Exceptii:
due – duly (datorat)
true – truly
whole – wholly

2) daca adjectivul se termina in “le”, se transforma “e” in “y”/ “ly”

Ex: capable – capably

3) daca adjectivul se termina in “ll”, se adauga doar “lly”

Ex: full – fully

4) daca adjectivul se termina in “ic”, se adauga “ally”

Ex: automatic – automatically

5) daca adjectivul se termina in “y”, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de consoana,
se transforma in “i” si se adauga “ily”
Ex: pretty – prettily
gay – gaily
Exceptii:
shy – shyly
wry – wryly
coy – coyly (sfios)

6) adjectivul “good” face adverbul “well”

! ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly
Ex: usually = usual + ly
bitterly = bitter + ly
awfully = awful + ly

Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)
1. bright = brightly
2. sound = soundly
3. fair = fairly
4. tight = tightly (sunt echivalente)
5. dear = dearly
6. dead = deadly
7. cheap = cheaply
Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.

! forma in “ly” se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv

Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu “he is dead tired”).

Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati comerciale (to buy, to
sell, to get)
Ex: She bought it cheap.
dar
We traveled cheaply.
Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite

clean = complet
cleanly = intr-o maniera curata

clear = exact
clearly = intr-o maniera clara

close = apropiat
closely = indeaproape

deep = adanc
deeply = profund

direct = direct
directly = imediat

due = spre (la busola) Ex: They went due South.

duly = punctual

easy = usor Ex: Take it easy!

easily = intr-o maniera lejera

free = gratis
freely = pe sleau, deschis

full = complet
fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa

hard = greu
hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc

high = sus
highly = foarte

just = tocmai
justly = asa cum se cuvine

late = tarziu
lately = in ultima vreme
large = extins
largely = pe scara larga

most = majoritatea
mostly = cu precadere

near = langa
nearly = aproape ca

pretty = foarte
prettily = intr-o maniera draguta

right = exact
rightly = cu precizie, clar

sharp = fix
sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa

short = brusc
shortly = imediat
Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles
fast
far
early
alike
alone
past
solo
straight
next
little
outside

! daca adjectivul se termina in “ly”, el devine adverb prin contructia

in a + adj + manner

Ex: He is a friendly person.

adj
He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.
adv

coward = las (substantiv)

cowardly = las (adjectiv)
in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)

Gradele de comparatie

Se construiesc astfel:

1) daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se fac
cu “er” si “est”)
Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast

2) daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung
(cu “more” si “the most”)
Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most quickly of all / very
quickly

Comparatia regulata

well – better – the best

badly – worse – the worst
much – more – the most
far – farther – the farthest
– further – the furthest
near – nearer – the next
little – less – the least
late – later – the last
Adverbe de timp

ago – se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent

Ex: I saw her one hour ago.

! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before
Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before.

for – arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii.
Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.
Ex: I haven’t met her for two years.

! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut

Ex: I was a student for two years (I’m no longer a student).

! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)

! nu se pune “for” dupa verbele:

to last
to take
to wait
to spend
to stay
Ex: I’ve been waiting ten minutes, (si nu I’ve been waiting for ten minutes).
It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).

since – arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific
prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.
Ex: I haven’t met her since Monday.

Locutiuni adverbiale

subst + after + subst

day after day

year after year
month after month

during – urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care presupune
actiuni paralele.
During poate fi inlocuit cu “in” daca se refera la perioade de timp
Ex: during my life = in my life

from … to – poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune cunoasterea
momentului de sfarsit al actiunii
Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand)
I get up at 8 o’clock and work till 10 o’clock.

! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from … to in loc de “to”

Adverbul de mod

fairly – foarte, dar nu extraordinar

Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.
Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul la gradul pozitiv.

quite – este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere favorabila.
Ex: This car is quite cheap.

! cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie, “quite” capata sensul de
absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.
Ex: Your dress is quite unique.

rather – se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este = foarte, neasteptat
de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative.
Ex: This car is rather expensive.

Poate fi precedat si urmat de articolul “a”

Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.
This is rather a difficult exercise.
pretty – foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)
Ex: I’m pretty tired.

very – Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau superlativ)
Ex: I do my very best.
He is very much faster than I am.

much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul

Ex: He is much faster than I am.

by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul

Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.

too – se cupleaza cu pozitivul

Ex: He is too fast.

enough – se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el

Ex: He is fast enough for a champion.

so – se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv

- cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv
Ex: It is so difficult.
I have so many friends / so much money.
There is so little time left.

such – urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de “a”

- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl
Ex: He is such a man.
They are such interesting persons.