Formation of Congress-1885 -Founded by Retired ICS officer AO Hume First session in Bombay (Shifted from Pune due to Cholera) Presided by W.C Banerjee +72 Delegates at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College THE FIRST INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS ‘THE TIMST INDIAN XATIONAL CONGRESS, 1885,Ye opinion thi ki Congress ko Britishers ne apne use ke kiye banaya hai Us time Viceroy tha Dufferin... «People were angry that time in India as we have discussed in previous lectures that Britishers were continuously looting Indian peasants and also trying to suppress the voice of Elite educated people by different acts..So in order to get timely info about anything cooking inside the mind of People they wanted to create a platform which can give British an indication about that. This was known as Safety Valve theory.. By providing this platform instead of any revolt it will give a safe,mild,easy and constitutional outlet to the anger prevailing inside the people.. «Some reports were received by the Britishers that there could be a bigger Revolt coming so its better to find a safety valve to release that pressure. Important Statements:- By Lala Lajpat Rai:Congress is the representative of Britishers +R.C Dutt:Britishers are using congress as a tool +C.F Andrews:Formation of Congress is a Myth Later after independence this Safety Valve theory was rejected and it was specified that different organisations grouped together to form Congress.So in answer you have to write that we used A.O Hume as a lighting conductor Basic aim of Congress:- 1)Nation Building (Different sessions at different places) 2)President will never be of hone states where the session is happening3)Taking up issues common to all 4)Create all India leadership 5)Create Political awareness and Agitation List of Important Sessions [Session | Place President 1885 | Bombay WC Banerjee 1886 | Calcutta Dada bhai Naoroji 1887 | Madras Baruddin Tyabji 1888 |Allahbad George Yule 1917 | Calcutta Anne Besant 1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu(Indian Period of Moderates(1885-1905) PPETeEL iris wR tor og ( | enter ny aE) eee) women)Leaders:Dadabhai Naoroji,\WC Banerjee,SN Banerjee,Pherojshah Mehta, Dwarkanath Ganguly (Ablabandhan Journal), MG Rnade,GK Gokhle,Ras Behari Ghosh Aim: «More representation of Indians in govt and not Independence Constitutional Agitation within the confinement of law(Without Breaking Law) «Demands through Resolutions, Petitions and Meetings Basic Demands wRevenue/Tax Reduction Relief during any disaster «End Discrimination against Indians Cut military and Admin Expenditure and Invest in Agriculture,Education etc Allowing Indians also to enter into Administration like Judiciary Rights to Indians like Freedom of Speech and press During the Nationalist Movement, some famous leaders turned journalists used the press to propogate their ideas. Some of them are Dadabhai Naoroji who ran Rastiguftar, Kesari and Maratha edited by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Hindustan by Madan Mohan Malaviya, Punjabi, Bandemataram, The people by Lala Latpat Rai. «Democracy «Changes in economic policies so that Peasants will not suffer on the mercy of money lenders A Dufferin called congress as microscopic minority of people # Curzon said congress is going to fall and my great ambition in Indiais to give it a peaceful demise To create anti Congress movement Under guidance of Britishers United India Patriotic Association was formed by Sayyed Ahmed Khan and Raja Shiv Prasad of Benaras : Using Divide and Rule policy Problems with Moderates: 1)No Direct connection with common people,They were bunch of Elite class people who dint consider much the problem of masses 2)Muslims do not want to be in Congress 3)Britishers never taken them seriously 4)Failed to match the demand of common people Achievement of Moderates 1)Created Awareness regarding rights etc 2)Indian Council Act-1892 3)Popularise the idea of Democracy 4)Exposed British policy of Drain of Wealth among people(Raw material->Product) 5)Created future leaders and give them a path or platform After 1857 Britishers used Carrot and Stick policy for Indians by providing some features through Acts and if They dint agree then They started sending them to Jail. Indian Council Act-1861 Viceroy should nominate some Indians in expanded legislative council(Indians will be non official members nominated by Viceroy) Canning nominated 3 members Raja of Benaras,Maharaja of Patiala,Dinker Rao @ Decentralisation of Presidencies to make laws like bombay AndMadras,Also new legislative councils were established in Bengal, NWFP, Punjab «@ Viceroy has to approve all laws made by the council and he also got the power to issue ordinance effective for 6months if Council is not present «Portfolio system introduced(HODs) Indian Council Act-1892 Number of non official members in LC were increased for both central and state LC but majority remains that of Britishers Some powers were allotted to LC that they can discuss the budget and ask Questions from Executive «For central LC Viceroy has to take opinions from provinces for the members to be taken as non official members and in state Governors has to ask Universities head,Zamindars etc for the members to be added in States LC as non official members(Indirect Election)Government of India Act, 1858 ‘Secy of state for India was created inBritiain with help by Council of 181 Centralized administration. No Separation of Powers. cil of 1 mambers. Viceray had all powers Indian ia] es Coem sia e provided for noreofficial membersin Viceroy's ‘executive Council when transacting Legislative business ee oer Indian Councils Act, 1892 Nor-official members wereto be nomainated by Bengal chamber of Commerce and PLCs. PLCs had First Represenatation but still nominated no Election yet. nomations were made from local bodiesRise of Extremism in Congress Reasons for the Rise in Extremism: 1)Bad Economic Condition and Heavy Taxes Example:Famines(1896-1900) 2)Sedition charges against Leaders 3)Indian University Act by Curzon 4)Official Secret Act 1904 5)Mass struggle for Freedom 6)Growth of Educated people but Increment in Unemployment and Poverty 7)Western Culture Rise in India(Fall in Swadeshi) 8)Dissatisfaction from Moderates 9)International Influence:Feeling that even India can fight and end British Rule «Japan Victory over Russia 1905 +2nd Boer war 1899-1902(British lost against South African Republics) 10)Partition of Bengal(Biggest Reason) 11)Rise in Feeling of Sacrifice among Indians 1) Extremist Leaders Lal,Bal & Pal and Aurobindo GhoshAurobindo Ghosh Bal Gangadhar Tilak —_Bipin Chandra Pal Lala Lajpat Rai 1)Bal Gangadhar Tilak(Lokmanya): »Newspapers-Kesari(Marathi) & Maratha(English) ,Also wrote a book Geeta Rahasya +He also started Ganpati and Shivaji festival to spread awareness & Nationalism among people 2)Lala Lajpat Rai-Simon Commission 3)Bipin Chandra pal (English weekly magazine-New India) 3)Aurobindo Ghosh(Bengali weekly:Jugantar) eExtremists coming in FrontLocation Of Bengal In India In 1904 Princely States OF Bengal Other Feincely States 2)Partition Of Bengal : Since 1905 congress was headed by Moderates leaders,there were leaders in congress with Extremist feeling but they were not in front. In 1903 Curzon declared that he will be doing Bengal Partition and in 20 July 1905 he announced that he will do the partition in few months... » Bengal of that time was comprising Bangladesh,W.B,Bihar,Assam,Bihar,Orissa-Curzon in his official reason said that he is doing partition because it is difficult to administer A big region . Note: The idea was opposed by Henry John Stedman Cotton, Chief Commissioner of Assam The Real reason was to weaken the Nationalism which was arising from Bengal and spreading all over India... Bengal (1905 - 1911) ‘Area (Km?) 366,692 [Population (mn) [54 Muslims(ma) [9 Mustims % 1667 Bengal 1905 - 1911 Eastern Bengal & Assam (1905-1911) Area(Km) [275.938 Population (mn) [31 Mustims(mn) [18 Muslims % 58.06 East Bengal:Muslim & West Bengal:Hindu West Bengal Included Bengal,Orissa and Bihar and In Province of East Bengal will be having Eastern bengal+Assam. Generally Hindus were businessman that time who were in western partand muslims were poor kept in eastern part.Muslims supported the partition as they were being misguided showing there economical condition. Also in western part Bengalis were made minority in Bengal only On the basis of language by adding them with Hindi and Odia speaking people. Britishers were playing Divide and Rule Policy here «Against this announcement Congress Moderate leaders started Anti Partition movement where they started writing against this in newspapers and also filed petitions. But there was no effect on Curzon..So finally it was decided to Launch Swadeshi Movement on 7 August 1905 Officially where main objective was to boycott British goods.. Bengal Division :There was no effect on Curzon and he did the partition on 16 October 1905.. Against this people were objecting by the way they can by tying rakhi to each other,Considering this day to be Day of Mourning,SingingVandematram.. Movement spread in other parts also: 1)Pune & Bombay:Tilak 2)Punjab:Lala lajpat Rai & Ajit Singh 3)Delhi:Sayyed Haider Raza 4)Madras : Chindabram Pillai 3)Swadeshi Movement: -Total Boycott of British goods,Govt colleges,Schools,Govt services,Courts,Legislative Councils ,Municipalities and Titles like Maharaja etc +Main influence of Extremists as they were not doing all this with the procedure of Petitions etc..At that time hold was passing to extremists and Moderates were not aware but supporting the cause. +Aim for this movement was to get freedom from British rule using Mass Struggle from Common people Methods Used in Movement+Extreme leve boycott of Foreign goods (Dhobi refused to wash,Pandits refused to attend marriage with foreign carpets) +Samiti were formed to create awareness and spread this movement eg:Swadesh Bandhab Samiti by Ashwini Kumar Dutt +Under this movement Social works were also done like providing help to famine affected people. -Training for making Swadeshi goods -Awareness in the name of festivals Self Sufficiency -Rabindra nath Tagore wrote Amar Sonar bangla:National Anthem of Bangladesh to spread Unity in Bengal -Spread of National Education,Estb of Bengal National College,NationalEducation Council-1906 for youths «Establishment of Swadeshi Enterprises like Swadeshi Textile mill was estb Use of Paintings like Bharat Mata painting by Anindranath Tagore. «Indian science congress was established by Jagdish Chandra Bose +Mass participation even by students,)Women and some muslims also Now the Conflict arises when Extremists wanted to spread this movement in whole India but moderates wanted to keep it confined within the Bengal only... These issues started from Benaras session of INC in 1905 where Extremists wanted to make this movement Pan India and also wanted to Boycott even LCs but Extremists were not ready for this +Another issue was created for the post of President in Benaras session.Extremists leaders wanted there representative to be the Head this time but Moderates played the card by giving nomination of Gokhale ji from there side,He was very senior and Extremists cant oppose him.. Result was Complete Boycott in Bengal with Gokhale as president in Benaras session.Compromise was done with the expectation that extremist leader will be President in 1906 session.. In Dec 1906 Congress had a session @ Calcutta and this time Extremists wanted Lal or Bal to be the president but Moderates again played well and suggested the Name of Grand Old Man of India Dadabhai naoroji..Extremists were again left with no option as he was a very senior leader but they said that you have to adopt out points also this time: 1)Goal of Congress:Swaraj(Birth Right:Tilak) 2)Swadeshi,Boycott and National Education resolution passed Note:Here meaning of swaraj was not clear,everybody was considering it in his way like some were saying its self govt and others were saying it means Complete independence. 4)SURAT SESSION SPLIT 1907: Moderate | i ti and | ey Extremist — Now its was time of 1907 session:Extremists seriously wanted there person to be the President now. Moderates wanted the session to be in Surat(Bombay Presidency) as Tilak was from this place and Extremists wanted it to be in Nagpur(Central Province) This time there was no compromise and session was held at Surat with Ras Behari ghosh as president and at that time shoe issue happened...Session turned Violent.. « This all resulted in Congress Surat Split,Extremists were removed from congress and Britishers attacked then by sending them to Jail..1)Tilak was sent to Jail in Burma(6years for sedition charges;writing against British) 2)Aurobindo ghosh-Sanyas-Pondicherry 4)Lala lajpat Rai -went to USA 5)Bipin Pal:Quit Politics as all his friends left After all this Moderates lost public support which was the base of Swadeshi Movement as Extremists were directly involved with Masses and when they left the Movement becomes weak..As now there was no leader with Public trust and support Some Positives from Swadeshi Movement: 1)First Mass participation of People 2)New methods used in movements like use of Art and Culture 3)First passive Movement against British Differences between Moderates and Extremists | Moderates Extremists Base was Zamindars and Upper Base was lower and rural class class people support people support | Western thoughts Indigenisation/Swadeshi/Indian Culture | Britishers can develop India We are self sufficient Demanded Constitutional Swaraj | Reformes PPP model:Prayer,Petition,Passing | Passive Resolution resistance, Boycott,Extreme ResistanceProblems with Extremists 1)Lacked Consistency(Compromised presidentship demand every-time) 2)Conservative Nature(Govt increased marriage age to 12 Years from 10 but they din’t liked that) 3)No Muslims Support as Generally followed Hindu Ideology like festivals,Rakhi etc 4)No clear meaning of Swaraj within there leaders like: Aurobindo ghosh:Complete Independence Tilak: Self Government Biggest Positive Role Rise in the feeling of Patriotism among Indians...Muslim League Formation-1906 *Congress was mainly a Hindu organisation,Even in first session 2/72 delegates were Muslims +Britishers dint want that Hindu Muslims should stay together for long,so they planted the seed of Divide and Rule from 1888 with Patriotic association and then partition of Bengal to break the Unity +Minto was viceroy during 1906,Some muslim delegates went Shimla to meet him ,lead by Agha Khan on 1 October 1906..Minto Promised them to safeguards Muslim interest and Provide them something extra provisions as they are minorities..This made them very happy..«This promised was completed by him in Morley-Minto reforms 1909(ICA-1909) where separate electorate was provided to muslims(Muslims can vote muslim candidate):Because of this only Minto is known as father of Communal Electorate -After this meeting all Muslims leaders meet at Dhaka and formed All India Muslim league 1906 with Founder Nawab Khwaja Salimullah with HQ @Lucknow and first President was Aga KhanNote: Jinnah was not a part of Muslim League till 1913 This league was formed with certain objectives: 1)Safeguard interests of Muslims 2)Support Bengal Partition 3)Loyal to Britishers «They got the Return gift very early from British for these objectives as Separate Electorate in 1909 which they actually wanted..Can be considered as there achievement. Indian Council Act-1909(Morley-Minto Reforms) Morley:Secs of State Minto:ViceroyLORD JOHN MORLEY « Born on 24'" December 1838 Secretary of State for India. « Died on 23" September 1923. * One of the chief leaders of the reforms of 1909. » Was known as “Viscount Morley of Blackburn”.LORD MINTO « Viceroy of India, replacing Lord Curzon in 1905. * Grandson of the former general of Governor-general of India. ¢ « Lord Minto had two Assassination attempts before he became Viceroy. 1)Size increment of CLC (16-60)and PLC(Not fixed) but still Non official members were not in majority in CLC but in PLC non official can be in majority Note:Majority of Non official members in PLCs was actually of no use as they are nominated members which are not actually representing the common people 2)Additional powers to CLC and PLC to ask Supplementary questions from executive(Extra question or asking again) and also can pass resolutions in case of Budget 3)Indians entry in Executive council of Viceroy and Governor Note:Satendra Prasad Sinha was the first law member to enter intoViceroy executive council. 4)Separate electorate for Muslims(Muslims can vote to Muslim candidate) Under Reservation voting is common everybody can vote for candidate.If in any area muslim population is more then candidate elected will be muslim but voting is done by everybody but not in the case of separate electorate where muslims will only Vote The Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 could not come up to the expectations of the Indians. What the people of India demanded was that there should be set up a responsible government in the countryRevolutionary Activities Phase-1 After 1907 situation became leaderless and common masses were full of energy this lead to Revolutionary activities in India. First phase was between 1900-1915 and the other will be between 1920-1930 «Under Phase-1,Individual sacrifices were prominent,People were ready to die for freedom with Violence Reasons: 1)Failure of Swadeshi Movement 2)Leaderless situation 3)Youth Energy converted into Militant Nationalism(It is not being channelised properly) Revolutionists A The First Case: Chapekar Brothers (1897)¢ First political assassination of a British officer in India post 1857 Revolt. © Brothers Damodar, Balkrishna and Vasudeo Chapekar shot at WC Rand, ICS, Chairman of the Special Plague Committee in 1897. © Rand’s military escort Lieutenant Ayerst died on the spot whereas Rand died a few days later due to wounds. e The brothers were against the atrocities committed by the British authorities under Rand during the plague epidemic in Pune. e The government in order to curb the spread of the epidemic ended up harassing Indians and employing extreme measures. ¢ All the three brothers were hanged for the assassination. Mitra Mela-1899 in Nasik Formed by Savarkar Brothers (Vinayak and Ganesh Savarkar) later they formed new organisation Abhinav Bharat(Veer Savarkar) and Merged Mitra Mela into that. Aim was to remove British Rule by Armed Rebellion .Veer Savarkar said Revolt of 1857 was first war of Independence ;Also wrote a book Hindutva:Who is Hindu? ;Also Airport of Port Blair is in his Name. 2)Anushilan Samiti(1902):Force Must Be stopped by Force ¢ The Anushilan Samiti was established by Pramathanath Mitra, a barrister from Calcutta. The people associated with this samiti were Sri Aurobindo Ghosh, Deshabandhu Chittaranjan Das, Surendranath Tagore, Jatindranath Banerjee, Bagha Jatin, Bhupendra Natha Datta & Barindra Ghosh(Also publish weekly journal Yugantar) 3)Delhi Conspiracy Case- E Ras Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal:Made Secret Society(1902) 1912 Larding was shifting capital of India to Delhi from Calcutta,They made an attempt using bomb to Kill Harding but failed and hisattendants were killed in Delhi,This is also known as Delhi Conspiracy Case Delhi Conspiracy Case is also known as Delhi Lahore Conspiracy Case or Hardinge Bomb Case. e A homemade bomb was thrown into the viceroy’s howdah (elephant-carriage) during a ceremonial procession in Delhi. The occasion was the transfer of the British capital from Calcutta to Delhi. ¢ Lord Hardinge was injured while an Indian attendant was killed. ¢ Bose escaped being caught whereas a few others were convicted for their roles in the conspiracy. Role in Gadar Movement-1913,Ras Behari Bose is also associated with INA;Book by Sachin Sanyal:Bandi Jeevan 4)Alipore Conspiracy Case-1908:Prafull Chaki and Khudiram BoseALIPORE CONSPIRACY CASE AN OUTLINE OF THE SENSATIONAL TRIAL Raed Aca Wa saa a eae Tried killing Judge of Muzaffarpur Kingsford but were failed and Killed English Ladies. *Prafulla Chaki committed suicide after cornered by the Police and Khudi Ram Bose was arrested. +In this case Aurobindo And Barendra Ghosh were arrested for helping and Making Bomb.There case were taken By C.R Das and Aurobindo ghosh got free and then left to Pondicherry e The other people who were tried in the case were AurobindoGhosh and his brother Barin Ghosh, Kanailal Dutt, Satyendranath Bose and more than 30 others. They were all members of the Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta. Aurobindo Ghosh was acquitted due to lack of evidence and others served varying life-terms in prison. Important Revolutionists:- Ras Bihari Bose served as a link between the revolutionaries of Punjab and Bengal. He was not only a brain behind the Delhi Conspiracy Case but also planned an armed mutiny at Delhi. He fled to Japan and founded Indian Independence League out there. Sakharama Ganesh Deshkar provided a Link between the revolutionaries of Bengal and Bombay Presidency. In the Madras Province, Nilkantha Brahamchari and Vanchi Aiyer founded the secret Bharat Mata Association. In Saharanpur, J M Chaterjee founded Bharat Mata Society The Dacca Anushilan Samiti was established by Pulin Bihari Das. It was able to cerate 500 branches in East Bengal. Bipin Bihari Ganguly founded Atmonnuti Samiti. 6)Howrah Gang Case (1910)e Also known as Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case. e Inthis case, 47 revolutionaries associated with the Anushilan Samiti were arrested and tried for the murder of Inspector Shamsul Alam. e Alam was investigating the revolutionary activities of the Samiti and was trying to link and consolidate the murders and robberies into a single case. e The case brought to light the work of revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee. © Despite attempts, the case could not establish the links, mainly due to the decentralised nature of the Samiti. © Of all the accused, only Jatindranath Mukherjee and Narendranath Bhattacharjee were sentenced to one year imprisonment. Activities Outside India 1)ShyamJi Krishna verma in 1905 formed India House in London to provide scholarship schemes to Indian Radicals He also wrote a Journal Indian Sociologist 2)Madan lal Dhingra-1909: Curzon Wyllie's Assassination (1909)¢ The India House was an organisation in London involved in the freedom struggle of India mainly engaging Indian students in the UK as its participants. e Patrons of this organisation included Shyamji Krishna Varma and Bhikaiji Cama. ¢ India House became the centre of revolutionary activities for Indian independence outside India. ¢ The organisation was liquidated after the assassination of an army officer Curzon Wyllie by its member Madan Lal Dhingra in 1909. Note:Talwar Newspaper was published in Germany by Virendra nath Chattopadhyay. 3)Paris Indian Society-1909 :ATT) eae rae tte 13, 1936 Under this Founder Madam Bhikaji kama used to publish a journal named Bande Mat-ram(Editor:Lala Hardayal) She opened up First Flag of India in 1907 @ Stuttgard Germany. Note:Journal Bharat-Mata in Geneva was published by Ajit Singh(Uncle of Bhagat Singh) These activities were running in India from 1908 to 1912 and in this period there was nothing major happing in India During world war-1(1914-1918) Extremists and Moderates thought of supporting British in this phase but revolutionaries said thats its the time to attack on them as they are already busy in war and are also in tension so its better to use this opportunity.Ghadar Movement-1913 «ln 1911 two organisations were formed outside India- 1)United India House @Seattle 2)Swadesh Sevak Home @Vancouver,Canada by GD Kumar, Taraknath Das (Newspaper: The Free Hindustan),Sohan Singh and Lala Hardayal The people of Swadesh sevak Home started activities in Canada(UK Colony) ,Because of this Britishers forced them to move away towards San Francisco(USA). In 1913 they formed new organisation GHADAR(It was a weekly famous Newspaper published in English,Gurmukhi,Urdu etc) The Organisation Ghadar Party was formed by Lala Hardayal.Ghadar Party Other Leaders: Barkhatullah, Bhagwan singh, Sohan Singh,Ramchandra, Bhai Parmanand,Kattar Singh Work to be done by Party: 1)Arms rebellion against British 2)Work and convince Indian Troops placed there and against British 3)Assassination of Officials Important Incidents after formation of Ghadar Party in 1914 1)Komagata Maru Incident 2)Start of First World War Komagata Maru was a Japanese ship which was hired by Businessman Gurdeep Singh,Ship moved from Japan to Singapore and then to Vancouver(Canada) with 370 Passengers(Sikh and Punjabi Muslims) Ship starts in April and reached Canada in May-1914,Britishers stopped all the Indians at the Harbour only for Two months they were not even allowed to move our of ship. Also WW-1 Started that time and Britishers ordered that all Indian ships moving here and there have to come back to India,after this Komagata Maru was also returned back and reached Calcutta Budge-Budge port in Sep-1914.Then British ordered the people in ship to go to Punjab now,People said no and police took action against them causing death of 22 people. Ghadar Party people got frustrated with the treatment done with Punjabis and they fixed a date of 21 Feb 1915 for mutiny.Asked all Fighters working against British in world to reach India and start a revoltagainst British. British got to know about all this and before this mutiny started They got there best leaders arrested (Kattar Singh and Raghu bar Dayal Gupta) Now Ras Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal were asked to lead this but were not that much successful.Also British passed an act Defence of India Act 1915 where everybody creating trouble was arrested .So ghadar movement failed before even getting started in India. Pros: 1)Secular Movement 2)Strong ideology Cons: 1)No Organised Structure with Defined Leader 2)Financially not strong 3)Strategy not Proper and PlannedHome Rule Movement «Irish Idea(Ireland):Doesn’t mean complete independence, |t means self government «In Ireland Britishers have provided Administrative Autonomy -After Swadeshi Movement,Tilak was in jail for 6 years(1908-1914), When he is out system is totally empty ,No leader and no big movement.Now he knew that if he wanted to do something then he has to get into Congress but Moderates din‘t want Tilak entry. «Theosophical Society :THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIET Se oor) FOUNDED: 1875 RAS Moler-t 4 MOTTO: THERE IS NO RELIGION HIGHER THAN TRUTH. a Melero init) OBJECTS: {. TO FORM A NUCLEUS OF THE UNIVERSAL formed in 1875 to advance theosophy. theosophia’ literally meaning "God's wisdom". It refers to systems of esoteric philosophy concerning, or seeking direct knowledge of, presumed mysteries of being and nature, particularly concerning the nature of divinity. It was founded by Madame Blavatsky and Col. Olcott in 1875 in New York. It was only in 1879, that this ideology gained its roots in the Indian culture and Society. It was crystallised in the Madras Presidency withits headquarters in Adayar. The movement was popularised by Annie Besant in India. The Theosophists respected all religions. They were opposed to conversions and believed in the transmigration of soul Annie Besant came to India as a volunteer in 1890s in Adyar(Madras).She was an Irish lady and have witnessed the system of Home Rule there and demanded the same in India. *Tilak met her and she was convinced with Tilak and tried making him a part of Congress in 1914 Madras session but Failed as Moderates opposed due to Shoe Incident. Tilak decided to decided to do social work then. +In Next Session of Congress at Bombay 1915,Annie Besant get tilak entered into Congress and they both tried to get the Congress pass aResolution for Home Rule Demand but failed Congress moderates told them that they can start there separate movement for Home Rule but not within congress. | at | Annie Besant Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1)Tilak accepted that and demand for Home Rule movement in 1916 for 4 places: Karnataka, Berar,Maharashtra,Central Provinces [@ Demands were: 1) self Government within the British Empire 2)Linguistic State formation 3)Education in Vernacular Language 2)Annie Besant also started Home Rule movement from Sep-1916,|n Madras and rest of India where Tilak was not present # News paper by her:New India & Common Wheel Works: 1)Ancient Hindu Wisdom 2)Achievements of West were already been anticipated by Indians 3)Social Reforms» Methods they Used to create awareness about Home Rule(People Knew Swadeshi but not about this) 1)Public meetings 2)Conference 3)Newspapers and Pamphlets 4)Religions Songs 5)Plays showing Home Rule Effects Many other leaders were also involved with this like ML Nehru, JL Nehru,CR Das,Jinnah,Madan Mohan Malviya,Lala Lajpat rai etc.. British Action: 1)Lathi Charge on meetings 2)Arrested Annie Besant in June 1917 Note:S.Subramanya Ayer Renounced his Knighthood(Sir) title against this arrest British under pressure had to release her in Sep-1917 and in December session of congress she was the first women president @ Calcutta {@ Movement Ended by 1919 because of following reasons: 1)Tilak wanted passive resistance and work under This movement but Moderates stopped doing all that as Montague promised some reforms to Moderate in 1917. 2)Leaderless:Tilak in Sep-1918 went out of India leaving Annie Besant alone Lucknow Pact-1916Lucknow Pact 1916 «In this session of INC @ Lucknow All main leaders together joined and made common demands to british, Extremists Tilak, Moderates and even Muslim League was also in this session of congress. W@W Important Points of Session: 1) Joint Constitutional Demands 2)Congress accepted separate electorate 3)A.C Majumdar was the president of this session 4)Demanded Self government in India Note:Sarojini Naidu called Jinnah the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity Outcome of Lucknow Pact: Congress accepted Two Nation Theory by accepting Separate Electorate i.e Muslim league demands are correct that Congress is not working for Muslims in India and they are separate need a separate Party to handle there issueseln order to Pacify Indians after Home Rule ,Government went for August Declaration -1917 The August Declaration 1917 * 20 th Aug 1917-declaration by British Govt announcing the British policy towards India. * ES Montague made the announcement. * Announcement disappointed the Indian Leaders * Lord Motague the Secretary of State for India with Lord C the Viceroy of India. * Govt of India Act 1919 was passed on the basis of their Report — came into operation in 1921. * The reforms embodied ~ Montague Chelmsford Reforms * Object of the Act- to give some responsibility to the Indian representatives elected by the people. * British-Central Govt = Indians-administration of the provinces (states) * Diarchy- Dual Rule GOI ACT-1919 (Montague(Sec) - Chelmsford(Viceroy) Reforms) 1)Executive made responsible to legislature(They can pass a resolution and remove the Executive) 2)Central Legislative council was abolished and bicameral legislature was established. Means upper and lower houses werecreated Majority of members of these houses are to be appointed through direct elections 3)Division of Subjects for Law making: «Central Subjects (Law will be made by central legislature) «Provincial subjects:Further divided into reserved subjects (a) Reserved Subjects:Governor will make law directly without asking the council eg:Financial Subjects (b) Transferred Subjects:Governor with P.L Council will make laws like Local self govt,Education etc “"Darcy was introduced in Provinces” 4) Voting power to some people depending upon the tax amount they are paying,Education status etc 5)It was made compulsory that Three of six members in viceroy executive council should be Indians. 6) Separate electorate was extended to Sikhs, Anglo Indians,Christians, Europeans with Muslims 7)Establishment of central public service commission ,which was later setup in 1926. 8)Powers of Sec of State were reduced and were transferred to new office named as Office of High Commissioner to be present in London. 9)First time budget of Provinces were separate from Central Budget10)A statuary Commission will set up after 10 years of this act to judge the working of these policies and new constitutional reforms will be created then. This lead to the Estb of Simon commission in 1927(2 Years Before) to handle this.