“Moi ngay, tit cd phan tinh than va tu duy trong tri tué cla minh, u dan tién gan hon dén chan ly dy —mét chan ly ma chi méi kham phd ra mét phan nho théi, t6i da roi vao trang thai suy sup dang so, chan ly I: Con ngudi that sy khong phai la mét thé thong nh, ma thuc ra Ia hai”. -ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, CHUONG 10 CAM NANG ee dae Nghé thuat danh lta va thao tung Sa eee) a ce Ve te ra nk eo A ee RICHARD PAUL- LINDA ELDER HOANG NGUYEN DANG SON - Chuyén ngit 2 BUI VAN NAM SON - Hiéu dinh NHA XUAT BAN TONG HOP THANH PHO HO CHI MINHCamnang _ TUDUYNGUYBIEN Nghé thuat danh lta va thao tung THE THINKER'S GUIDE TO FALLACIES ‘The Art of Mental Trickery and Manipulation RICHARD PAUL - LINDA ELDER HOANG NGUYEN DANG SON - Chuyén ngit BUI VAN NAM SON - Higu dinh Chiu tréch nhiém xuat ban: Gidm déc - ing Bién tap DINH TH] THANH THUY Chiu tréch nhiém ban thao: TRAN BAN Bién tip: NGUYEN VAN SUONG Siiabin in: NGUYEN NGUYEN Trinh bay : HOANG VAN Bia: MINH HIEU NHA XUAT BAN TONG HOP THANH PHO H6 CHi MINH 62 Nguyén Thi Minh Khai, Quan 1, Thanh phé Hé Chi Minh DT: 38225340 - 38296764 - 38256713 - 38223637 - 38247225 - 38277326 Fax: 84.8.38 222 726 - Email: tonghop@nxbhem.com.vn Sach online: www.nxbhem.com.vn - Ebook: www.sachweb.vn NHA SACH TONG HQP 1 62 Nguyén Thi Minh Khai, Quan 1, TP. HCM ¢ DT: 38 256 804 NHA SACH TONG HOP 2 86 - 88 Nguyén Tat Thanh, Quan 4, TP. HCM # DT: 39 433 868 In s6 Iugng 3.000 cuén. Khé 13,5 x 22cm Tai: Xi nghiép in FAHASA 774 Trung Chinh, Phudng 15, Quan Tan Binh, Thanh ph6 Hé Chi Minh XNDKXB: 2978-2016/CXBIPH/06-205/THTPHCM cép ngay 7/9/2016 QDXB 86: 1172/QD-THTPHCM-2016 ngay 12/9/2016 ISBN: 978-604 -58-5662-8 In xong va nop liu chiéu Quy IV nim 2016Cam nang TU DUY NGUYBIEN Nghé thuat danh lira va thao tung THE THINKERS GUIDE TO FALLACIES ‘The Art of Mental Trickery and Manipulation‘The Thinker’s Guide to Fallacies: The Art of Mental Trickery and Manipulation (Cm nang Tu duy Nguy bign: Nghé thuat danh lifa va thao ting Richard Paul - Linda Elder Copyright © 2006, 2008 by Foundation for Critical Thinking. Copyright © 2012 by Richard Paul and Linda Elder. All rights reserved. The Thinkers Guide to Fallacies, First Edition.. Bin quyén © 2006, 2008 thuge vé Qu) Tu duy Phan bién. Bin quyén © 2012 thude vé tic gid Richard Paul va Linda Elder. ‘Tat cd cae phan déu da duge ding ky ban quyén. Céim nang Tu duy Neuy bign, Ban in ldn thit 1. Khong phan nao trong xuat ban phim nay duige phép sao chép, Iutu gi, dua vio hé théng truy c§p hose sit dung dudi bat kV hinh thife, phuong tign truyén tai nao: dign tis, co hoe, ghi am, sao chyp, thu hin, phat tin qua hoi dui bat ky hinh thtic nao khéc néu chuia dug sui cho phép bing van ban ciia Nha xuit ban Téng hop Thanh phé Hé Chi Minh. An phim nay duigc xuit bin tai Vigt Nam theo hp d6ng chuyén nhugng bin quyén gitta Foundation for Critical Thinking, My vi Nha xudt ban Téng hop Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh, Vigt Nam. BIEU GHI BIEN MUC TRUGC XUAT BAN DUGQC THC HIEN BOI THU VIEN KHTH TRHCM Paul, Richard Cam nang tu duy nguy bign : nghé thudt dinh lifa va thao ting / Richard Paul, Linda Elder ; ngudi dich Hoing Nguyén Dang Son ; Bai Vin Nam Son higu dinh. - TP. Hé Chi Minh : Nxb. Téng hop TP. Hé6 Chi Minh, 2016 104 tr. ;22. em Nguyén ban : The thinker’s guide to fallacies : the art of mental trickery and manipulation ISBN 978-604-58-5662-8 1. Lita dio. 2. Nguy bign (Logic) I. Elder, Linda. Il. Hoang Nguyén Dang Son. III. Bai Vin Nam Son. IV. Tb, V. Ts: The thinker’ guide to fallacies: the art of mental trickery and manipulation, 165 ~ dde 23 324 aii) 786045'856628'RICHARD PAUL - LINDA ELDER Cam nang TUDUY NGUYBIEN Nghé thuat danh Itra va thao tung THE THINKER’S GUIDE TO FALLACIES The Art of Mental Trickery and Manipulation HOANG NGUYEN DANG SON - Chuyén ngit BUI VAN NAM SON - Hiéu dinh NHA XUAT BAN TONG HOP THANH PHO HO CHI MINHCOGIOMNIGU 9 LOUNOTGQU oe cece ee eeenee nest eee een eeeee 11 Sy that va sy Lua mi trong tam tri con ngudi ..............0666 13 Nhéing con ngudi thiéu tinh than phan bién (nhding nha tu duy thiéu ky nang tritué) ........ ee 14 Nhiing ké thao tung lao luyén (nhiing nha tu duy phan bién theo nghia yéu) ................ 16 Nhitng con ngudi cé tinh than phan bién (nhiing nha tu duy phan bién theo nghia manh) .............- 18 Khai niém vé cac Nguy bién cla Tu tu6ng ..... eee ee 20 GoltencacNGUVDIGN 21 Sai lam vs Nguy bién Khéng cé Danh muc Nguy bién nao cé thé tat can ...... 0. 25; Khalquathoasailam = 27 Phan tich nhitng su khai quat hda ......... 0. eee eee eee ene ee ee 32 Khai quat héa theo tuong quan ngau nhién.. Tuong tu va An du 44 Thuat liva dé Thang Tranh bién Budc téi déi thd: chinh bang I6i déi thu cdo budc minh (hodc bang cach té hon) .Budc tdi déi thd vi dang truot xuéng mot con déc tron (V6nsedandentalhoa)= = = A4 Wien denOuyenUy 2 AS Vién dén Kinh nghiém .. WiendenNOlsO A6 Vién dén Long thuong hai (hay su'cém th6ng) ............2.- + AT Vien dén Xuic cam théng thudng ............ 020s sees ee ee eee ee! A8 Vién dén Truyén théng hoac Niém tin (“Tht va Dung”) ........ 4 AQ MangveGongchith 0 AQ C6ng kich ca nhan (chu khong céng kich lap luan) ............+ 50 Lap lai van dé... eee tee e tee eeeeeenee ee eeeeeeneneee 51 Dodi hoai Sy hoan hao (yéu cau nhiing diéu kién khong thé 6 duac) Tao thé ludng nan gia (Nguy bién kiéu hoac la/ hodc la) ........ 52 Ché ra nhiting su tuang tu (va an du) Ung hé cho quan niém cia minh (cho dui chung gay lac huGng hay “sai”) ............ 53 MravancacketluanicuadOlth 54 Tao nghi ngé: Noi nao cé khdi, noi dé cé Ita . BUORINOU 57 Pha nhan hoac bao vé su kh6ng nhat quan............eee eee 58 Ghenguel Khen minh). 59 Lang tranh cau hdi, mét cach khé0 60 «2... eee eee eed 60 Phinhininhnguolnghe 60 UMIOMthOsithee 61 HammaclbandchUnd 93 61 Lammngodiemchini = 62Céng kich bang chung (dang gay hai cho bang chuing cia minh) .............0e eed 62 Ghapinhat euler. 63 Ndi thé bao (dé bién minh cho viéc minh lam, thuOng salveddo CC 63 Khai quat hda hao nhodng (chung chung) ..............0e0e0ed 64 Nhan manh su khéng nhat quan trong lap trusng cla déi tha .. Ché giéu (“Cudi cham biém cho qua chuyén”) ..........0.00 0 65 ‘Donigianihoavan de qua MUG (: 8 66 Khéng ngting phan bac... 0... cece eee cece eee eee ened 66 Viét lai cau chuyén (theo cach cia minh) ..........ee ee eee eee 67 Muucaulciichviky, 9 67 Thay déi can cut Day ganh nang chung minh cho ngudi khac ....... 6. eee eee eee 68 Lién tuc xuyén tac Noi bang nhiing cai phé bién MOG ....... 6. cece ee eeee seer 70 NOINUGCGOL 71 NOld6ltrangtron 72 dihaysUthatbangcauch: = 73 Ném ra mét (hoac hai) con ca trich dO «2.0... eee eee eee eee ee ee 74 Dua vao thong ké . Str dung Tiéu chudn kép (bat ky khi nao c6 thé) ....... eee 75 44 Thuat lira dé Thang Tranh bién (biéu dé) Phat hién nguy bién: Phan tich mét phat biéu tu qua kh’ ..... 77 Phat hién nguy bién: Phan tich mot bai phat bigu atongthonghiennay 0 86Phat hién nguy bién: Phan tich mét bai phat biéu TUMOLUNG VEN tONnGMNONG), 94 Tranh hai thai cuc . Chi thay nguy bién trong tu duy cia ngudi khac (song lai khong thay noi minh) ............2.ee cee eee eee eee 99 Thay mét sé lugng nguy bién nhu nhau trong moi thtf minh doc Két ludn: Nguy bién trong mét thé gi (Vatrong thegioihien thuG) =. 101fe Q@ _ a _ Qa - a a — “om < Hay “hoc cach hoc”... ©C A pprendre a apprendre” (“hoc cach hoc”) 1a mét khau hiéu néi tiéng trong tiéng Phap va khong dé... dich, vi dong tii “apprendre” trong tiéng Phap dudng nhu cé ca hai nghia trong tiéng Anh: “to teach” va “to learn”! Khéng co su tach bach gitia “day” va “hoc’, vi vi tri ctia ching déi khi cé thé thay thé cho nhau, hay ndi ngan, gitia chung cé mot su “van dong” Su van déng dy chinh la phuong phap. TU khi René Descartes viét quyén “Cac quy tac huéng dan tu duy” (Regles pour la direction de lesprit) nam 1628 va “Ludn van vé Phuong phap” (Discours de la Méthode) nam 1637, khoa hgc va tu duy khoa hoc that su’ budc vao thoi hién dai, ttic, ta khong cdn cé thé suy nghi va lam viéc nhu thé khéng c6... Descartes duge nita! Gan bén thé ky da tréi qua véi biét bao sy cai tién va tinh vi héa vé phuong phap trén moi linh vic, nhuing muc tiéu cla nd khong thay déi, ding nhu Kant da ndi: “Ta khong thé hoc triét hoc, ma chi cé thé hoc cach triét ly” hay nhu Idi cua Albert Einstein: “Gia tri cia m6t nén gido duc (...) khéng phai la day va hoc dugc nhiéu su kién ma 1a dao luyén cho tinh than biét tu duy...”.