Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Echague, Isabela

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CE 111 – CALCULUS 1

1. Chapter 9: DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

2. Overview/Introduction

- Definitions of the Hyperbolic Function

- Identities Involving Hyperbolic Functions
- Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
- Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
- Derivatives of the Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

3. Learning Outcome/Objective

At the end of the discussion, the student should be able to:

1. Differentiate Hyperbolic Functions;
2. Prove equations involving Hyperbolic Functions; and;
3. Find the derivative of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

4. Learning Content/Topic

I. DEFINITIONS OF THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

We shal now consider six exponential functions which have properties very much like those
of the trigonometric functions. Because of their relation to the equilateral hyperbola, they
are called the hyperbolic functions, and individually are known as the hyperbolic sine,
hyperbolic cosine etc. they are defined as follows:

𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙 = =
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝟏
𝒆 +𝒆
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝟏
𝒆 −𝒆
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 =
𝒆 +𝒆 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙

These are read “hyperbolic sine of x,” etc.

By substituting −𝑥 for 𝑥 in the definitions, we find

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(−𝒙) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(−𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡(−𝒙) = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙

With these relations and the values given in Table III, page 574 of Calculus with Analytic
Geometry by Thurman S. Peterson, we can plot the graphs shown in Figure 187.

1 |Calculus 1 – Module 9: Hyperbolic Functions

 II. IDENTITIES INVOLVING HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏

By addition and subtraction, it also follows from the definitions that

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝒆 𝒙

These relations are useful in establishing many other formulas.

Illustration.

𝑒−𝑒 𝑒 𝑐 −𝑒 𝑒
sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = =
2 2
(cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥)(cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑦) − (cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥)(cosh 𝑦 − sinh 𝑦)
=
2
= sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

III. DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

It can be shown from the definitions above that

𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 ∙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 ∙ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 ∙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 ∙ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 ∙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

where 𝑢 is a differentiable function of 𝑥. Thus for example,

𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
sinh 𝑢 = = = cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

IV. THE INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

As for the trigonometric functions we white 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 to represent the equation 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦,
and we call the function sinh 𝑥 the inverse hyperbolic sine of x. in like manner, we define
five other inverse hyperbolic functions: cosh 𝑥, tanh 𝑥, etc.

Since the hyperbolic functions were defined in terms of exponential functions, the inverse
hyperbolic functions can be expressed in terms of logarithmic functions. These relations are

𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 (𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙)

2 | Calculus 1 – Module 9: Hyperbolic Functions

 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 ± 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 (𝒙 ≥ 𝟏)

𝟏
𝟏 𝟏+𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙= 𝐥𝐧 (−𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟏−𝒙

𝟏
𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒙= 𝐥𝐧 (𝒙𝟐 > 𝟏)
𝟐 𝒙−𝟏

𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 ± −𝟏 (𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏)
𝒙 𝒙𝟐

𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 + +𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 > 𝟎)
𝒙 𝒙𝟐

For example, to establish the first of these relations, we observe that the equation 𝑦 =
sinh 𝑥 is equivalent to

𝒆𝒚 − 𝒆 𝒚
𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒚 =
𝟐

Multiplying 2𝑒 , we obtain
(𝑒 ) − 2𝑥(𝑒 ) − 1 = 0

Solving this equation by means of the quadratic formula, we find

𝑒 =𝑥+ 1+𝑥

The negative solution, 𝑥 − √1 + 𝑥 , is discarded since 𝑒 is positive for all real values of 𝑦.
Finally, by taking logarithms, we have

𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 , for all values of 𝑥.

The other formulas can be derived in a similar manner.

Note: Observe that the function cosh 𝑥 is double-valued. In subsequent work cosh 𝑥
will denote the positive branch ln 𝑥 + √𝑥 − 1 .

V. DERIVATIVES OF THE INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Writing the formulas of the preceding article in terms of 𝑢, where 𝑢 is a differentiable function
of 𝑥, we obtain the following derivatives.

𝒅 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖= ∙ (𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝒖)
𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖= ∙ (𝒖 > 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 √𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙

3 | Calculus 1 – Module 9: Hyperbolic Functions

 𝒅 𝟏
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖= ∙ (−𝟏 < 𝒖 < 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
−𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖= 𝟐 ∙ 𝒖𝟐 > 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
−𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖= ∙ (𝟎 < 𝒖 ≤ 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 𝒖√𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
−𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖= ∙ (𝒖𝟐 > 𝟎)
𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙

Illustration. If 𝑢 = tanh sin 𝑥, then

1 𝑑 cos 𝑥
𝑦 = ∙ (sin 𝑥) = = sec 𝑥
1 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

EXERCISES
Differentiate the following functions
1. sinh 𝑥 12. 𝑦 = sech 4𝑥

2. cosh 13. 𝑥 = cosh 3𝑡

14. sinh (1 − 𝑡)
3. ln cosh 2𝑥
15. 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥) sinh 2𝑥
4. coth(1 − 𝑥 )
16. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1) cosh 4𝑥
5. 𝑒 sinh 𝑥
17. 𝑦 = 𝑒 cosh 𝑥
6. sinh(sin 𝑥)
18. 𝑦 = 𝑒 sinh 𝑥
7. sinh(ln 𝑥 )
19. 𝑦 = arctan sinh 𝑥
8. sech (1 − 𝑥 )
20. 𝑦 = arcsin tanh 𝑥
9. 𝑦 = sinh 4𝑥
21. 𝑦 = ln sinh 3𝑥
10. 𝑦 = cosh(2𝑥 − 1)
22. 𝑦 = ln tanh 3𝑥
11. 𝑦 = tanh(1 − 3𝑥)
23. Using the exponential definitions, prove that tanh 𝑥 + sech 𝑥 = 1 and coth 𝑥 −
csch 𝑥 = 1.
24. Prove that arcsin tanh 𝑥 = arctan sinh 𝑥

6. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adapted

Module, Messenger Rooms/ Google Classroom

Exercises and Problem Sets.

4 | Calculus 1 – Module 9: Hyperbolic Functions

7. Assessment Task

Assessment Task will be a 30-point quiz covering the topics discussed in this module.
In addition, a long exam will be given at the end of the term

8. References (Copyrighted within the last 10 years)

This contains the list of references/readings which students can explore.

Love, C.E. Ph.D, Rainville E.D. Ph.D. Differential and Integral Calculus.
MACMILLAN PUBLISHING CO., INC.

Peterson, T.S. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Ken Incorporated, Quezon City

5 | Calculus 1 – Module 9: Hyperbolic Functions