East-West Extent of Main Land India (Including Pak occupied Kashmir-POK): 68° 7’ cast to 97° 25" cast longitude. South-North Extent of Main Land India: 8° 4’ north to 37° 6! north latitude. The southernmost point of the country isthe Pygmalion Point or Indira Point is located at 6° 45’ N Kanniyakumari 6°48" Nicobar latitude. ehindifa Point © lands North-south extent from Indira Col in Kashmir to Kanniyakumariis 3,214 km. East-west width from the Rann of Kachachh to Arunachal Pradesh is 2,933 km. With an area of 32,87,263 sq km, India is the seventh largest country of the world, India accounts for about 2.4 per cent of the total surface area of the world.A Ioia Co Sa) Siachen oy (ory Pra Indira Col 35°39 H, 7647 E tripoint where tritores controled by Inds, Pabistan and China meet. SH, TE rorthernmest demareted point ofthe India Pakistan cease fire ine known asthe Line of Control PRESENT MAP OF JANMU & KASHMIR Area ceded to China from Pakistas Jammu and Kashmir } (an ndun dames) PAKISTANGeologic time scale Eon>Era>Period >Epoch > Age + Hadean Eon + Archean Eon + Proterozoic Eon wer Triassic Period(225m) Jurassic Period(195m) Cratacegus(|36m) Cenozoic Era(70-Om) Tertiary Period Quaterrary Period(1.8- present) Quaternary Period(1.8- present) Pleistocene epoch(1m) ‘one Age locene(10,000y) Phanerozoic Eon Palaeozoic Era(570-Period Epoch —— Today Quaternary Holocene | i ai4gka = cleistocene aseene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Paleogene Eocene Paleocene Proterozoic | ~~ Olde $$$» youngerHolland, reclassified the rocks into a new geological time scale. We can divide India into- 1. The onde 2. The Purana Syst 3. The Dravidian Reek" System, 4.The Aryan Rock SystemFee mrad System ea rd Lae Sharwor System Archaean Gneisses & Schicts i Peeled System Geologically Les Purana Rock System [Mf Dravidian aera aad Te ty ele a9 yA) Metamorphosed (Palaeozoic) Lye ey Vindhyan Sysizm Cuddapah Systein, Jurassic bécgan System (Trak) ertiary System mation of Himalayas)GEOLOGICAL MAP OF INDIA ees cosmeresitat mrmemencteriaies _ Eadapeeerenen+ Shiwaliks or outer Himalayas Lesser or Middle Himalayas + The Greater Himalayas The Trans-Himalayas - Tibetan Himalayas. + The Eastern Hills - Purvanchal (A chain of hills in North-East India)CONTINENTAL DRIFT OF PLATES: n Years Ago ‘North rae ~~ okt South Arico al heverica Anence Australia Australia Antarctica ‘Antarctica 100 Million Years Ago Eorth TodayEURASIAN PLATE Formation of Himalayas40 milion years ago tot waa rasan pate 30 milion years ago by Sudarshan GurTHE PLATE TECTONIC ORIGIN OF THE HIMALAYAS The theory of Plate Tectonics was put forward by W. J. Morgan of Princeton University in 1967. This theory is based on the concept of "Sea-Floor Spreading" advocated by H Hess. According to this theory, about 70 or 65 million years ago there was an extensive geosyscline called the Tethys in place of the Himalayas. About 65-30 million year ago the Indian plate came very close to the Asian plate and started subducting under the Asian Plate. This caused lateral compression (convergence ) due to which the sediments of the Tethys were squeezed and folded into three parallel range of the HimalayasSince the northward movement of the Indian plate is still continuing, the height of the Himalayas peak is increasing. The continent to continent collision between the Indian and the Asiatic plates started around 65 million year ago and caused the Himalayas to rise from the Tethys geosyncline. Thus the first major phase of uplift in the Himalayas accurred around 65 million year ago. It is believed that the first major phase of uplift initially produced the Ladakh and Zaskar ranges of the Trans- Himalayas before the formation of the Great Himalayas.+ The second major uplift which took plate around 45 million years ago caused the rapid uplift of the southern mountain front of the Lesser Himalayas giving rise to the extremely rugged and youthful Pir-Panjal, Dhauladhar, and Mahabharat ranges abruptly and steeply. The Greater Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas are separated by the Main Central Thrust(MCT). The foredeep which was formed further away received the thick sequence of terrestrial sediments called Shiwaliks from the middle- Miocene to the middle- Pleistocene period, covering a span of 1.4 tnillion years.+ The Lesser Himalayas and the Shiwaliks are separated from each other by the Main Boundary Thrust(MBT). * The 5000m thick Shiwaliks dominated by boulder and conglomerate, reflect the progressive uplift to the Himalayas from which they have derived as a result of the third major phase of uplift.Everept mont Tibetan plateau Indian Ocean by Sudarshan GurjarNywingueniangiha Mr. a Mee 7251) —— n17) & 5 “1 - LIn Uttarakhand, the Middle Himalayas are marked by the Mussoorie and the Nag Tibba ranges. The Mahabharat Lekh, in southern Nepal is a continuation of the Mussoorie Range East of the Kosi River, the Sapt Kosi, Sikkim, Bhutan, Miri, Abor and Mishmi hills represent the lower Himalayas. The Middle Himalayan ranges are more friendly to human contact.ha s oN Nvainquontengtha Mig (tenet) S 7251 = Taungtirom'e “2 aid> It has beena stable shield which has gone through little structural changes since its formation. > Since few hundred million years, Peninsular block has been a land area and has never been submerged beneath the sea except ina few places. » Peninsular Plateau is an aggregation of several smaller plateaus, hill ranges interspersed with river basins and valleys.INDIA TOPOGRAPHICby=, ocean SS Fieataen sourn PACIFIC SOUTHERN OCEAN asians Sudarshan Gupj == waaay Sudarshan Guplikrcniea Coovian © 2017 ww massetindlaccomSTRUCTURE OF THE EARTH’S INTERIOR by Sudarshan GurjarIMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF THE WHOLE EARTH AND THE CRUST ELEMENTS, PERCENTAGE Iron Oxygen Silicon Magnesium Nickel 35 30 » a 2.4 ELEMENTS PERCENTAGE Oxygen Silicon Aluminium Iron Magnesium by Sudarshan Gurjar 46 28Conorod discontinuity — between upper & lower crust, Mohorovice discontinuity — between lower crust & upper mantle Repiti discontinuity— between upper & lower Mantle Guttenberg discontinuity — between lower Mantle & outer Core Lehmann discontinuity between outer & i re by Sudarshan GurjarCONSTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARIES + Constructive plate boundaries also called as ‘divergent plate boundories' represent zones of divergence along the mid-oceanic ridges and are characterized by continuous addition (accretion) of materials as there is constant upwelling of molten materials (basaltic lavas) from below the mid -oceanic ridges. * These basaltic lavas are cooled and solidified and are added to the trailing margins of the divergent plates and thus new oceanic crust is continuously formed. * Perhaps the best known example of divergent boundary is the mid Atlantic ridge.o 20 10 20 40 30 km mi o 4 The crust is uplifted and stretched apart, causing it to break into blocks that become tlted on faults. Eventually a long narrow rift valley appears. Magma rises up from the mantle to continually fill the widening crack at the center.New A The magma solidifies to form new crust in the rift valley floor. Crustal blocks on either side slip down along a succession of steep faults, creating mountains. A narrow ocean Is formed, floored by ew oceanic crust.New A The magma solidifies to form new crust in the rift valley floor. Crustal blocks on either side slip down along a succession of steep faults, creating mountains. A narrow ocean Is formed, floored by ew oceanic crust.