1.

4 PET and MR Scanners

[MUSIC] We're here at the Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet,

which is one of the central uni, hospital universities here in Copenhagen. here,
we are going to look at some of the deep structures of the brain. We are going
to explore some of the methods such as FMRI and PET imaging. To better
understand how we can assess, measure, and understand the deep structures
of the brain. On the one hand, we will go to the PET center, where we will look
at a, what's called a PET scanner. Standing for positron emission tomography
scanner. This is the scanner where we're using radioactive ligands into the
bloodstream of people, and basically imaging how the accumulation of
radioactive ligands are occurring in the brain. The other kind of scanner is a
magnetic resonance imaging machine. Which is basically using magnetic
resonance to image different parts of the body and the brain. What we'll
explore here is the so called functional magnetic resonance imaging. We'll be
looking at the bloodstream, but also regions of the brain that are relatively
more active than others. We're here at the Copenhagen University Hospital,
Where we're looking at a PET scan here at the PET Center. A PET scan stands
for positron emission tomography, which is a method where we are looking at
the blood stream for example, or the glucose, or metabolism of the brain. Right
now, what we can see is a person and a volunteer being here scanned with a
PET scan who has had a radio, radioactive [INAUDIBLE] injected into his
bloodstream, and what we are looking at here is the activation basically of the
metabolism of his brain. Typically, this method is used for scoring the effects
of Alzheimer's and Parkinson, even epilepsy on the brain. And what we can use
this for, is to understand how different such as dopamine, serotonin and
glucose is distributed in the brain, but also affect people's behavior. [MUSIC]
Alright are we ready for the next scan, and this is a resting state scan. And this
is a scan session where you have your eyes closed and you're relaxed and let
your mind wander. And please don't fall asleep. It's, ten minutes until. [NOISE]
So here we are at the MR department, and all we're seeing here is an MR
scanner, and we have a person, a volunteer inside the scanner, undergoing a
structural MR scanning. What we'll see in a while is a functional magnetic
resonance imaging. Where the person is actually going to do a couple tasks. In
the first task, he will undergo a so called resting state task. And in the second
one, he will look at different faces. During this task, the, scanner will make a lot
of noise, so you'll hear it actually records the brain activation as the person is,
is, experiencing different things and looking at different images. [NOISE] What
I'm measuring with FMI, will basically measuring the level of oxygen in the
blood, and, as a region of the brain has increased brain activation. It
consumes, oxygen from a region of the brain. What happens then is that, that
same region receives a large influx of oxygen rich blood. Which is a signature
that we can pick up with the fMRI scanning. fMRi is one of those methods that
is readily used in your marketing and consumer neuroscience. It is a really tell-
tale method for how we can understand the brain basis of consumer choice.
And we've seen it in numerous studies in this course, and as we will see
throughout this course, it's used very often to study consumer behavior in the
brain.