1.

Cybersecurity threats in the auto industry: Tensions in the knowledge environment

(ok descrisa metodoligia de interviu si chestionare)
The share of costs of electronics in the connected car value chain has risen from one-third now
and is estimated to reach 50% by 2030 (Wagner, 2019). In the unrelenting search for
sustainable competitive advantage, automotive manufacturers are driven to develop ever more
reliable, secure and safer products, at the same time as promoting product personalisation,
higher quality, improved environmental impact, increased functionality and lower costs.
The online questionnaire was designed and distributed using the application Qualtrics. In total,
41 online questionaries’ were completed and returned. Computer assisted qualitative data
analysis (CAQDAS) was employed to code survey data collected via online questionnaires.
CAQDAS enables the researcher to code and categorise collected data, as well as to organise
and attribute meaning and relationships between codes (Gilbert et al., 2014; Silver and Lewins,
2014). NVivo was used to code the survey data. NVivo is a powerful query tool that assists in
organising and analysing non-numerical or unstructured data (Bazeley and Jackson, 2013).

2. Recycling Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and the

Management of Its Toxic Substances in Taiwan—A Case Study

In the past two decades, the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management has
become an important environmental issue internationally because it contained hazardous
substances like heavy metals and brominated flame retardants.
As described above, the electrical and electronic equipment often contained polychlorinated
biphenyls, and flame retardants like polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl
ethers. These persistent organic compounds pose some human health and environmental risks
due to their high bioaccumulation and bioconcentration factors, thus listed as POPs in the
Stockholm Convention since 2009.

3. Environmental Management Systems in the Context of Sustainable Development –

the Identification of Open Problems
The 2030 Agenda is the most important point of reference for individual national strategies
emphasizing the features of the new development paradigm (a sus-tainable development strategy)
or its subjective sense (an intelligent and/or responsible character of development) (Document
2015). Among environmental management systems, four systems present a strategic approach to
environmen-tal issues: two systems standardized according to the ISO 14 000 standards, one
energy management sys-tem based on the ISO 50 000 standards, and a non-standardized system
defined in the EMAS Regula-tion. Arena et al. (2012) showed that an environ-mental management
system consistent with the ISO 14001 standard was important for sustainable devel-opment
because it often constitutes the main instru-ment used to achieve sustainable development of an
enterprise.
However, there is great demand for the ethical man-agement of sustainable development of an
organiza-tion, including for the appreciation of the autotelic value of nature (Rogall, 2010). Thus,
people manag-ing organizations have to be aware of benefits brought about by a closed circle
economy (Jain et al., 2018) and well-functioning supply chains (Chen-Lung, Chwen, 2007; Dai et
al., 2017).
What also deserves special attention is the (inten-tional and non-intentional) causes of the
growing in-terest in a closed circle economy. Observations con-ducted by the authors indicate
that this interest re-sults also from a sense of job insecurity or a threat of bad financial results.
Looking for various ways of process optimization, insecure management boards sometimes
conclude that the only means of cost re-duction is to introduce the principles of a closed cir-cle
economy.

4. Analysis of air quality and health co-benefits regarding electric vehicle promotion cou-
pled with power plant emissions
To evaluate this clean air policy, Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) - Community
Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) and Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP)
were applied in scenarios discussion. It could be seen that air pollution is increasingly endange-
ring people’s lives and has become a growing public health concern in the globe.
Most studies in the field of air quality policies have only focused on the reduction concentration,
air pollution prevention measures must be developed based on the data relating to its economic
benefits or health benefits. In order to quantify the relevance between the improvement of air
quality and improvement of human health, the health benefits calculation system in relation to
air pollution, BenMAP (Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program), was applied
for quantifying changes in health benefits before and after the improvement of air quality.
Findings of this study were improved the policy of electric vehicles is useful to the air quality
and the health benefit. Further research could usefully explore how to calculate the power
consumption of transportation, the economic benefits which required for the infrastructure
construction. The battery charging station and terminal power consumption may increase, and
the loss of related infrastructure needs to be considered.

5. A review on battery thermal management in electric vehicle application

In 2015, the production of power battery has accounted for 28% of LIB production and it is ex -
pected that the proportion will continue increase in the next several years (lithium ion batteries).
Previous studies have shown that battery performance is significantly affected by the tempera-
ture [17,18]. The optimal temperature for Li-ion cells covers a range of þ15~þ35 _C and this is
similar to that of human. Temperature range and temperature variation are two critical parame-
ters influencing the battery pack performance. The ambient temperature may vary from _35 to
þ50 _C in different regions, climates and seasons, whereas the desired temperature range of bat-
tery is about þ15~þ35 _C. In addition, battery inconsistency and thermal boundary conditions
result in temperature differences between cells in battery pack. These major issues necessitate
carefully designed BTM. This paper reviews the existing researches from cell level and battery
module level.

6. Environmental impact of traction electric motors for electric vehicles applications

Electrical machines have an enormouspotential to influence the reduction of energy consump-
tion
and, consequently, a reduction in the environmental impact society generates in many economic
sectors. Until now, apart from batteries, very few studies have addressed in detail other key
components of the powertrain of electric vehicles (Hawkins et al. 2012a). As concluded by Haw-
kins et al. (2012a), further assessments and inventories of EV production should focus on elec-
tric motors and their magnets, as well as other powertrain components, in order to identify envi-
ronmental hotspots and improvement alternatives. LCA is a suitable approach for evaluating
flows of mass and energy and their environmental impacts across the life cycle from raw mate-
rials extraction to the end-of-life stage.
The most important life cycle stage was found to be the use stage, due to the pollution related to
electricity production. The efficiency of the powertrain, including the motor, was then proven to
be very important, due to its capacity to decrease energy consumption during the use of the ve-
hicle. Mainly the electrical steel used in the stator and the copper windings were the main
contributors to the environmental impact of the motor. The material of the magnets does not
seem to be critical for the damage on the environment because of the relatively small amounts
required. The recycling of the steel, copper, and aluminum is not a relevant agent producing of
environmental impact, especially considering that these elements can later substitute raw mate-
rial extraction and processing for other products.

7. Integrated simulation for the 2030 agenda

Models focused on a single sector are not likely to be capable of addressing the multiple indica-
tors across sustainability dimensions called for in the SDGs. This emphasis has necessitated in-
tegrated, multisector simulation tools for the design and testing of policies in this complex envi-
ronment. We classify such models as Integrated Systems Models (ISMs), in distinction to the
well-known class of Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) that are generally much less structu-
rally integrated.
The 2030 Agenda thus recognizes the necessity of integrated solutions to the SDG conundrum.
More specifically, in order to develop effective plans to achieve the Goals, the Agenda calls for
integrated planning, that is approaches, methods, and tools to support the integrated appraisal
of policy alternatives. In the context of the 2030 Agenda, integrated planning includes both hori-
zontal (i.e. across sectors) and vertical (i.e. across levels of government) integration, marking
the distance from the silo planning that characterized many efforts to achieve the MDGs (Mil-
lennium Development Goals - The 2000s, implementation: Millennium summit and Johannes-
burg conference)
Both iSDG and IFs are developed (entirely or in part) by way of the system dynamics method.
While iSDG can be considered a system dynamics model to a full extent, IFs also embraces other
methodologie The iSDG model is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
which focus on socioeconomic development outcomes and environmental impacts

8. Lithium-Based Batteries
The field of advanced power sources and replacing many others batteries in the marked, parti-
cularly in the areas of communications, computers, electronics, and in more power demanding
devices such as power tools as well as in the automotive field. The distinguishing features of to-
day’s commercial Li-ion batteries are: Excellent safety:
 US Department of Transportation, Dangerous Materials Division, has declared Li-ion batte-
ries exempt from dangerous materials regulations (no potentially unstable and harmful li-
thium metal).
 Non-polluting: it does not use toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Cd or Hg.
An overview of the main characteristics of the most important secondary battery Systems

Other than performance and safety enhancements, the principal remaining challenges for the fu-
ture development and widespread of LIBs are to reduce both the production and the overall de-
vice cost, to identify environmentally friendly materials and production processes and to develop
easily recyclable and up-scalable devices. In this context, the use of water processable biosour-
ced polymers, such as cellulose and its derivatives, to replace synthetic polymer binders and se-
parators is emerging as a viable route towards the development of green materials and pro-
cesses for Li-ion battery manufacturing.

9. Addressing the Sustainability Issue in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Model for Evalua-
ting the Impacts of Electric Vehicle Diffusion (foarte ok modelul)

The present paper proposes a model for evaluating environmental, social, and economic impacts
exerted by the di_usion of electric vehicles (EVs), which is a phenomenon that can significantly
affect the achievement of some of the objectives set by the Sustainable Development Agenda.
The impact evaluation is carried out through the System Dynamics methodology, combined with
scenario analysis. In more detail, by adopting a comprehensive and systemic approach, this ar-
ticle aims at evaluating the impacts exerted by the partial substitution of the conventional ve-
hicle fleet with electric vehicles. Impacts under the lens have to do with the environment and cli-
mate change (Sustainable Development Goal 13), population health and well-being (Sustainable
Development Goal 3), and the development of smart cities (Sustainable Development Goal 11).
become a crucial topic for the scientific community.
EVs’ impacts have been investigated through two main methodologies: Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) and Scenario Analysis. The first methodology (LCA) [17] has been adopted primarily for
studying environmental impacts in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption
[18]. These kinds of LCA models, however, rarely account for socioeconomic effects and, due to
this reason, may not be suffcient to fully assess the long-term sustainability of alternative ve-
hicles’ diffusion. On the other hand, scenario analysis [19] can be combined with di_usion mo-
delling and/or simulation techniques (e.g., System Dynamics, Agent-based modelling) in order to
shed light on the causal relationships existing among the several variables that are part of a
complex system.
The model has been built and verified by means of Vensim software (Harvard, MA, USA - Venta-
na Systems, Inc—Vensim (Harvard, MA, USA). Available online: http://vensim.com/ (accessed
on 7 June 2019).
Whilst the chosen time horizon is 12 years (until 2030), the simulation time step equals one year.
In the conclusive remarks, it is crucial to also discuss some of the limitations that characterize
the
presented work, as they may represent an interesting starting point for future research. For
example, the incentive mechanism has been modelled by studying the theoretical relationship
between incentives and the new BEV market share [36], and it is assumed to be constant over
time. As projections show an upward trend in sales of electric vehicles [37], this assumption
might be reviewed in future works. Furthermore, additional research should be undertaken on
the relationship between the total amount of pollutant emissions and their related costs in order
to build the the model on more updated data and, to the extent possible, consider a wider range
of pollutants.

10. Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis—Overview, Assessment, and Selection Crite-
ria (f ok 2.4.2 Systematic-formalized scenario techniques ca tehnica)
“Scenario” is “a fuzzy concept that is used and misused, with various shades of meaning”
(Mietzner / Reger 2004, 50). In the context of futurology, however, scenarios can also represent
far more complex products which include the interactions of a plethora of variables.
A scenario is defined by many authors as :
– a description of a possible future situation (conceptual future),
– including paths of development which may lead to that future situation.
In contrast to a conceptual future, which merely represents a hypothetical future state of affairs,
a scenario describes the developments, the dynamics, and the moving forces from which a speci-
fic conceptual future results.
The methodological decision for proceeding either qualitatively or quantitatively has direct
consequences regarding the possible degree of formalization of the scenario technique to be
used. To put it provocatively and ideal- typically, quantitative approaches have recourse to ma-
thematical models, qualitative approaches on the other hand have recourse to narrative and/or
literary techniques. Participants Scenario processes also differ in the types of persons who parti-
cipate in their development or evaluation. Depending on the degree of involvement, three rough
types of participants may be distinguished:
– Scientists / consultants
– (Internal and/or external) experts or persons actively involved, stakeholders
with a personal interest
– “Those affected“: citizens, consumers, employees, etc
Quantitative trend analyses are used above all in areas like demography, economics, and tech-
nology, provided that solid collections of data which extend far enough into the past are avai-
lable (cf. Strategic Futures Team 2001, 5). A typical procedure is the collection and processing
of data, the identification of logical or systematic processes of development, and the statistical
projection of these into the future (cf. Steinmüller 2002b, 26). Such extrapolations can take place
as calculations ranging in form from processes of linear logic to complex S-curves (Gordon
1994a, 3). Such calculations have the advantage of being relatively uncomplicated and requiring
little effort; they are verifiable on the logical-intersubjective plane, and it is possible to subject
them to statistical reliability validity testing (cf. Strategic Futures Team 2001, 6)
Qualitative trend analysis (cf. Strategic Futures Team 2001, 7 f.) is employed when no quantita-
tive data are available and/or quantitative delineation of the respective trends is possible but in-
adequate. This is often the case when the development of “softer” factors such as social aspects
(standards and values) or institutional and political aspects is to be followed.

Homer JB. 2012. Partial-model testing as a validation tool for system dynamics
(1983). System Dynamics Review 28(3): 281–294.

Kosow, H.; Gaßner, R. Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis—Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria;
German Development Institute (DIE) Studies: Bonn, Germany, 2008.