3"? INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL SCIENCES & ARTS SGEM 2016 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS BOOK 4 PSYCHOLOGY & PSYCHIATRY, SOCIOLOGY & HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION VOLUME II3" INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ARTS SGEM2016 PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY, SOCIOLOGY AND HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS VOLUME IL 24 ~30 August, 2016 Albena, Bulgaria136. THE PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY MODELING AT CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME, PhD. Verginica Schroder, Assos. Prof. Dr. Georgeta Pavalache, ‘Assos, ro PAD. Gabriela Lilos, PAD. Dragos Doiescu, PAD. Sima Tomos, Ovidius University of Constanta, Romania. 1055 137. THE PROBLEMS OF CHILDRENS WHO COME FROM MONOPARENTAL FAMILIES, Prot. Dr Macous Ladusa, University 1 Decenbre 1918, Romania... . 1063 138. THE PROBLEMS OF PAIN DESCRIPTION IN PATIENTS WITH ALEXITHYMIA, Elena Gorobets, Rady Esin, Yulia Kovaleva, Denis Martyanov, Natalia Nikolaeva, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia 1069 139. THE PROJECT OF THE FAMILY THROUGH THE YOUTH'S EVES, prof Tatyana N. Kamenera, prof Viiy V. Zot, Kunk Site ‘medical University, Russi i 140, THE RECEPTION OF SELMA LAGERLOF IN LATVIA, Dr. philol. Hoa Laha, Dr. philo. Ize Kacane, Dr. philol. Oksana Kovzele, Daugavpils University, Latvia, 1083 141. THE REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES BASED ON BIOMECHANICAL REGULARITIES, Assist, Prof, Ksenya Davletyarova, Prof, Leonid Kapilevich, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russi 091 142. THE RESPONSE OF THE ROMANIAN CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM TO CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT IN MARGINALISED AND ISOLATED COMMUNITIES, Assoc. Prof. Imola Antal, Prof. Maria Roth, Dr. Gabriella Tonk, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania, 1097 143, THE ROLE OF NUTRITION SUPPORT IN THE TERMINAL STAGE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND DEMENTIA, | Sarka ovedora, Tei, Vevos, Jan Chrastie, Broisava Grypov, Zéetka Kozakovn Palacky University, Czech Republic... sensed 1OS 144, THE ROLE OF THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST IN THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE TEAM IN THE SOCIAL CARE HEALTH SYSTEM FROM DOLJ ROMANIA, Assoc. Prot., PhD, Ilinca llona, Assist. Prof. PhD Zavaleanu Mihaela, Assoc. Prof. PhD Rosulescu Eugenia, Prof. PhD Danoiu Mircea, MD Zavaleanu Stefan, University of Craiova, Romania... semeeed LL 145. THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NUMBERS OF SELECTED ‘TYPES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SLOVAKIA IN 2008 - 2014, Assoc. Prof. Michal Soltes, PhD., Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia... 9 146. THE STRATEGIES OF RENEWAL OF SOCIETY IN RURAL ‘TERRITORIES IN LATVIA, Assist. prof. Dina Bite, Assist.prof. Zena Krvzmet, Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia senna 13H— SS Cotes STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ES ON THE BASIS OF SYNTHETIC INDICATORS, PhD Anna ND Anna Kijewska, Silesian University of Technology, Poland 139 TURKISH COMMUNITY OF ROMANIA BETWEEN 8ATION AND PRESERVATION OF THEIR IDENTITY VALUES, leu, Stefan cel Mate University of Suceava, Romat ie 147 WALNUT - A POTENTIAL SOCIAL BROADLEAVED TREE IN ROMANIA, PhD. Stud, Pascota Corina, Lecturer Ph.D. Tenche- ineseu Alina-Maria, Assoc. Prof.Dr. Dragoslav Vlad Mircov, Prof. Dr. lorian Borlea, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary : 2 1155 JUMONIAS THERAPEUTICAL EFFICIENCY IN THE NOSOCOMIAL IAL PNEUMONIA, PhD. Sirma Tomos, PhD. Dragos Doicescu, PhD. gariti, PhD. Verginica Schroder, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Georgeta Pavalache, teesy of Conti, Romania... ° sel 161 BAN-RURAL INEQUALITIES REGARDING THE ACCESS OF TO EDUCATION IN ROMANIA, Dr. Maria-Magdalena Lupe! asileu, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania dova, phD Sergey Vinogradov, Saint-Petersburg National Research University ation Technologies - Mechanics and Optics, Russia. se 89 OLUNTEERING AS A NEW SOCIAL PHENOMENON AMONG Assoc. Prof. Liudmila Russkikh, South Ural State University, ! sel 197 s5. VOLUNTEERING SPECIFICS IN CENTRAL URAL REGION, Ass. prof. Reinaya, Ural Federal University named after the frst President of Russa " 1203 NERABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF THE URBAN DRINKING [KR SYSTEM IN THE CITY OF BACAU, ROMANIA, PhD Alexandru » Assoc. prof. Iuliana Breaban, PhD Candidate Tulia a Taya, Phd Alina mean, Alexandru Yoon Cuza University, Romani... 1209Section Sociology and Healtheare VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF THE URBAN DRINKING WATER SYSTEM IN THE CITY OF BACAU, ROMANIA Lecturer dr. Alexandru Banica! Assoc, Prof. Dr, Iuliana Gabriela Breabin! Phd Candidate Iulia Carmen Terryn? Researcher dr. Alina Munteanu! * Alexandru Joan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Vasile Alecsandti University of Bacdu, Romania ABSTRACT Vulnerabilities of urban water infrastructure and services affect environmental performance and life quality (including health). This study is part of a comprehensive framework aiming to implement practices that respond simultaneously to the basic needs of prevention, mitigation and the long-term adapting process to the risks posed by natural hazards and the socio-economic change in order to attain sustainable urban development. Starting from the hypothesis that there are different rhythms between the social economic dynamics of the city and its capacity to adapt and innovate public infrastructure utilities, the present paper analyses the relation between the types of piping materials and the drinking water quality related to its importance for the city’s population, In February 2015, 35 drinking water samples were collected from different consumption points and tested in order to determine the content of soluble forms of heavy metals and other elements using ICP-MS equipment. The results were processed using basic. statistical analysis in order to establish correlations among analyzed ‘variables. Secondly, GIS was used in order to visualize and highlight the spatial relation between water quality, the type of pipes and the number of users. The study concludes that, in our specific case study, the material of the pipes has a limited influence on the quality of the drinking water, while water supply pipes inside the residential buildings ‘may be responsible, to a higher extent, of the values exceeding the maximum allowed limits, which finally affects vulnerable population, Keywords: drinking water, quality, infrastructure, vulnerability, city of Bact. INTRODUCTION ‘The present study investigates the development of a resilient water infrastructure in Baciu city (Romania) as a challenge for the urban decision-makers, planners and engineers. They all have to assess the existing flaws and the failures of the equipment, while taking into account the demand for providing drinking water and reducing the disruption for water services due to damage susceptibility that can affeet people's health ang life quality. This interdependency may also contribute to rendering the networks in ‘question more vulnerable to spreading and multiplying dysfunctionalities, at times blurring the lines between cause and effect, which may lead to discrediting the actions that have been planned out in response. Some of the vulnerabilities faced nowadays are linked to changes in the population structure, consumption tendencies and urban functions, the fast expanding rate of the 12093 Intemational Multdiseipinary Scien Conference on Soci Scienoes & Arts SGEM 204 periurban area, sometimes even in risk-prone areas that put pressure on urbai infrastructure [1]. The resilience can be expressed not only by pressures that influeng state variables (population with access to water, quality of access, number of peop connection, supply costs etc), but mostly by features related tothe capacity tore by absorbing the perturbations (unused cape redundancy) and by adapting technical, financial and governance capacities (2). accomplishing these objectives, certain vulnerabilities of urban water systems be faced: water losses, water-waste, quality issues, high energy cons ‘occurrence of disasters (Table 1). i ‘Table 1 Vulnerabilities and resilient practices in drinking water sector [3] (After Mutchek and Williams, 2014, modified) Vass Teal; umtered consunpiion (wheter legal or Mga) and eter inezuracies ‘over-se, consuming mare wale than is needed ‘Quality issues™ [pipe corasion, Won, dsinecant, contamlvant ‘inrason from pressure differential an pipe work “Energy | High eensumplon for pumping ding water and Yor censimption | inervendon in ease of damige. Leaky pipes lee pressure and require ore enigy Tata and damages by Hoods, Gongs, earunkes, acrdeats, | water resin Ta ese. ‘human induced | terrorism. The breakdown - accented by earoive | canbe beller managed dissters | cements in water or sowing the pipe, high water | insted and sa reste, vibration, presureransionts or taf lads. | manager is implemented Hazards may be a threat for the quality of both untreated (4] and treated drinking at all stages of the supply process (catchment, treatment, distribution and cons network), the presence of heavy metals in high concentrations being of special [5]. It is demonstrated in studies applied to cities from European Union ( Krakow, Bucharest or Timisoara), that subtle reactions between drinking wi materials used in water transport and distribution can cause alterations that final quality delivered to consumers [6], [7], [8]. In distribution and consumer networks, heavy metals presence in drinking’ wa when pressure is low, particularly inducing microbiological hazards; d) the pres ‘metals, but also leaching of metals from plumbing materials caused by lack of control, poor plumbing or poor manufacturing (5) As water passes through the distribution system, the quality of the water can 7 eto chemical or biological reactions taking place within the pipes. Asbestos 20%), wih or without silica, canbe damaged ss ates of the action bacteria or sulphate in the drinking water. The bacteria aggregate on the wall 1210Section Sociology and Healthes loss and finally to cracks, failure of the pipes and release of asbestos fibers into the drinking water [9], [10]. Metal pipes can suffer a process of corrosion that releases ‘metals into the water. Copper, iton and zinc in the drinking water increases during transportation, especially during increased ovemight storage [11]. In addition, galvanized iron (GI) pipes can release significant amounts of lead into standing water, as the zinc coating contains about 1% lead impurities and represents @ matter of public health concern {12}, [13] In the city of Bactu, the potable water distribution infrastructure is represented by a circular network having a total length of 262.5 km, with diameters ranging from 100 to {600 mm. Before 1960, only 30.5 km of the distribution network was installed (11.6%), Most of the pipes were put into place between 1960 and 1980 (52%), when the city experienced an industrial boom, After 1980, the network was extended with 93.3 kim, ‘The pipe materials within the network ate represented by cast iron (141.9 km), steel (76.1 km), concrete (15 km) or asbestos cement (29.5 km) [14], while most of the recently installed distribution and branching pipes are made from high density polyethylene (PEHD). EXPERIMENTAL METHOD. In order to determine de chemical composition of the potable water, 35 random tap water samples were collected from different consumption points of the drinking water distribution system in the city of Bacau, Romania. The drinking water samples were collected on 23-24 February 2015 in HDPE bottles prewashed with diluted detergent ‘and then with HINO; doubly deionized distilled water. The samples were obtained directly fom the tap after allowing the water to run for a few minutes in order to stabilise the variation in EC and Temperature. Then, the samples were acidified with 10% FINO3, filtered through a 0.45 um microspore membrane filter and were Kept at 4°C for as short time before analysis. All reagents were of analytical grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Determination of the elements in all samples was carried out by ICP-MS (Agilent 7700x), while three replicates of each sample were analysed. Blank assays were carried out. ‘The extemal calibration technique was applied for the quantitative analysis of the samples, using ICP multi element standard solution Merck IV CertiPur. ‘The calibration curves were built on 10 different concentrations (0,001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.026, 0.05, 0.1, 0.26, 0.5, 1.5, 5 ugimL) so that concentrations of all analyses in the samples were within linear range of calibration curves. Measurements ‘were carried out using the full quantitative analysis mode, Then pH and electric conductivity were determined by using Multi 350V/SET WTW multiparameter instrument and Titroline 700 (SI Analytics) ‘The results were correlated with data from the Regional Water Company Bacau (piping ‘materials, diameters, water losses and breakdowns in 2014) and Directorate for Persons Record and Databases Management Baciu (population, age structure at street level, 2010). The relation between the nature of the pipes, the quality of drinking, water and the population exposed t0 potential risk is finally assessed by processing data using basic statistical analysis (made with XLStat2014) and GIS (ArcGIS 10). mn3Intemational Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences & Arts SGEM 2016 Teter Neer esptiary Scenic Conference on Social Sciences & Ate SEMA 2016 9] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ‘The water network in Bac was designed to always achieve the minimum water qualiff) targets, if ever the operating conditions will lead to process disruption inducing quali problems (e.g. disruptive supply duc to pipes breakdowns generated by piping mate and their life span). Nevertheless, the collected samples, generally, do not have vales ‘exceeding the maximum allowed concentration (Table 2). | ‘Table 2 Descriptive statistical parameters for the 35 analyzed samples ‘Conde ou me a w a san A et a ty | ite | toy [te | y_| ng ie zoi| a [ s33[ 222[ mom | amr] ose | 106 | 007 | ao | 010 a| au ar6[aae| ase | aanes | ress aca | 058 | 100 | aco | so as| ns [os2[rooes6 | ais7| wus! sno! 014 | or] ssi sa | am { oss|osa{ inset [avmear| s4s0 | 1227 | 017 | 022 | 226 us| eo! owl o2| ses] s091{ s4o| 10 | a0 | 020 | 1035 2 sl 1 sa olofolol| o o tolfotoloto © o © © ° om Be o fp Ne ca fs a » 7 A if sugic | dy | ite ig vie [ay | nt [ ap iniwwn | 095 | 1156| 038] 022] sores | ses asi | ooo | ooo ova] | afetmam | ssusz | v4sss | ors | sono7 | sri | ssmnensy sau { oor) om | oar am | 3035 530 | 934 | 1755] sonoas | somos «sis | 00) 000 | 005 |i Mewn zar6| e570] moses | essa | soos | ws! oo | aor | on [oa som xo | arse | ames | sets: | soor| v12ee | 00 | ooo | ous | on auc. 1 soon 10, or comimes|_1 | ¢ |) | a | ¢ 2 [oto tololota Non comptes |__ cy 240 us 0 ° ‘ *Standard deviation, *"Miaximum admissible concentration (according to Law 48872002 reviewed and ‘completed by Law 182/2011, STAS 6674. 77 (for Mg), STAS 3662-62 (or Ca). ‘The pH for all samples is practically neutral with insignificant differences between day and night. The maximum values for most of the indicators are much lower than de MAC (conductivity, Mg, AL, Zn, Ni, Pb, Ca) or just below it (Mn). There are three exceptions of concentrations that surpass the maximum allowed values: Ca, Fe and Cu. Calcium presence in the water might be related to the presence of asbestos cement pipes due to ‘mobilisation of calcium from the pipes, bu it is usually due to the general parameters of drinking water quality at source. 112Sociology and Healtheare In case of the other two chemi 1 elements, the non-compliances may appear as a consequence of isolate incidents (one outlier exceeding 2.66 times the MAC in case of Fe), oF due to more common corrosion processes that are visible in ease of five samples, especially during the night. Fe and Cu exceeding values are both related to exterior and interior piping materials (ast iron on Miorifei and Alecu Russo streets, steel on Republicii and Bicaz streets) ‘while most of the reported disruptions of Regional Water Company from Baciu County indicated a relation to old steel pipes breakdowns. Moreover, in order to differentiate ‘the consumption points in relation to the non-compliances, a relative drinking water ‘quality index (RDWQ) was created for the city of Baciu (Fig. 1). There were also taken into account all values that represented 275% of the maximum admissible limit (information threshold) for both daytime and night-time samples. The consump points were then hierarchized by using the sum of ranks and divided in 5 classes (from 0—best to 4— worse quality). Figure 1 The location of samples and the relative drinking water quality index (RDWQ) ‘Afier identifying vulnerable points within the system, one can make an assessment of the relation between the interest parameters, pipes (materials, diameter, breakdowns and losses), population densities for each sector of streets and the presence of vulnerable age ‘groups (children under 14 and elders over 70). The 19 samples that approach or exceeded MAC have also superior average values for most of the other analysed indicators (Na, Mg, K, Mn, Ni, Sr, but not for Pb and Ca) when compared to the other samples. The density of population is also higher, but the percentage of vulnerable individuals is lower. No vulnerable points are on the new networks (new pipes), although most of the buildings were made before 1980 and there was registered a lack 1213,iplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences & Arts SGEM 2016, of maintenance of the internal distribution materials. Most of the breakdowns and loss are related (0 old steel pipes. id ‘Table 3 Selected samples indicating vulnerabilities induced by water infrastructure (1 daytime, n- night-time, O1~ steel, Fng ~ cast iron, Azb— asbestos cement, HDPE -hig density polyethylene) ‘iret SAC [>15%* | RDW ] Fring] a 4 mac | °Q) | meray - te i O(a) | Bdacabie|a} Go| [3 | OL |e | [Asia 3] Gar Gam | 2] Lise] | a ‘lees Giosster [7] Ga [> | 1 ame 33 F_[ Aes Visa T] = eae | foci fs 2B | Aiea Visa [2] Cat > oni] T_ [7 Bicone Tea | exeay | 3] ona | ae F_ | Cake Baraaar [0] Cay f= as] 7 Cape] 2] Ga a a 1 [et ias Paes aT inean ir Deeetsl [3] ~ | Gey | 1p Oram [3] | ae | a tar [3 caw | > [3] Fanao0| 120] 0a a Cato) a 16 | Maries 0 Gu), |—2 | Fay] 3] 080} aaa aa) 200 w Worse [6 | cxay ca [ca a) | 4 POLmDeE | 9 saree | aon ra 10/110 |W iateors 2 Gf Tob) sa ase 3 [ Rane S| catay [oct] 2] sara _| Repabtl —} 2] Foca a [ocr aar [Saint |S] ea fcr] aaa 36 | Sen cet are [3 | Caray 2_[ root [ eas | anes | 1214Section Sociology and Healtheare ‘Table 4 Correlation matrix (Pearson) including the relevant indicators forthe selected samples agsgecvonraee ‘= Diameter, BD Breakdowns L (Losses (02, FD = Pop. deasT100m, VAP (a) - Wal op. % As indicated in the Table 4, the correlation coefficient measuring the strength and direction of a linear relationship between every two variables indicates a positive correlation between vulnerable population and the presence of aluminium and calcium in drinking water. The intake of Ca present in high concentration and Al concentrations are often affecting vulnerable population (r-0.594 and 0.530), while Min could be a possible future issue in water quality for Bacau as its (Significant) occurrence is also linked to high density areas (0.428). An expected strong positive correlation is established between the occurrence of breakdowns and the percentage of water losses (€-0.683), bu itis linked to the negative correlation between the diameter of pipes and ‘water losses (r=-0.618): the narrow and thin pipes are the most susceptible to damages, CONCLUSIONS In the city of Bact water infrastructure needs readjustments in order to better confront perturbations and long-term stress, while adapting to changing social, economic and environmental conditions. Replacing old leaking corroded pipes is a necessity from this point of view in order to avoid water and energy loss and a growing number of disruptions in time, Asbestos cement pipes are already about to be replaced, but old steel and cast iron pipes are presently the cause of most of the failures and they influence the water quality ‘The present study cannot demonstrate a decisive impact of piping materials on the ‘quality ofthe potable water, but one should take info consideration the concentrations of Mn that are just below the limit, and the excess of Cu or Fe. It is certain that households’ internal distribution pipes have also a considerable effect on tap water quality (especially for the higher floors), a problem that will also be addressed at individual building level. In this first stage of the study, the analysis ofthe 35 randomly selected samples of tap water is useful for screening and operational purposes. A better and continuous monitoring of each of the vulnerability factors taken into account by this study (and of our future ones) can be a good premise for good aciministrative decision nisIntemational Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Soiences & Arts SGEM 2016 ‘making, for smart innovation and water infrastructure resilience and to avoid contributing to all the other factors that endanger the population's health. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The infrastructure for this work was provided through the POSCCE-O 2.2.1, SMIS- CSNR 13984-901, No. 257/28.09.2010 Project, CERNESIM (LA). REFERENCES [1] Mikovits C, Rauch W., Kleidorfera M., Dynamics in urban development, population growth and their influences on urban water infrastructure, 12th International Conference on Computing and Control for the Water Industry, CCWI2013, Procedia Engineering 70. 1147-1156, 2014. [2] Milman A., Short A., Incorporating Resilience into Sustainability Indicators: An Example for the Urban Water Sector.” Global Environmental Change, 18(4). 758-767, 2008, [3] Mutchek M., Williams E., Moving Towards Sustainable and Resilient Smart Water Grids, Challenges, §, 123-137; doi:10.3390/challeS010123, 2014. [4] Troja R,, Prifti D., Sini K., Drinking water in Albania, Sensorial, chemical and ‘mierobiological evaluation, Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 9, No 3, pp 550-556, 2008. [5] Breach B., How water safety plans can help to adress risks from metals in drinking water, COST Action 637-Meteau. 4th Intemational Conférence Proceedings, Kristianstad, Sweden, 2010. [6] Vasile M. G., Dinu C., Chiru E., Monitoring of metal concentrations in tap waters in Bucharest supply system, 3rd Intemational Conference COST ACTION 637 “Metals and related substances in drinking water” Ioannina, Greece, 50, 2009. [7] Postawa A., Kmiecik E., Wator K., Metals and related substances in drinking water - from source 10 the tap. Krakow tap survey 2010, COST Action 637-Meteau: 4th International Conference Proceedings 2010, Kristianstad, Sweden, 2010. [8] Vasile G., Cruceru L., Dinu C., Chiu E., Gheorghe D., Ciupe A., Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Three Municipalities of Romania: ‘The Influence of Municipal and Customer's Distribution Systems Conceming Trace Metals, in Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment, Dr. Voudouris (Ed.), InTech Publishing House, http:/vww.intechopen.com, 2012. [9] Wang D., Cullimore R.D.: Bacterial challenges to asbestos cement water distribution pipelines. Journal of Environmental Science 22, pp 1203-1208, 2010. [10] Wang D., Cullimore R.D., Hu ¥., Chowdhury R., Biodeterioration of asbestos cement (AC) pipe in drinking water distribution systems. International Biodeterioration Biodegradation, 65, pp 810-817, 2011, 1216Section Sociology and Healthcare [11] Alam LA., Sadiq M., Metal contamination of drinking water from corrosion of distribution pipes Original Research Article in Environmental Pollution, 57, vol. 2, pp 167-178, 1989. [12] ***American Water Works Association (AWWA): Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems, second ed., American Water Works Association, Denver, (1996), InMR. LASHEEN ET AL. / Joumal of Hazardous Materials 160, pp 675-680, 2008, [13] Lasheena M.R., Sharaby C.M., ELKholy N.G, Elsherif LY., El-Wakee! 8.7., Factors influencing lead and iron release from some Egyptian drinking water pipes. Joumal of Hazardous Materials 160, pp 675-680, 2008. 117