Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Title
Analysis in Outline of Mam, A Mayan Language
Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6kx3z4kb
Author
Canger, Una
Publication Date
1969
By
DISSERTATION
DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY
a
in
Linguistics
in the
GRADUATE DIVISION
of the
Approved:
Committee in Charge
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
TABLE OP CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION------------- •----- 1
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-y*a /content chains :
characterized by style/'-— ”—— — 50
------------------------------------- 54
* #1 1 ------- 54
W o r d s ------------------------------- 5^
#n 8 -------------------------------- •----- 63
n 8 ---------------------------------- 63
v8 /nexias, pseudonexias/------- 63
✓
Constructions with Directionals --------------- 72
•to be* and Personal Pronouns----------------- 77
------------------- — 80
n9 /nexus/-------------------------- 80
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Conjunctions — ------------ 88
10 /characteristics/, /themes/ — -— — 99
» S l --------------------------------------- 102
01 . 10^
#s 2 --------------------------------------- 105
~ 1^2
-
------------------------------------------- lZf2
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
c5 te (preposition)---------- 1^2
a6 /nouns/ ----------------------------1^3
1^6
tl /syllables/ • 1*1-6
r i ------------ “1*1-7
* t 2 -------- l*i-7
t2 /themes/, /characteristics/--------1*1-7
t3 /Parts of Syllables/---------------i6l
r 2 ------------------------------------161
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Phonetic S t r e s s ---- -— - 183
Free Analysis — <— -— 183
/Marginals/--------------- 18^
/•>/-- ;--------- 18k
Syncretisms — — •— ---- 18^
Manifestation--------- 186
/Centro-marginals/-------- 196
Commutation---------------- 196
Syncretisms---------------- 197
£ - k ---------------------- 197
Reductions — — -- 203
Manifestation------------ 20^
Free Analysis-------------- 20^
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
•Adjective' — -— — — -— — - 228
•Infinitive * — ------ 231
*Instrumental, locative* — 232
•Measure* -------- *-------- 233
•"ness" • -------- 23*
•Attenuation*------------ 236
•Indifferent* ----------236
s ------- 236
2*1
-glll.l---------------------- 2^2
/Modulations/ „-------------- 2^2
/Voice/------------------------- 2U-3
/Tense/------- 2^5
/ M o o d / -------------------------- 276
t e ------------------------------ 277
/Article/-----------------— -----277
/ C a s e / -------------------------- 277
/Interlocutor/------------- 27?
/Exclusion/--------------------- 278
/Radicals/---------------------- 279
/Derivatives/------------------- 279
APPENDIX-------------------------------------------- 289
BIBLIOGRAPHY---------------------------------------- 290
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
vii
PREFACE
Chiapas in Mexico. ,
and Dorothy Peck (Sywulka 19^8 and 1966 and Peck 1951).
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
viii
)
connection with the first analysis of the texts, and in this .
ness .
acknowledge my gratefulness,
guages.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
ix
of description.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1
INTRODUCTION
plane of expression
plane of content
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
The sentence content might possibly be analyzed into a pre-
stems.
termination.
and both the clause expression and the clause content of the
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
J
son why the two planes are analyzed separately. When the
two signs are transposed, "he left the garden when he saw
sponds one and the same sign content, and to one sign con
tent there always corresponds one and the same sign expres
The sign expression asm is aiways connected with the sign con
and sign contents of minimal signs are not the ultimate com
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
- the other elements of content. The connection takes place
both planes.
ample, are not actual sounds or letters, and they are de
ces, but at the same time they— and the form in general—
form.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
form, the expression form, and the expression substance are
content substance
content form
expression form
iexpression substance
content:
tree
tra $£ee?
skov ck*?ul
forest
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
6
and sii? refer only to wood used for burning; and skov and
Mam.
is used for the open fire on the floor on and around which
open fire places and tile wood stoves that are not neces
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
7
most common tree is the "beech tree, and that all woods grow
mountains.
sea, river, brook. and ocean exist and occupy the same po
who live by the ocean and are constantly aware of its ex
istence.
form, the symbol only indicates that the element can be ex
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
planes of expression or individual sign expressions on the
pression plane found for Mam and the content plane found for
tions found within the content form and the expression form
expression substance
* ___________
4r manifestation J- usage
t
expression form
sign expressions
- denotation usage
1
sign contents
content form
manifestation j usage
content substance
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
9
•maternal uncle* occur or not (in Danish there are sign con
the sign expression asm forms a sign with the sign content
stages.
horse*. The two sentences "min ti? tu’mal wu^yen" and "er
the last two. The difference between the first two sen
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
connotator, and it is said to be interdependent with the
expression plane
A
<--- :
------> Mam
V
content plane
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
11
connotation
(plane of expression)
content •
(plane of content)
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
12
all semiotics.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
13
Latin.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3A
intonation:
is a variable.
/ \
variable constant
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
15
fic terms for the three relations and the three correlations:
called reciprocities.
lable, "bran", but each one of them can also occur alone,
fically combination:
h ---------- r
variable variable
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
16
8comparative8:
variable constant8
category of category of
consonants vowels
variable constant
category of category of
consonants vowels
constant constant
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1?
divides it into two parts, namely the content line and the
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
18
♦gg
op 2
op 3
etc.
op 2
op 3
etc.
conditioned.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
here commutation has a precise definition. However,,in this
fer to speak in more general terms about the ideas and me
lation between, for example the content units 'hat' and 'cat*
expression content
»_«
i_»
»_ t
»_«
. 'hat*
: •cat*.
*— *
»
•_«
from one plane with another element from the same plane and
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
20
variants.
differs from the one in "cut", but nowhere does the exchange
' •
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
21
invariants k a t
... .t .a ak at .
tk jss
varieties k k t
. .. ,t ,t ,t ,a ,a ,a kk k .
variations k- k0 k k- k0 k a, a_ a etc.
l ^ n i c n i c n
varieties k®,8el k®'3^ etc.
85 35 k
k is the variety of k that appears before a (k_ <-- =► a_);
^ ak,kl).
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Since this division into variants and variants* vari
such and in the further analysis they are kept apart and de
national languages.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
23
cretism:
^-overlapping
syncretism
p/b
SP A
overlapping.
'singular/plural'
I
'second person*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2b
Snap4? •marimba*
0*>lom •board*
aq’untl •work*
q’otx • c o m drink*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
25
look as follows:
is not a syncrttism,
soluble.
The example from Mam shows also a slightly different
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
26
fluenced by manifestation.
overlapping.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 27
/ „ \
variable constant
example, ^ar vuw howm (and he is not home) or ^vuw ?ASt tray
/yuw 5Ast tray 3ast w-An mor taym by replacing this whole ex
pression clause with Aruw n-ASt tray Sat wah mor taym ^ ■
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 28
sion is zero, ^yuw 5 Ast tray Sat w^n mor taym and ^vuw *ASt
sion, so if I replace ^vuw ?ASt tray Sat wati mor taym with
tution.
and ^GIII. *GI has only one operation in which the text or
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
29
line.
*GII, the two lines, the content line and the expression
sult,
content line
op 1
op 2
--- I j— c<?
op 3
^ _4\
etc.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
30
expression line
op 1
op 2
op 3
etc.
categories.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
31
categories into elements I find that only {:g} and {SB} are
virtual.
{;g} ;; a, o, e, etc.
{;B} ;; p, t, k, etc.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Or}
<?r>
lyzed.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
33
and wide in the context means hoth narrow and wide at the
the noun width derived from wide, but different from hoth
□
It can further he divided into two mutually exclusive
fields,
narrow
wide
narrow wide
narrow narrow
0 /
wide wide
/
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3*
narrow can cover the bottom field, narrow.is never used for
wide.
In the example with narrow and wide, the area was di
vided into two fields and there were two participants in the
narrow wide
narrow narrow /
/I
neutral neutral
/
wide wide
/
Neither do the names given the fields have to correspond as
a, b, and c,
narrow wide
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
35
similar to the one found between narrow and wide, one can
say *how big is it?” quite analogously with "how wide is the
board?" Big extends over the whole area, but size also cov
small big
a
X a
X a
c
X c X c
b
X b
X b
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
36
extensive terms,
ants ; :f, for example, can have the following first degree
field.
and vice versa (:y insists upon a and h versus jP which in
something which is neither the one term nor the other (:g in
:g nor :B).
rations:
\
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
37
whereas Sa and :A cannot occur with a beta (if there are on
•' 2
Set •A
Sa •A :p
*2
59 S3 :y
*
59 :B sr
59 SB :y •r
59 SB 5y :r
*2
59 SB sr :r
*2
59 SB Sy sr :r
r 2
Sa •A 59 SB 5y
Sa :A S3 *B sr
Sa •A 53 SB 5y sr
Sa SA 53 SB 5y T
*2
Sa •A 53 SB 5y sr sr
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
The configuration of the category of width was: nar
row :a, wide :A, and of that of size; small :g, big :B,
size -:r.
The two examples I have illustrated free analysis with
I see
> ‘first/second*
you see )
he sees
you were
\ ‘first/third'
he was J
I we am are
he they is are
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
39
I me *
he him
tensive ,
'second' :0
•first' SB
•third* *y
tensive.
line and the expression line does not lead to the regis
tives, etc. The elements that result from the two analy
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
4-0
language as follows,
{:3} a, o, e, etc.
£ b} p, t, k, etc.
{:y} (virtual)
&r} (virtual)
{•3} a, o, e, etc.
{•B} x, s, 1, etc.
{:Y} P, t, k, etc.
{:T} (virtual)
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
specific operations are then given •operative or analytic
lexias.
tion and lexeme theme which is the lexeme without the into-
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
hz
plicity." (Res Pr 1)
from the first, provide the general guide lines for the in
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
with the principles contained in the theory. This may he
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
*GI: ANALYSIS OF THE PRE-SYNTAGMATIC
registration is confirmed.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I shall explain the individual symbols and their com
ponents when they are used for the first time, and when
pre-lines,
£ y}
\
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
lf-6
Or}
stricted number."
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
cannot "be determined on the basis "of form which of the fol
either :a
or :a
The symbols :a' and :A# are used rather than :a and
expression.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
i*8
pre-line.
of analysis in ^GIII.
' ' .
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
*n2, *n2, etc. in #GIII. The operations in lexematics are
» G n i.
It can he specified whether the content section or
divided into An #al. *n^§2, »n*a3, etc. and g.sl can be sub
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
50
formed.
*iyi
• &
w_^a *2y o :: ?y°*1 = /content chains characterized
a=== by style/
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
51
•' N
?X:0 =, var.?y ^ x P creative style
• N
?X:B = var.?y.coxr normal style
This reads:
#
the content pre-line, ?y e> , is analyzed,
ing from free analysis, 50' 5B* 5y*. The three elements
in archaizing style/.
cate that these names are simple practical labels that may
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
52
three chains,
pre-line:
pre-elements of
of v j : 71:3* ?A:B# ?X:y#
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
53
0 y>
(*r>
"c" and
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
5*
i
♦5-1
fg^x+l :: {:&}
{:3} :: n?ll
O yI
{:D
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
er Op-series that would only lead to registration of enti
and part to greet each other with some standard phrases that
well.
?g°^x+2 :: {:p}
$B> :: ,?11
M
m
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
56
ings/.
water* that is analyzed into two words; nim a?, and the
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
57
render the syncretisms i/0. e/0, a/0. o/0. m /0, and *>/0
tion.
specifically anywhere.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
58
c^axon
•
-£cxon3* ( -{[c^/^a/^xon]» ) (]cxon[)
The glottal stop moves towards the accented vowel. The glot
tal stop that is signal for words behaves in the same way.
the directional precedes the main verb, and both have per
tional verb follows the main verb and all personal formants
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
are prefixed to the main verb, cT-t-on-e xa»w i?v Si-y te
•put it up!*
yo^p'e xa»w
yo^p'e we
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
60
forms are: •
po ’arrive there*
0a*x, 0 'come*
si*?, s ’go*
• • “
a*x ’return'
i?y 'pass'
p ’ax ’complete*
manifestations are:
kup* + si*?
•
lku?s[ •go down there'
xa*w + si?
•
]xas[ •go up there'
xa*w + 0a*x ]xa0[ •go up here'
ok + si?
•
]oks[ •go in there*
e*l + si?
•
]es[ •go out there*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
61
fested,
i«..n
01X13 *r S
•
i* j 0jX13s £ yuxx j. o uclu u «
»o
1— 1
i_ i
M>
At
e*C3 + kup* *measure it: *
<D
<1)
q*o + kup* + si*
•
3q’ok3s[ *put it down therej*
tion of /words/.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
62
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
63
*£§
n8 gives no yield.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
6k
INFORMAL OUTLINE
ture, active*.
cin-c’ax-o-ol
•
-£cincxool3-
•
*1 shall wash'
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
65
will follow.
set I set II
ways used, qu? and ci? appear before vowels and <ju and ci
before consonants.
set I set II
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
66
with a vowel.
to indicate possession,
•second person*,
cally 'exclusive*,
verbs, class I and class II. All the verbs of class I are
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
67
simply call them class I verbs because there are also verbs
plus n,
class I :
ma ci-sas-p^a-tf
• •
*they became thin*
ok ci-sas-p?a-seel
• • •
'they will become thin*
Class IIs
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
68
and 'non-future*:
ma ci-c’ax-o-on
•
-£cicxon3»
•
*they washed (it)*
ok ci-c^ax-o-ol
•
-Tcicxooll*
•
'they will wash (it)'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
69
ted for almost all verbs of class II. But the completive
xun 9one, a*
xaa-’ ’house*
p^a^n • ’good, well*
w-aaq’un *my work*
the object, and the one closest to the verb referring to the
subject.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
"be prefixed, namely that of the subject,
nite*:
ok ci-c*?ax-o-eet-el -£c:5.cxe‘
te3.3’ 'they will be washed*
• •
Incompletive:
Neutral:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
When the infinitive, i.e. the form found after the
verb *begin' and after 'go (to do)', dees not have an ob
by having no vowel,
ok ci-c?ax-o-ol
•
-£cicxool]-
•
'they will wash*
si? 'to go* with which the personal formants merge in the
non-future,
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
72
class I'
non—futur s 0*e*y-pf
future 0*e*y-al
infinitive 0*e?y-el
the simple verb forms that I have so far presented are con
first.
Constructions with directionals can be either transi-
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
73
complements and the "form of the main verb. The main verb
the other, t 'he', more closely connected with the main verb.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
7^
transitive.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
75
dynamic.
Indicative:
Iterative:
Verbs of senses:
Positionals:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
76
of a verb *to be*. The two forms occurring here are pen *1
cifically. The other four are sin 'grown man*, sux 'grown
Cf-c^ax-a?
•
xaaw 0aax ]cxa?we0[
•
*go wash it now! *
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
77
1, nti^n(e) *1 am*
ta4? 'he is*
(i)to4? 'we are*
(i)te^ 'they are *
This verb is used only about being in some place. naqc nti?n
forms ten and tem-el (future) with the same meaning and the
to 'person*,
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
78
lu aen
* 0in cin-c?ax-o-on-a?
• 'here I am, -I am washing'
]cincxo?n8[
ly as separate clauses,
came*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
79
na^yen *I *
xaa '-he, she, It'
xoo*? 'we'
xee4? 'they'
ma ci-c^ax-o-on
•
-FcicxonT-£ee
•
sux
•
'they washed*
£-o?ii £ee •
sin
•
'their names
^ •
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
80
^GIII (continued)
**2
22 ^ 8 :: ?g & 9 = /nexus/
?g ^ 9 :: {:& :i n?ll
v\
nuqexa •wq.*aq *ti*?xxa•*> •a fire just broke out
in the house*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
81
tival category {:0} and in both of the two last examples the
ed to free analysis.
applied, "In each of the Opp *011^ ff.; *01111 ff., etc. un
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
82
emes «
u
CO
c*
:: ?y /nexus/,
>-
£ 9 =
?Y ^ 9 :: OS} :: n?ll
{:B> n?ll
HY>
{•r} n?ll
ted /nexus/,
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
83
p^ax •complete*
xaa-? •house*
esv?3 •yesterday
Ice'ty-el •to see*
ing, however, that the sign expressions and the sign con
tents are not the objects of the analysis, I use ideal
The nexias,
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
84
p?isen 'then
0un •then
0qiix •dry'
q-waa •our tortillas'
ox 'whenever*
iq?i-l -£q?ill- *to bring something'
cik-o-ol
•
-£ckool}- 'to fry*
t-ux 'in it'
xun 'one, a'
uk?il 'cooking pot*
The nexia
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
85
ple 2. and ox Cun 'then when* from the selecting nexus of ex
with the complex units means in this case that there must be
lyzed:
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
86
emes.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
87
would "be analyzed into ma ci? n-man and iq?i-l -{iQ’i.].}" a*>.
be brought9,
extense morphemes".
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
88
xya^-sm (tex)
— —
s-0-uul-Qf
•
'it was early when he
3suul£ sin came (today)'
hut;
s-0-uul-Gf
•
]suul[ sin
•
xya’-s • 'he came early (today)'
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
89
kaap^a •two*
maaya •May*
t-axi-aal 'date*
cil ka q?iix *at noon*
waa^-1 ’to eat something'
xya*-s 'early*
lu *here *
w-an *my skirt*
t-ux. ni^ soox pf-ok-pf si^-a* 'it was to some hay that
}okse[ t-aq^-o-^n a little hoy set fire*
xun ni? k^waal q^aq?
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
maaxa -£maaa3* xcis ma ’it was all the way there
CM£im-fif-a? -£Sma?}* sin that he died*
hut:
entera ma ci-Sim-gf •everyh ody died’
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
91
xte? s-^ax-Q'
i
t-ia^-i-^n-a 'how many did you take?'
]tii*na[
sxaaw 'month'
p?ax 'complete, die*
tive.
ma 'whether*, 'or':
ma 0un xaas-a?
a ma
11 0un min-a? 'be it true or not*
3mi^ne[
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
92
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
93
22.
si?
•
t-ao^-a-^n tu?n n-si4
•
? 9he told me to go to
kox-o-ol -[kxool]- work in the field9
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
9^
xu*?-s •equal'
-s •still
5i •say*
pa *"question"'
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
95
ma cis• c*ax-o-ol
•
-£cxool}-
•
•I went to wash and to
p?is 0iya^y-al carry water'
at oosa
• t-q*ap? kaap’a
* te 'it has three hands, two
t-wi^ p?is xun te t-aen at the front and one as
a leg
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
96
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
97
situations,
tisan *like'
ma^ysan 'already'
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
98
min ti*> tu^mel sin xaa? 'he does not know' where
t-kup*-pf-a? -[tkp^a?]- sin he is*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
99
?Y 10 :: {:g} :: n?ll
{:B} :: n?ll
SyI
{•r>
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
100
mood.
la phrase nominale".
type of utterances,
qaat 'belch*
qaw *mew*
qaat-en *belch!*
qaw-en *mew!'
that Enters into Line and Ranh with nexus." (Res Df ^39)
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
101
such in *g.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
102
Lexematic's
si ?£ £ 10 :; ?g 11
0y>
Or}
nexus,
^ep *i•saqasxa*1
• •
'the people were dancing?
\ep'i*saqasxa«l
• •
'the people were dancing*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
The first is a selected nexus and the second a selecting
nexus. The two themes that here result from the present a-
tution.
falling intonation.
is due not to the fact that they are units below the sign
them, because so are units like £ and k, and they are easily
contract.~
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 10i*
term:
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
105
s2 gives no yield
g2 ?Y 11 :: ?Y ^ 12
selecting the rest of the theme if they had not been sepa
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
106
£im •die*
£im-sa-al •to cause to die*
q*uq •sit down*
a^ua-o^a-al •to make sit down*
type:
p’a^n t-c’ax-o-ox
•
-Ttcxooxl-
•
•it can be washed*
yaax t-xac*?-o-ox
•
-Ttxc^ooxl-
•
•it is slow to harvest
triiwa wheat *
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
107
a number of situations:
1' occurs only following the verb aq? 'begin*, whereas the
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
108
verts of motion,
ma ce^s• cok-p^ax
•
'there was being gone to
call them*
tive' .
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
109
/voice/, is proposed:
:B 'passive 1'
:B 'passive 2*
•r 'active!
and *indicative'.
only one.
• -A-t Z1 J M.'U - Z —
'they will dry their
hands' /future, indica
tive , active/
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
iio
*22
s3 gives no yield.
?Y ^ 12 :: ?Y ^ 13
0 y>
;: ?11 = /tense/, /mood/
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Ill
na^yan *I •
meeq^-el *to warm*
-iip? *oneself*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
112
tive*.
ok ci-cem-o-ol -[cicmool}-
qa kameel •they will gather the
ma ci-cem-o-on {cicmon}*
qa kameel •they gathered the sheep*
ma le-cem-/ qa kameel /non-future, indicative/
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 113
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
11*
.*imperative •.
lowing configuration:
:a 'future'
:A *non-future*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
115
:a *imperative®
:A 'indicative*
were mentioned on p‘
. 26lff,
is zero: -
t
\ ' ■ .
\
\ ’ - - . *
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
116
directiorials
positionals
simple verbs
ma e^y-fl 'it burned* (intr)
ok CT-sas-p^e-s-eel
• • •
*he will get thin*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
117
and aas. After as and yes the formant for *future, indica
Stop;
p?al
ma cin-aq?-pf *1 began*
ok cin-aq^-p^al *1 shall begin'
eel
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
_118
and Icax:
el
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
119
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
120
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
121
(c)(v)cc(9)-v,
(c)cv(v)c(*)-cv
examples: axl-a 'count'
pk^-o 'carry (over the arm)*
0qiix-sa 'make dry'
ko0?-p?a ’put down in lying
position*
The last two examples of *J-° are derived verbs, the sa and
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
122
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
123
subgroup 3°, and yet verbs of group 5° do not form the vari
5° k’ay 'sell*
transitive infinitive
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
12k
to subgroup 1°; but it cannot be the case with all the verbs
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
- 125
is e, the suffix is e:
ok ci-c’in-o-ol
•
."Jcicn?ool[
•
•they will pound (it)*
Exceptionss
ok ci-c^es-o-ol
•
{citsool}
•
•they will borrow (it)*
verbs appear to loose the root vowel in all the verbal forms,
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
126
ma ci-c^ax-o-on
•
-rcicxonl-
•
•they washed (it)*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
12?
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
128
It is zero:
ok ci-paat-pf-el
ok ci-cee^-pf-el -£cicee?l3-
ok ci-p*iy-o-/-ol 3cipy^ool[
ok ci^-axl-a-pf-al
other subgroups:
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
129
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
130
tive/indicative':
\ •
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
131
combined with the formants for 'passive 1' and 'passive 2*.
The examples I shall give of the formants for the two pas
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
132
ok Ic-as-i-a4
•
? "JlEesi^r
•
•they will degrain it*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
133
ted to o*>\
forms with all but a very few verbs occur extremely rare
\ .
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
13^
.e-Ic-si?
•
so^-eet
•
Ise’tr
•
t-ux *let them be thrown
nima? wa*? into the river! *
groups 2°, 3°» and ^°; and et for verbs of subgroups 1° and
5°:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
5° o pf-k^ay-et-pf •it was sold*
o pf-yuk-et-pf •it was moved*
plus x for verbs from subgroups 3° and 4°, and x for verbs
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
136
infinitive
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
137
®
tSJ
C
M rHl rHl ®*l
i *f21i
fi I *5J
pi 0 XI I' XI I'
0 0 ©| ■H =J| xi *S| o| XI
> t 1 ®l i j "Sal i 0|
•H xi XI i x| x i.o I
m i 1 X| 0 « i xj i 0
n ■p 1 ft 1 p >» i >> i
0 0 0 c- p H dJ 0 C- *H H
p 0 0 e- X 0 C- 0 C- X
ft .X 0 p, x m ft 0
rHl
0] H Tai
1 ®l i Tsj
i
0
>
i
Pi
0
1
0
0
1
0| PI ts| TS|
1
PI
1
PI
1
PI
01
11
©1
t
o
p
•H fl O 1 ®l ®! ®l
m i l I 1 0 1 i 1 1 aS
n p >» e- >> 1 p S* c- ->» I
0 td O
S 0 H iH 0 0 0 •H i-1
nS c- 0 c- X 0 C- 0 c- X
PI ft .X xj ft 0 ft X X) ft
0
>
•H
-P
0 i i
pi
0
1
e-j
0
i
y
0
i ®l
1
o|
i
Ts| ^4
i i a
t
H -p e- >> 1 P >> >> i
0 & 0 •H iH 0 OS 0 *H r4
io a
ft .x
0
XJ
C-
ft
X
0
0
ft
e-
x
© c- X
xj ft 0
II
o I
PI £
0|
S®| £
® | 0 i
1 0
P* 1 1
>» C- >
> I
0 0 ® •H i
—I
Hi HI H ?' ®l 0 C- © e- x
i. ft X XJ ft 0
®t ®l ® I
a 1 1 1 .i o| c §1
u >s| 0 i ®l ®l ®l o i
p 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
p P >s C“ >» 1 P >s C> >i 1
0 0 0 0 i—1 0 0 o •rl H
0 ©
■ 0 C- X 0 C“ 0 c> X
c X X) ft 0
ft X so ft 0 ft
o o o O o o o O O O O o
O o <rs -3" H CM V\ CM p-\ -3-
rH VPl C
M
01
(4
P 0
0 P
> 0 P >
•H
•H u «
H
I P
p p 0
0 p c
o P
o p 0
c
I
•H
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
138
s^ gives no yield.
?Y^13 ” ? Y ^ 1 **
{?Y>
{;r>
cannot discuss here, where only nexus themes are being ana
pp. 2^5-275.
In the present operation I shall list some of the
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
139
*— •
o Xiuple, recent past*
0 'simple, distant past*
S 'narrative, recent past'
e •narrative, distant past*
ok •future (assertion)*
gin •simultaneity*
eewa 'yesterday*
kaap’a-xee 'the day before yesterday*
nci’-(x) 'tomorrow*
kaap’-x 'the day after tomorrow*
xnaap?-a 'last year*
xnaap’ 'next year'
gaee •a short while ago*
00X3C3 -Coooca} *a long time ago*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
140
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
1>1
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
1^2
tion 06.
s5 gives no yield.
gS ?Y 1* :: ?Y 2 15
?Y ^ 15 :: && n?ll
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
1^3
ferred unanalyzed.
s6 gives no yield.
<j6 ?Y 15 :: ?Y ^ 16
{!rt
t-0ii ceex ' 'its mouth the horse* (the horse’s mouth)
\ ■■
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. jM
sux
•
n-cu
•
•my mother*
t-0ii sin *
•his mouth'
-cuu •mother*
-0ii 'mouth*
xun 'one, a*
sineq •man*
in t-dii t-man sin, t-dii selects t-man sin, and t-man se
lects sin.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
uhcatalyzed lexeme, but the same is not true for elements
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Syllab ematics
?g «- 16 17
{iy}
m
terances
0s^ax 'greens*
'xulal
O 'to b u m ' (intr)
lected one, and in the last four the selected syllable pre
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
"boundaries; the symbol that marks the stress of the second
individual case.
rl gives no result.
t2 ?g ^ 17 18
?£ 18 :: m
{IB}
{:y J
{•r \ :: n?ll = /themes/, /character
istics/
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
148-
72 ?Y 17 :: ?Y ^ 18
SyI
:• n?ll = /pseudo themes/
themes:
2eex 'horse*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
1^9
is zero:
03 } /person/
{:B> /case/
Sy K
{•r}
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
150
nance of emphasis:
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
151
:g 'first singular'
:B 'first plural*
:y 'non-first plural*
:P *non-first singular*
• •*
:a :A
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
152
extensive.
elements:
The problem is whether e and a? and /(j) and ^(2) axe vari
ants, i.e. varieties, or invariants.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 153
least for the time "being— the analysis of the category into
two elements.
written as follows:
ma 0^-ok-pT Ic-ge^y-a-^n-a/Cf-a/ff
:A '"neither or both"*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
15^
The formants for the cases are at the same time form
outline that there are two formants for each member of the
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
155
defective.
The assumption of a selection contracted by /interlocu
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. *56
locutor/ :
I II
•non-first singular'
verbs uul ®come®, i?y *pass®, and aq? 'begin®; _££ is used
formant.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
157
upon the suffixes of that root., and upon other units in the
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
158
en sin
e s0*,s0,sGf
• • •
e s-qu(?)
e si(*)
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
159
qen •I am*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
160
cis• •I go*
ci?
•
•he goes'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
l6l
ted as final.
q?aq? *fire'
q*a« ‘boy*
aq* 'vine'
T3 gives no results.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
?£ 20 :: {:&} :: ?11 = /centrals/
£r>
u*.
Since it is not syllables, but initial and final parts
of syllables, that are analyzed into centrals andmarginals
marginals.
However, there are a number of examples with the ap
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
163
cl*it *a nickname*
cy^a 'dog
kw*a*l 'young*
qn’a’l *a tree'
ay^om 'wait!'
c'lit *a nickname*
c'ya *dog*
k*wa*l 'young*
q'na’l •a tree'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
16^
q'inp'el 'warpingboard*
k'alp'al 'belt*
i_ i
H•
•
k'oso*l 3kso«l[ •to hit*
•
k'upu‘1 ]kpu»l[ •to cut*
i_ i
+>
H•
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
.165
ample:
him*, o tvo•v 'you waited for him', snlu* »I mixed it', and
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
166
forms.
full paradigms:
cinawa •I sow*
sinawa •I sowed*
ncinawa •I am sowing*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
167
multaneity* .
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
168
boundary":
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
169
scription.
tral have thus all been reduced, and 2. is still the only
marginals,
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
170
it is the only one that does not enter into any marginal
Si*
On the basis of these observations I reduce the glot-
The complex units o2* t£, j[2# k2, £2» £1* §1• 2l* 311(3
e2 cannot be analyzed as ordinary clusters because their
marginals.
{*0} /i,e,a,o,u,i*,e*,a*,o*,u*,I,e,a,o,u,i*,e*,a*,o*,u*/
{:B} / V . /x,s,§,s,s,l,m,n,w,y/
of {Sg} and are selected by /*?/, but they also combine with
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
171
{:g} /i,e,a,o,u,i*,e*,a*,o*,u*,t,e,a,o,u,I*,e*,a*,5*,u*/
{:Y> / p 9t,£,k,q,0,c,c,c/
£r>
als/.
/Centrals/
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
172
tscu**
• •
'his zaoote
*
oit*
*
tscu»’na
• »
'your zapote pit*
examples:
ly to geminate centrals.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
173
p?iy-o— •1
]py?o*l£ ’he will kill*
p?iy—o—1*
gqi*x-sa-*l
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
17^
pa*t-«l
]pa»tel[ *he will b u m (it)*
pa«t-l«
k^ay-•1
]k*ayal[ •he will sell (it)*
k*?ay-l •
festation.
a long and a short central; and the long and the short cen
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
175
e entro-marginals.
represented by a period.
suu^x 'woman*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
176
u.p^saal
. ]wp*saal£ 'listen!*
up1?.saal
noted for u-w in the word uk^ils and besides, marginal and
]0yu[
*0iu
]0iw[
Commutation
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
e ; a p?ee *road' p?aa •gopher*
central is accompanied by ?s
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
178
irresoluble:
-£xiiken3- •straight*
•£puu0an3* *soft*
-[[spaaten} •barefoot'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
179
■£t^ap?ep?an3- •stammering*
-[putatun}* • •fluttering*
variant of u-w.
trals :
calee
•
-[cle} •lie on the side*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 180
]0qam[ *incrustation
i— i
•lime*
o.
$
]c’utC •drop*
]spit[ •wart*
]xot[] •handful*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
181
tsp^aakesel
• •
-Ttsp^aksel}*
• •
•steam*
tsaaxanel
•
-ftsaxnel}-
•
*sin*
followed by e is latent.
with zero:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
182
is i:
Si^aas•
^
'get sweet'
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
183
latent central,
zero, cf,above.
Certain sign expressions have two variants differing only
as to the central:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
18^
on facts of substance:
:a :A
i 0
e a
/Marginals/
/*/
ginal.
ee by £. Other examples:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
185
1— I
i_ i
H
k^upuul
g
-£k^/pTu/ppuul3“ 'to cut*
$
1— 1
I_ 1
to
H
+>
2’itool •Tc^/^i/pTtool}* •to shake*
O
O
k^osool -£k^/pTo/^sool]- 3ksool[ •to hit*
•
c*axool
• -tc^/pTa/^xool]}- ]cxool[ •to wash*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
selects a centro-marginal that follows the first Z immedi
ately:
1— 1
I
k^amool
o
o
•to receive*
H
c^inool
• 3cn^ool£ •to pound*
HI
p^iyool
o
o
•to kill*
1—
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
187
/x.s,g.s,s,l.m,n.y/
syumen 'blurry*
neither —
§, —s, nor Ts can be reduced to a combination of —s
and 2 .
X X
s s
§ §
*0
s s
s
•
S
•
1 l
m m
n n
y y
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Commutation
Initials:
s ; s ; s 5 1 saq 'white*
saq •toy*
saq
•
•rock*
laq . •bowl
x ; 1 ; y xaa*> •house*
laa? •nettle*
yaa*> •grandmother*
y ; s ; 1 yaap* esick*
saap* •strainer*
laap? •dislike'
§ ; s Sin •speckled*
sin
•
•spider*
x ; s xil 'animal*
sil
•
•a plant*
n ; 1 noos •devil9
loos •chipped*
y ;m yos •twin*
mos •oats•
Finals:
moo§ •blind*
moos •non-Indian*
moos•
pooS •scarecrow*
pool *cracklings•
m ; s um •a sip*
us •a fly*
m ; 1 k^um *ayote*
k*ul 'plant*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
189
n •
9 1 xun •one *
xul •hole*
s •
9 X txoos •his egg*
txoox •his crow
X •
t n pox •pus*
pon •arrive*
X •
9 s k^o^x •bald*
k*o*s •a cup*
koxo^n 'field*
a following e,:
0a*x 'ashes*
u*x 'paper*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
190
suu^x •woman'
cu?x 'flesh*
tween x and 3:
<5eex ’horse'
ploox ’weak*
xii’x 'viscous'
(p. 219), and al. yal '"ness"' (p. 23*0. The variants with
out 2s
puus 'moldy'
puusas• 'it gets moldy'
• k*aa 'bitter*
k^aayas 'it gets bitter'
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
191
ca^s •green*
tca^sal •its greenness
mse '•dumb*
tmeeyal •his dumbness*
sloo? •thin*
tsloo^yal •its thinness*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 192
cretism £ A / y .
zero, and I have mentioned (p. l8o) that the second central
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
193
lects will support some common analysis, but for the time
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
194
(j^snt tJCXXWIT
-**^1 T **+— 9 ^ •oo*jy
'-'toO J a1 V •
pa^nt •a bird*
2Sint •quail*
lant •wool*
pint •colored*
aq^ent •a table*
pu^nt •loose*
V/J2T - ■) m, n
y/0 x
y/£A
i/ps
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
s, s, s, s, x t VP
S, S, S, S (*
:a :A :r
•' 2
5(3 s y
:B s• l
•0
:y: s m
•r s n
:r X
2
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
196
/Centro-marginals/
Commutation
Initials;
c• •
9 t s £ ;w ; q cuul
•
•blister*
tuul •he comes*
£uul •they come*
wuul *1 come®
quul •we come®
w «
9 k WO 00 •a constellation of stars*
koo0 •gift*
p •
9 0 po0 •hard, untender*
000 •soiled*
k' •
9 0 £ax •remain*
0ax •pitch pine*
P •
9 0 paak’ •serving spoon*
0aak* •skinny*
P •
9 c• pin •thick*
cin
•
•girl*
c •
9 c cun •lime*
cun •throat*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
197
Finals:
0 •
9 k 000 'soiled*
0ok *rattle-*
p •
9 k ; q cup
• •gizzard*
cuk
• •barely missing contact*
„cuq
• •"hypothetical possibility1
t •
• k nc^ut *my drop*
•
nc^uk
• 'my elbow'
c *
9 k loc’ •sticky*
lok* •root*
w m
9 t qaaw *mew*
qaat •burp*
w •
9 <1 seew *a mushroom*
seeq 'blue jay*
k •
9 q t’a’k 'well made*
t?a?q 'wet*
Jtsiis[ *cypress[
\ _
\
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
198
£*ax •lazy*
'pinole*
£*aq •flea’
£*qac •itch*
'witchery*
s£*aqp?ax •fingernail*
i^ixiil •to twine*
Ic^aax 'string*
vironments:
ka*c •woman-like*
&arn •a bird*
tkox •he worked the land*
koo* *rooster'
kox •in four days*
tk*a* 'his drink'
•goods for sale'
k*a*s 'ceiling'
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
199
k*oox •mask*
k^o^x '"bald*
k^o^s 'gourd cup*
contract commutation:
kan 'cramp'
sively on the local language that I have till now only men
tioned as "Ic".
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
200
£ and c initially.
Thus it is necessary to recognize two special systems
for the two local languages and a general system whose in
guages:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
201
s£/kee skee
•
skee
•
•suffice*
syncretism is manifested by k:
5ik?
•?
-£Si£A*]- ]2i*y[ *blood*
t<5ik?eel 3tck’eel[ *his blood*
3ik* 'blood*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
202 -
pyoos 8a mushroom'
ok yoolel
ok y0*ool
ok yaaqel
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
203
clusters:
tsuui
% •his mushroom*
cuul •blister*
•
tsee’ •he will do it*
0ee* •tree*
*g" "c"
P P P P
t t t t
q q q q
0 0 0 0
c 2 2 2
— w
c c c c
c• c• c• c•
u-w u-w u-w u-w
I i/i k k
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
20^
is manifested as o'?:
t/0 * / 3 V c V c } s, §, £
£As &A/y
t central/zero
Jp’iy* •slaughter'
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
205
:a :A
la 2 t
:A • 0 q
:0 c £
:B c k
•
•r p u-w
7% ?Y ^ 19 :: ?Y 20
{*Y>
trals to radicals.
Icim ’die'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
206
tive*.
/Derivatives/
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
207
sk*aaw-p*ax
»
’chin’ n-sk’aaw 'my chin*
The nouns of the last two examples also appear with another
nouns that take p?ax hut do not semantically fit into this
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
208
lss of nouns:
and 2. after centrals are used with nouns for pieces of cloth
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
209
V
The following two nouns do not fit into this class se
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
210
phonous with the first vowel in the word and infixed next
to that vowel:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
211
vowel is infixed:
cuu-yp^ex 'mother*
n-0ii my mouth*
0ii-yp*ex 'mouth'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
212
laq *bowl*
xul ’hole*
stuuq’ ’knot*
q?ool 'resin*
0a?x 'ashes*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
213
u?x 'paper*
p’ee 'road*
Sik* 'blood*
n-<5ik?-eel -{j^ck^eel}- «my own /blood'
kaap?-a 'two*
t-kaap^-s^n k^waal 'the second child'
oos-e 'three'
t-oos-e^n k’waal 'the thirdchild'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Ucaax-a •four*
t-lcaax-a*n -£'fc^aaa‘?n3- k’waal 'the fourth child
xwev •five*
t-xwe^-ya^n k^waal •the fifth child*
(w)qaq •six*
t-(w)qaq-e^n k’waal •the sixth child*
wuuq •seven*
t-wuuq-a^n k^waal •the seventh child*
waxseq *eight
t-waxsaaq-a?n k^waal 'the eighth child*
p^elx-ex 'nine*
t-p^elx-a^n k^waal 'the ninth child'
la(a)x-ex •ten’
t-lax-e^n k^waal 'the tenth child*
the variant is as. (q)c is the variant used for all numer
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
215
days that either have passed or will pass. The sign expres
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
216
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 217
tapped*.
father*.
Some examples of the two variants of the sign expres
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
218
kok* ‘small*
kok^-sa- *cause to be small, chew
£im ‘die*
Icim-sa- ‘cause to die, kill*
0?um-en ‘smooth*
£*um-sa- ‘cause to be smooth*
kaap^-e ‘two*
kaap^-sa- ‘cause to be two, divide
t’a’q ‘wet*
t^a^q-p^a- ‘cause to be wet*
q’uq-1 ‘sitting*
q^uq-p^a- ‘cause to sit, put down*
spat-sn ‘barefoot i
spat-p^a- ‘cause to be barefoot*
yo*?-l ‘hanging*
yo?-p’ ‘cause to hang, hang up*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
219
yaax *late*
yaax-t *be or.become late*
p*ee *road'
p^ee-t 'to walk*
ca^s 'green*
ca^s-p^a 'become green*
•
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
220
fti*> 'fetid*
0u*-yas 'become fetid*
ploox 'weak*
ploox-yas -TplooxasT-
• • •
'become weak*
£a*x 'ashes*
0a*x-yas -£0a^xas3- 'become ashes*
£*um-an 'smooth*
0?um-an-aas 'become smooth*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
221
Si^-aas
• *become sweet*
(Si^-yas
clup? 'thin'
clup?-asm •become thin*
c*om 'sour*
c^om-as
• • 'become sour*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
222
pit-k^ax •trip*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 223
by a suffix naxai
C'?UX •drop*
c^ut-naxa •drip*
leeq’- •lick*
leeq^-naxe •drink (about dogs)'"
poq?- •burst*
poq^-naxa •clap one's hands'
be described as aCgV.^:
poq- •roast*
poq-aqo- •crackle *
sut- •turn*
sut-atu- •turning and turning*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
224
that are not productive and are found to occur with only a
caq- ‘ignite*
caq-pi- ‘turn on a flashlight®
sax-ni- 'embrace *
•
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
225
nak^-c •squeak*
xup*?-c •snap*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
226
p. 70 and p. 126.
for *tense*, *voice*t and *mood* in some verbs that are de
p*ee *road*
p*ee-y-an 'make roads*
paa-* ’bag*
paa-y-en *make bags*
adjective:
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
227
'two blows'
^aax-l 'naked*
q/?uq-l 'sitting'
xooq-1 'crouching'
0in-l 'taut*
0?ooy-l 'deflated*
naak-1 •dull'
mu0-l 'lying face down8
also found, but all other roots beginning with 1 allow only
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
228
laan-c
•lying down*
laan-1 j
lew-c
'open, split off*
lew>"5
-i )j
at one time*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
that I call 'adjective*.
0<?u-'?-y
•skinny*
0’uy-en
spe-^-1
•pale*
spel-en
xiik-an •straight*
puu0-en *soft*
sq^il-en 'green*
0*?um-en *smooth*
c?a-*-k 'sticky*
sxi-’-l 'lean, tall*
lee-^-0 'with littlesprouts*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
230
cin-cx
• •
’dangerous*
q?un-q?x ’fetid*
c?in-c?x ’smelling like horse urine, burnt
• •
eggs, and incense’
cub-cx ’good*
• •
meeq?-max ‘warm*
q?ax-q?ax 'audible*
q?ul-q?ax *luke warm
£?is-k?ax
«
’hurt*
xic?-q?ax *thin*
maq-man *dumb *
kol-kan 'loose*
ncx-na 'full*
p?in-na 'made ready*
p?ax-na ’exhausted, weak*
si?
•
'go*
si?-nin 'going*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
231
£im 'die*
Icim-nin •dead*
i§-x-nin •a wound*
Ic^is-p^ax-nin *hurt*
cok-eet-el
•
-TcketalT*
•
*to be called*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
232
■ p^iy-p’al
•slaughter knife*
p?iy-p*a0
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
233
wa’-l •upright*
xun wa?-ax 3wa-'?x[ c’oc? •a steeply sloped piece
of land*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
23**
tive *:
mee •dumb*
t-mee-yel •his dumbness*
0?a*x •naked*
t-0*a?x-yel -Et^a^xel}- •his nakedness*
pe’x •barren*
t-pe’x-yal {tpe^xel}- •its barrenness*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
235
c?om ’sour*
t-c?om-al 'its sourness*
spis *stingy*
t-spis-ai 'his stinginess*
kaap?-a *two*
3c-kaap?-a-l •their two-ness, the two of them*
p?iil-an 'slippery'
t-p?iil-an-aal *its slipperiness *
xiik-an 'straight*
t-xiik-an-aal *its straightness*
The variant aal also occurs with a- few roots without the
suffixed an:
nim 'big'
t-nim-aal *his bigness*
Si? ’sweet*
t-2i?-aal *its sweetness*
q?eeq 'black'
t-q?eeq-aal *its blackness*
xun *one*
n-xun-aal 'my one-ness, I alone*
c?i?k 'pointed*
t-c?i?k-an-aal 'its pointedness*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
*Attenuation* The derivative ’attenuation* indicates that
ti? 'what?*
ti*?-qOc 'whatever, anything*
aal *who?'
aal-qc 'whoever, anybody*
xaa’ 'where?*
xaa*?-q?c 'wherever, anywhere*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
237
leken 'shade’
t-s-lekem-aal *his own shade, shadow'
maq-
seew 'breath*
•
s-maq-seew-el
• •
'to smother*
naq*?- 8accustomed *
s-naq*-0a- 'to learn (to accustom oneself)*
pin 8thick*
s-pin 'with thick bark'
(s)nak 'dull'
(s)lEaqtaap'? *a mushroom*
(s)poq’-l 'naked*
(s)puuq? •cone-shaped'
t*?ik-pex 'jump*
s-t’ik-1 'with one leg in theair*'
(s)yum-en 'blurry*
(s)lu?q *pliable•
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
238_
xaaq-1 •open*
xaaq-ee •open up*
xaq-o-ol -[xqool]- •to open*
po0-l •ball-shaped*
po0-ee -£p0e3- •shaping oneself like a ball*
poo0-el •to wrap*
ments have been left out entirely; and for the time being I
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
239
*g: TAXEMATICS
Redistribution
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
gories that do contract the relation are classified accord
registered in
The following is a list of the taxeme categories and
/modulations/ si
/voice/ gg
/tense/ Si
/mood/ Si
te Si
/article/ _2
/case/ _2
/interlocutor/ _2
/exclusion/ __2
/centrals/ t£
/marginals/ &
/eentro-marginals/ t*V
/radical units/ Ji
/derivatives/ J±
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
241
*§121
11*
0 .
The definition of direction is not easily unraveled,
tion that has at least one constant among its two functives.)
E . - ' ............
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2^2
According to Rls Dff 22Q, 221, 222, and 223» the mem
gory of directives.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
-21*3
'active*, included in e:
cin 'object*
'active*
t 'subject*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
_2hh
tion.
siy.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2^5
are assigned to
cators.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
246
eewa •yesterday*
xya^-s •early*
ok 'future (assertion)*
nci*-(x) •tomorrow*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
24?
eewa •yesterday*
are:
xya^-s •early*
qaala •late*
lunas
te lunas •Monday(s)*
tux lunas
bin •simultaneity*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I shall now give some sentences in which the time in
dicators appear:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
2^9
ooxaca
•
-rooocal-
•
leimnin sin
•
'long ago he died*
ooxaca *£oooce3* cinok si*? 'long ago I entered (into
]cinoks£ tu^ya paala service) with the priest*
00 ee cinuul tux mlaax •recently I arrived here
from the coast*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
250
xake q’iix 0in uul paala 'every day the priest comes*
xake q’iix £f-uul xil kara- •the "bus bame every day-
yenete xnaap’e last year*
yaax ok se’l
• sin
•
'he will go late*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
251
xva?s• cinse?l
•
nci?x •I shall go early tomorrow*
te las sinka 0in eel si? 'at five o'clock the mail
3es[ korea goes out*
the verb and when the verb refers specifically to past time:
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
252
ni?y (oora) (ok) waa’l sin *at what time will he eat?'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
253
with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
25^
allcee
11 taxlaal sxaaw
1 •on what date will he arrive
ox tuul sin here?* (what will the date
be when he arrives here?)
allcee a’iix gin uul sin •on what day does he (usu
ally) arrive here?*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
255
tors that include the content unit 'past' select the tense
•non-future*.
R e p ro du ced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
256
ok 'future (assertion)'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 257
0qee •recently*
0in •simultaneity*
il *see*
loq^ool -tlq^ool^- *to buy*
xun *one, a*
pooc 'pig*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
258
s0uul
• lsuul[ sin
• te las oca- - - -
•he came (today) at eight
o*clock*
ok uulal sin
•
lunas
^ M M *
*he will come on Monday*
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
259
the *future *:
the sign expression nci? that appears before the verb, and
one with the sign expression nci?x that appears after the
verb, and the other follows the verb. The variant fo 'to
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
260
lect 'future*,
actions:
after the sign expression for a "week day" when the verb is
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Z6i
'non-future*.
•non-future*:
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
262
ok uul-el sin
■ " • *
'he will come*
future
recent (ma, s)
non-future
distant
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
263
future
non-future recent;
ma cinawan
•I sowed (today)*
scinawan ]sinawan[
non-future distant;
o cinawan
•I sowed (not today)*
enawan
or 'here he was*:
future.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
26k
the clause
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
265
in the day.
Certain of the time indicators naturally refer to only
the periods distant past and future are given by the time
possible to have eewe and nci?x supply all the temporal in
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
266
of negation:
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
min ma cinawan •I have not sown (today)*
tux lunas min aal sin guul *he will not arrive here
on Monday*
tux lunas min aal sin epon *he did not arrive there
on Monday*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
268
.nya*?n q^inan
nva^n q^inan *(he is) not rich'
about actions that have not yet taken place and about actions
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
269
negations .
Completive:
but:
clauses,
tu*n tok si* ]toks[ a* tux 'so that water will get
in there*
tu*n mi*n 0*ok si* 3d*oks£ 'so that water will not
a* tux get in there'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
270
]]mna*n£ 'not yet', min aal 'nobody*, and min ti? are com
min aal sin eoonas ?on Monday there was not some one, he
arrived*,
nva^n is the variant of min that is used in connection
moment.
c’i-tq t£im sin tex wuul 'he was almost dead when I
arrived here (I saved him)'
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
271
mi-tq-na^s t0aax las seys •it was not yet six o'clock
tex wuul when I arrived here (not
today)•
mi-tq-na^s t0aax las seys •it was not yet six o’clock
tex sinuul when I arrived here (today)•
nuqat uul sin tex minna^-tq •if only he had come when
tlcim sin his father had not yet died®
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
examples show that tq co-occurs with several different verh
tain point in time and until the present. The sign expres
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
273
0X-S9 tpon xun sxaaw •he will not come ‘back for
a •
ptisan ole uulel sin another month* (until
when one month will ar
rive he will arrive here)
tex-se waax p’is uul sin *not until I had gone did
• • •
Ice^yal txaa sin he come to see his house*
(until when I went away
and he arrived here to
see his house)
tex-se
•
spon
•
sin
•
p^is• •not until he came did the
splint taaq’un sin work get done* (until when
• •
he arrived there (today)
and his work got done)
oosaxee-ca
• •
aaxnin sin
•
•he left three days ago*
(since three days ago
he is gone)
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
27^
present,
w m 9 A m p w o n *tomorrow I shall sow*
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 275
at-sa
•
q^iix tsi^len
•
sin
•
*he has "been gone for days*
at 'there is*
q^iix 'day*
xte’ 'how much, many?
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
276
it enters.
motion,
ku ci
*
tey txaay 'go home!' (sg)
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
277
morrow* .
Thus the category /mood/ is registered in { ^ 2}*
'indicative*.
in , category of constitutives.
of constitutives, {sBg}.
in category of directives,
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
278
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
three categories are registered in {SB^} , category of con
stitutives.
'yesterday* is an example,
past*.
tives.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
280
esi?
•
sin
•
kaap’exee 'he went the day "before
yesterday*.
ture'.
contracts direction.
According to 'ago* and 'in', the category is regis
/tense/
/case/
/article/
/interlocutor/
/centrals/
/marginals/
/centro-marginals/
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
. 28l
/mood/
/radicals/
/derivatives/
flexives.
is said to be present."
"When a Themative Enters as Part of an Element into a
and 226)
with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
stitutives are transferred to the category of simple consti
C*£) (*&✓)
modulations voice te
tense mood article
case radicals interlocutor
derivatives centrals
marginals
centro-marginals
J V. J
(.£> („M)
enters."
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
283
in different categories.
constitutives.
.- • following members:
\ .
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
284
te
article
interlocutor
centrals
marginals
centro-marginals
•imperative *, 'indicative*
eewe. etc., c?it. etc.
derivatives
members:
modulations
tense
case
•active*
•imperative', *indicative *
ma. etc.
| A
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
285
-in.2 "
directing functive.
registered in •
when they enter into certain maximal lexias and always con
According to Res Dff 233, 23^, 235, and 236 the mem-
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
286
in {:B2} .
are called subspecies, and they are in turn divided into two
classes of simple subspecies; characters and themates. The
taxemes.)
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
287
modulations voice te
tense mood article
case radicals interlocutor
derivatives centrals
marginals
centro-marginals
subspecies:
modulations radicals
•active* derivatives
tense simple constitutives
mood
case
of one and only one Simple Subspecies under one and the same
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
288
ter Taxemes of one and only one Simple Species in one and
* S L H and *|2V
tion of Mam.
R eproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
289
A^ ‘
DTTTtfTiTV
symbols.
stops.
& is palatalized.
a*> is imploded.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
. 290
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1969
Norman A. McQuown. "The Classification of the Mayan Lan
guages." International Journal of American Linguis
tics. vol. 22, pp. 191-195. 1958
Dorothy Miller Peck. The Formation of Utterances in the
Mam Language. Master's Thesis. Hartford, Connecti
cut, 1951.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Edward Frederick Sywulka. Mam. Languages of Guatemala.
Edited by Marvin K. Mayers. Janua Linguarum, Series
Practica 23. The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1966.
Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.