12

Philippine
Politics and
Governance

Quarter 2 – Module 10:

Elections and Political
Parties in the Philippines
Philippine Politics and Governance – Grade 12
Quarter 2 – Module 10: Elections and Political Parties in the Philippines
First Edition, 2020

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 12

Philippine
Politics and
Governance
Quarter 2 – Module 10:
Elections and Political
Parties in the Philippines
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance Self-Engaging Module

(SEM) on Elections and Political Parties in the Philippines!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will
help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance Self-Engaging Module

(SEM) on Elections and Political Parties in the Philippines!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and

ii
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

Let us Learn!
competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.

This part includes an activity that aims

Let us Try!
to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide
to skip this module.

This includes a brief drill or review to

Let us Study help you link the current lesson with the
previous one; various ways of
introducing a new lesson such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener,
an activity or a situation; and a brief
discussion of the lesson. This aims to
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This comprises activities for guided
Let us Practice practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check
the answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.

Let us Practice This comprises activities for independent

More practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check
the answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.

This includes questions or blank

Let us Remember sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.
This is a task which aims to evaluate
Let us Assess your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.

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 In this portion, another activity will be
Let us Enhance given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned.

This part contains the closing note

related to the lesson. It will help you
Let us Reflect
reflect the importance of the concepts
you have learned in this module and its
relevance to real-life situation.
Answer Key to the This contains answers to all activities in
Activities the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try! before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
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5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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 Let Us Learn!

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you demonstrate an understanding of elections and political parties
and civil society and social movement. The scope of this module is the
nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines as well as the
types of electoral systems. The implications of the type of electoral systems
on politics and governance will also discussed in this module. The lessons
are also arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

This module has one lesson:

 Lesson 1- Elections and Political Parties in the Philippines

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the nature of elections and political parties in the

Philippines.
2. Identify the types of electoral systems.
3. Assess the implications of the kind of electoral systems in politics and
governance.
4. Analyze the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines.

Let Us Try!

Multiple Choice

Direction: Read and understand each item carefully. Underline the letter of
your choice.
1. The process by which voters in a country select the official who will
exercise the powers of the government for a period fixed by law.
a. Selection b. Election c. Screening
2. It is a government body tasked to enforce all laws and regulations
relative to the conduct of elections in the Philippines.
a. BIR b. DSWD c. COMELEC
3. The right to vote in political elections is called ________?
a. Power b. Expression c. Suffrage
4. The Republic Act authorizing COMELEC to implement an automated
system of election is?
a. R.A. 8436 b. R.A. 8346 c. R.A. 8463

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5. The first national election that utilized an automated election system
was in the year?
a. 2010 b. 2016 c. 2001
6. An organized group of people who have the same ideology or who
otherwise have the same political positions, and who field candidates
for elections is called_______?
a. Group b. Organization c. Political Party
7. Minor parties are called _______?
a. Organization b. Partylist c. Party
8. This function of a political party has something to do with parties
acting as agents of political education.

a. Goal formulation
b. Representation
c. Socialization and mobilization
9. This function of a political party provide a training ground for
politicians.
a. Elite formation and recruitment
b. Socialization
c. Goal formulation
10. Refers to the ability of the parties to respond to and articulate the
views of members and voters.
a. Representation b. Socialization c. Goal formulation

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 Lesson
Elections and Political Parties in the Philippines
1

DAY 1-2

Let Us Study

ELECTIONS

Elections and political parties play an important role in the analysis of

politics in developing countries, particularly in the analysis of
democratization, and specifically the consolidation of democratic political
regimes. Among political scientists, the existence of free and fair elections on
a regular basis is considered the minimal condition for a democracy
(democratic regime).

All political parties, organization, and all people must act in

accordance with the constitution and laws. They should abide it without any
exception. If someone breaks the law, he or she is still liable even if they
had no knowledge of the law being broken.

Election is the process by which voters in a country select the official

who will exercise the powers of the government for a period fixed by law.
Elections in the Philippines are of several types. The president, vice-
president, and the senators are elected for a six-year term, while the
members of the House of Representatives, governors, vice-governors,
members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial board members),
mayors, vice-mayors, members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod/members of
the Sangguniang Bayan (city/municipal councilors), barangay officials, and
the members of the Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councilors) are elected to
serve for a three-year term.

Two Types of Elections:

1. Regular Election- one conducted nationwide or in certain political

subdivisions of the country. This is normally done through balloting.

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 2. Special Election- one conducted to select the official through
balloting, who shall serve for the unexpired part of the term for which
the incumbent has been elected. The vacancy might be due to death,
incapacitated, or is recalled.

Type of Votes

1. One man One vote: Under this provision every person is entitled to
one and only one vote. The voter can cast his vote for any candidate.
2. Single Transferable Vote: In this system, which is designed for the
multimember constituency, the voter possesses only one vote. But he
can make his priority like 1,2,3, etc., according to his requirement. If
a candidate fails to secure a majority, the voters polled for him will be
reallocated according to the second choice, and then the third option,
until a clear majority is obtained by a candidate. In India, the election
of the president, and members of Rajya Sabha are held on the single
transferable vote method.
3. Plural Voting: According to this system, several qualifications are
prescribed for the right to vote such as payment of property tax and
education. A person who owns property or is a taxpayer or is educated
is eligible for a vote because he possesses all of these qualifications. At
the same time, a person who is educated, own the property and is a
taxpayer, is entitled to three votes. A voter is entitled to one vote for
every qualification he possesses. In Belgium, this method was used
during early time.
4. Open Ballot: Under this system, the voters raise their hands to
support a candidate. Montesquieu advocated this system because,
seeing intelligent people raise their hands for right candidates, the
uneducated man would also support him. However, this method is not
practical, considering the vast size of electorates. In the legislative
assemblies and the parliament, when motions and bills are introduced
the speaker puts it for voting. Members who support raise their hands
on that basis, the speaker declares the bill passed or defeated.

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 5. Secret Ballot: In this system the voter casts his vote for a candidate,
without the knowledge of another person. It is a voting method in
which a voter's choices in an election or a referendum are anonymous.
A citizen can exercise his franchise without fear. In polling station, an
enclosure is provided for him to mark his vote and put the ballot in
the ballot box. The ballots are mixed, and nobody can identify the
right vote polled by any voter. This forestalls attempts to influence the
voter by intimidation, blackmailing, and potential vote buying.

Suffrage

 Suffrage is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the

election of public officers.
 Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not
otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age,
and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and
in the place wherein they propose to vote for at least six months
immediately preceding the election.

Scope of Suffrage

1. Election - means by which people choose their officials.

2. Plebiscite - is the vote of the people expressing their choice for
or against a proposed law submitted to them.
3. Referendum - is the submission of a law passed by the
legislative body to the people for their ratification or rejection.
4. Initiative - is a method in which people directly propose and
enact laws.
5. Recall - a method by which an elective local official may be
removed from office during his tenure.

Age Qualification

This is based on the assumption that under a certain age,

human beings have the maturity, experience, education and sense of
judgment that will enable them to vote with a reasonable degree of
intelligence.

Residence Qualification

This is to give reasonable period within which a person can

familiarize himself with the needs and conditions and the personalities
of the nation and locality.

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Persons Disqualified to Vote

 Those who have been sentenced to suffer imprisonment for not

less than one year.
 Those who committed any crime involving disloyalty to the
government such as rebellion and sedition.
 Those declared as insane or incompetent person

Members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP),

Philippine National Police (PNP), and other government officers and
employees, who are duly registered voters, are allowed to vote for the
positions of President, Vice President, Senators, and Party-list
Representatives on election day in places where they are not
registered voters but where they are temporarily assigned to perform
their duties on the day of election. This is known as local absentee
voting.

Section 2

 The Congress shall provide s system for securing the secrecy

and sanctity of the ballot as well as system for absentee voting
by qualified Filipino abroad.
 The Congress shall also design procedure for the physically
challenged and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of
other persons.

Secrecy and Sanctity of the Ballot

This is to insure that the voters shall exercise their right to freely,
uninfluenced by threats, intimidation or corrupt motives and to secure a fair
and honest count of the ballots.

Absentee Voting System

Filipinos who have temporarily work and reside abroad but still keep
their love and loyalty to their native land are still part of our Republic; they
are also affected by the quality of public officials and policies of the
government.

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The COMELEC

The Commission on Elections (COMELEC), is one of the three

constitutional commissions of the Philippines, others being the Civil Service
Commission (CSC) and the Commission on Audit (COA). The COMELEC’s
principal role is to enforce all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of
elections in the Philippines.

The powers and functions of the COMELEC are conferred upon it by

the 1987 Constitution and the Omnibus Election Code. They are classified
into:

 Administrative- refers to the enforcement and administration of

election laws. The COMELEC is authorize to issue rules and
regulations to implement the provisions of the 1987 Constitution
and the Omnibus Election Code.
 Quasi-legislative- refers to the issuance of rules and regulations
to implement the election laws and to exercise such legislative
functions as may expressly be delegated to it by Congress.
 Quasi-judicial- embraces the power to resolve controversies
arising from the enforcement of election laws, and to be the sole
judge of all pre-proclamation controversies; and of all contests
relating to the elections, returns, and qualifications.

Automated Election System

In 1997, RA 8436 was passed into law, authorizing COMELEC to

implement an automated system in the May 1998 elections, and in
subsequent national and local elections. However, “lack of preparation, time
and funding” led to the use of the automated process only in Lanao del Sur,
Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi in the 1998 elections. In 2001, the
COMELEC’s failure to launch a public education campaign on the new
election process led to the unintended exclusion of an estimated 3 to 6
million voters. In 2007, RA 9369, amending RA 8436, was passed “to
encourage transparency, credibility, fairness, and accuracy of elections.” An
automated electoral process on a nationwide scale was first enforced in the

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2010 elections, which brought President Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino III to
power. The multinational company, Smartmatic, was chosen to supply the
hardware and software for electronic voting. A few weeks before the
elections, the memory chips of the vote counting machines were found to be
faulty, and candidates like former President Joseph Estrada petitioned to
postpone the elections and revert to manual polls. Elections pushed through
as scheduled, however, because all technical problems were deemed to have
been addressed. Four hundred sixty-five vote counting machines were
reported as malfunctional, but 75,882 machines worked smoothly.
Compared to past elections where the winners were known after weeks or
months, local winners were determined in a few hours, while half of the
national winners were known after a day. An international group of
observers of the 2010 Elections pointed out that the new system did not
prevent the usual problems like vote-buying, intimidation of voters,
harassment of candidates, campaigning against militant groups, and the
presence of military men and armed goons in precincts.

8
 Let Us Practice

TRUE or FALSE

Direction: Draw if the below statement is TRUE and if it is FALSE

_____1. Special Election is done when the position is vacant due to death,
incapacitated, or is recalled.
_____2. The acronym AFP stands for ARMED FORCES OF THE
PHILIPPINES.
_____3. R.A No. 8536 was created authorizing COMELEC to use an
automated election system.
_____ 4. Quasi-judicial power of the COMELEC refers to the enforcement and
administration of election laws.
_____ 5. Every Filipino should be 18 years old or above on the day of election
to exercise their right to vote.
_____ 6. A certain Filipino voter can participate on the day of the election
though they are not included on the registered master list of COMELEC.
_____ 7. Regular Election is conducted nationwide or in certain political
subdivisions of the country.
_____ 8. COMELEC is composed of a Chairman and six Commissioners who
are natural-born citizens of the Philippines.
_____ 9. The president, vice-president, and the senators are elected for a six-
year term.
_____ 10. The 2001 election was the first national election that utilized an
automated election system.

Let Us Practice More

Election: Manual vs Automated

Which is better electronic voting systems or manual balloting?

What is your view in terms of manipulation of results and other
factors when comparing electronic voting systems vs manual
balloting?

9
 Let Us Remember

Anagram
Arrange the scrambled letter to form the correct word.

Let Us Assess

Draw ME!:

Draw a comic strip illustrating the process of Single Transferable

Vote voting system.

10
 Let Us Enhance
Picture Perfect! What does this picture tells you?

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

Adapted
from:https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/opinyon/2
019/05/17/191 8444/editoryal-sawatain-ang-vote-buying

Let Us Reflect
1. What is an election for?

2. What will people get in casting their votes during elections?

3. What is your opinion about the vote buying?

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DAY 3-4

POLITICAL PARTIES

Let Us Try!
Match Up!

Draw a LINE to connect each pair of boxes. Left (logo of parties), right (Name
of Parties).

12
 Let Us Study

Definition and Nature of Political Parties

A political party is an organized group of people who have the same ideology,
or who otherwise have the same political positions, and who field candidates
for elections, in an attempt to get them elected and thereby implement the
party's agenda. They are a defining element of representative democracy.

Effective political parties play an important role in the democratization and

political maturity of society. They serve as vehicles for collective action and
empowerment of their constituencies.

The following are characteristics of parties that distinguish them from other
groups:

1. They aim to exercise government power by winning seats in the

government.
2. They are formally organized bodies with “card carrying” membership.
Membership involves taking formal oath.
3. They adopt a broad issue focus and address major areas of
government policy.
4. They are united by shared political preferences and ideological identity
to varying degrees.

There are three types of parties in the Philippines. These are: (a) major
parties, which typically correspond to traditional political parties; (b) minor
parties or party-list organizations, which rely on the party-list system to win
Congressional seats; and (c) regional or provincial parties, which correspond
to region-wide or province-wide organizations, respectively.

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Five major parties are listed below:

Abbrevia- Founde
Name Leaded Ideology
tion d

Partido Demokratiko
Pilipino-Lakas ng
PDP- Aquilino Democratic
Bayan (Philippine 1983
Laban Pimentel III Socialism
Democratic Party-
People’s Power)

Nacionalista Party Manuel Conservatis

NP 1907
(Nationalist Party) Villar, Jr. m

Nationalist People’s Liberal

Giorgidi B.
Coalition NPC 1992 Conservatis
Aggabao
m

Lakas Christian
Muslim Democrats Lakas Ferdinand Christian
2008
(Power Christian CMD Romualdez Democracy
Muslim Democrats)

Partido Liberal (Liberal Francis

LP 1946 Liberalism
Party) Pangilinan

Parties represented in Congress:

Abbrevia-
Party Leader Founded Ideology
tion
Elpidio Social
National Unity Party NUP 2011
Barzaga, Jr. Conservatism
Laban Demokratikong
Fiscal
Pilipino (Fight of LDP Bella Angara 1988
Conservatism
Democratic Filipinos)
Akbayan (Citizens’ Risa
Akbayan 1998 Progressivism
Action Party) Hontiveros
Right
United Nationalist Gregorio
UNA 2012 Libertarianis
Alliance Honasan
m
Bagong Bayan -
Volunteers for a New
BagumBa Richard
Philippines (New Nation- 2009 Voluntarism
yan-VMP Gordon
Volunteers for a New
Philippines)
Partido Federal ng
Reynaldo
Pilipinas (Federal Party PFP 2018 Federalism
Umali
of the Philippines)
Aksyon Demokratiko Social
Aksyon Vico Sotto 1997
(Democratic Action) Democracy

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Centrist Democratic Rufus
CDP 2010 Centrism
Party of the Philippines Rodriguez
Narciso
People's Reform Party PRP 1991 Reformism
Santiago, Jr.
Pwersa ng Masang
Joseph
Pilipino (Force of the PMP 1991 Populism
Estrada
Filipino Masses)

Party-lists represented in CongressThese parties won more than 2% of the

vote.

Name Abbreviation Ideology/Sector

Anti-Crime and Terrorism

Community Involvement and ACT-CIS Counterterrorism
Support Partylist

Bayan Muna Bayan Muna Democratic Socialism

Ako Bicol Political Party (I am

AKB Bicolano ethnic interests
Bicol Political Party)

One Patriotic Coalition of

1-PACMAN Filipino Nationalism
Marginalized Nationals

Functions of Political Parties

1. Representation
 Refers to the ability of the parties to respond to and articulate
the views of members and voters.
 Political parties are expected to represent the causes of the
people they claim to be supportive of.
2. Elite formation and recruitment
 Political parties provide a training ground for politicians.
 These political parties train their members to become future
presidents, if not to occupy high positions in the government.
3. Goal formulation
 Political parties become a source of policy initiation and provide
the electorate a choice of realistic and achievable goals.
 Whatever policies are carried out in the Philippines are a

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 product of these parties.
4. Interest articulation and aggregation
 Political parties in the Philippines are expected to be the voice of
the people who supported them. Officials who are members of
different political parties engage in discussions to aggregate the
varying interests of people.
5. Socialization and mobilization
 Political parties serve as agents of political education and
socialization through a series of internal debates and
discussions, and through campaigning and electoral
competition.
6. Organization of government
 Political parties help in the formation of governments. Parties
also give governments a degree of stability and coherence.
Similarly, they are a vital source of opposition and criticism,
both inside and outside the government.
 Political parties are instrumental in the creation of an
administration. The creation of majority or dominant parties
after the election period highlights the creation of an
administration. Whatever is not part of the administration
usually becomes the opposition.

Party System
It is referred as the interactions of parties with each other (Roskin
et.al.,2012). The party system is not equated to parties because a party
system is seen as macro perspective whereas parties are micro perspective
just focusing on the particular party. It could be said that the life of political
system depends upon the kind of party systems it has. It describes a
relatively sound system of political party and over alignments, electoral
rules, and policy priorities that dominate a Democratic political system’s
electoral process for some delimited period.

Classification of Party System

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 1. The two-party system. This is the system wherein the major political
parties alternates with each other in the exercise of political power.
2. The multi-party system. More than two political parties fight an
election, and no single party gets the majority control of power.

Parties’ Political View

 Leftist party – is the reform-minded party which seeks to change

the existing conditions of the country
 Rightist party – is a conservative group which aims to maintain
the status quo in the country
 Center party – adopted policies which are a mixture of both left
and right tendencies

3. The one party system. Only one political party holds power either
because it towers above the others or because it suppresses all other
groups. The only choices left to voters are (a) to decide whether or not
to vote (b) to vote “yes” or “no” for the designated candidate.

Let Us Practice

Match More!

Direction: Match Column A from Column B. Write your answer on the given
space before each number.

Column A Column B

___1. PDP-Laban A. Filipino Nationalism

___2. Liberal Party B. Federalism

___3. Nationalist Party C. Right libertarianism

___4. ACT-CIS D. Voluntarism

___5. Federal Party of the Philippines E. Christian Democracy

___6.1-PACMAN 17 F. Democratic Socialism

___7. Aksyon G. Counterterrorism

 Let Us Practice More

Essay:
Direction: Briefly answer the following questions.

1. Everyone should have the right to vote. Agree or Disagree. Explain.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. How do campaigns and elections enable choice and opportunities
for participation?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Let Us Remember

Let’s Share!

Answer the following questions.

1. How do political parties differ from other groups?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What are some of the functions of political parties?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

18
 ___________________________________________________________________
3. Do you think party and party-list system in the Philippines are
effective? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Let Us Assess

Slogan Making

Direction: Think of political slogan. Make it creative and humorous. It

should be not more than 15 words.

Let Us Enhance

Logo Making:

Direction: If given a chance to create your own political party, what will you
name it? Draw a Logo that will represent it.

19
Let Us Reflect

Pro-Con Grid

Instruction: Fill in the grid with the pros (advantage) and cons
(disadvantage) of having Political Parties in the Philippines.

Pro (Advantage) Con (Disadvantage)

Answer key to Activities

DAY 1-2

Let Us Learn
Multiple Choice
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. C
DAY 3-4
9. A
Let10. A
Us Practice
Match More
Let Us Practice
1. 1.
T F
2. 2.
T H
3. 3.
F I
4. 4.
F G
5. 5.
T B
6. 6.
F A
7. 7.
T K
8. 8.
T C
9. 9.
T E
10.10.
F J

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 References

Tabajen, R. and Pulma, E (2016). Philippine Politics and Governance, JFS

Publishing Services Unit, Pasay City Philippines,
DepEd. Philippine Politics and Governance. July 9, 2020.
https://www.deped.gov.ph /wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Philippine-
Politics-and-Governance.pdf.

Filipinas Heritage Library. A History of Automated Elections in the

Philippines. July10, 2020.https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/articles/a-
history-of-automated-elections-in-t he-philippines/.

Wikipedia. Political Party. July 11, 2020.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party.

Wikipedia. List of Political Parties in the Philippines. July 12, 2020.

https://en.wikip edia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Tagum City

Office Address: Energy Park, Apokon, Tagum City, 8100

Telefax: (084) 216-3504

E-mail Address: tagum.city@deped.gov.ph

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