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PCM Manual
PCM Manual
90/PCMPLUS-APP-ENG/04
Preface
Important Notice The Bluetooth word, mark and logo are registered
trademarks of Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such
Radiodetection Receivers detect almost all buried cables trademarks by Radiodetection is under license.
and most conductors, but there are some which do
not radiate signals and which Radiodetection Receivers
cannot detect. Radiodetection receivers do not indicate Copyright Statement
whether a signal is from a single cable, several buried side
Copyright 2009 Radiodetection Ltd - SPX Corporation.
by side or one above another.
All rights reserved. Radiodetection is a subsidiary of
This equipment is NOT approved for use in areas where SPX Corporation.
hazardous gases may be present.
SPX and Radiodetection are trademarks of
Reduce audio level before using headphones to avoid Radiodetection Ltd. and SPX Corporation. Due to a policy
damaging your hearing. of continued development, we reserve the right to alter or
amend any published specification without notice.
Ni-Cad batteries should be disposed of in accordance
with your Company’s work practice, and/or the relevant This document may not be copied, reproduced,
laws or guidelines in your country. transmitted, modified or used, in whole or in part, without
the prior written consent of Radiodetection Ltd.
The operation of any cable and pipe locator may be
affected when used in close proximity to ferrous materials
such as manhole covers and parked cars. Keep a
one or two meter distance from these objects when
taking critical measurements such as depth and current
readings. If an operator stands too close to the Receiver
when wearing steel-toe capped boots may also affect the
readings.
This instrument, or family of instruments, will not be
permanently damaged by reasonable electrostatic
discharge and has been tested in accordance with IEC
801-2. However, in extreme cases temporary malfunction
may occur. If this happens, switch off, wait and switch on
again. If the instrument still malfunctions, disconnect the
batteries for a few seconds.
Table of contents
Section 1 – Introduction 1 Section 5 – Taking Measurements 16
1.1 About this manual 1 5.1 Pipelines and Distribution Systems 16
1.1 About this manual Traditional Cathodic Protection (CP) surveys measure
the voltage potential of the pipe with respect to the earth
This manual provides pipeline surveyors with around it to show that the pipe is protected against
comprehensive operating instructions for the PCM+ corrosion. Some pipes, due to coating degradation or
Transmitter and Receiver system. Before operating the damage have low protection voltages and are at risk of
PCM+ system it is very important that you read this increased corrosion damage. Simple Ohms law shows
manual, noting all safety warnings and procedures. that adding more current will cause more voltage, but
Note this manual introduces Radiodetection’s higher rectifier output voltages have been shown to
PCM+ SurveyCERT™ PDA and PC software applications speed the degradation of coatings. Another side effect
but does not provide any installation or operating is that more current flowing can cause embrittlement of
instructions. The software manual is available to download the pipeline metal leading to premature (and possibly
at www.radiodetection.com/pcm+. catastrophic) failures.
Following is an overview of the PCM+ system and a brief The PCM+ provides a new method to locate faults and
introduction to the PCM+ receiver and transmitter. poor coating that is draining the current, resulting in
improved potentials and minimising damaging side
effects. A PCM+ with the addition of the new A-Frame can
1.2 Manual outline perform a Close Interval Potential Survey (CIPS) as current
flow and voltage potentials are related but other factors
• Sections 2 and 3 provide a detailed explanation of vary this relation.
the transmitter and receiver features.
• Section 4 provides an overview to basic locating PCM+ System features
using the PCM+ system and includes several
• Consists of a portable transmitter and a handheld
procedures and examples.
receiver. The transmitter applies a special near DC
• Section 5 introduces the PCM+ receiver’s signal to the pipeline.
measurement and recording utilities.
• The receiver locates this unique signal on the
• Section 6 provides several real-world applications of pipeline and displays the signal’s current magnitude
PCM+ use in the field. and direction without connection to the pipeline.
• Section 7 introduces the PCM+ A-Frame. • Accurately and easily locates and maps the pipeline
• Section 8 explains how to interpret logged results. even in areas where there is contact with other
metallic structures, interference, or congestion.
• Section 9 introduces the basic concept of the PCM+
SurveyCERT™ PC and PDA software. • Provides a current profile and current direction that is
virtually the same as the CP currents on the pipeline.
• Section 10 is an appendix that provides advanced
configurations and specification details. • Provides an accurate evaluation of the condition of
the coating of a section of pipe.
• Reduces false indications and thereby minimizes
1.3 Overview of the PCM+ System unnecessary excavations.
Radiodetection’s Pipeline Current Mapper (PCM+) system • Provides data logging and on-site review of readings
enables the pipeline industry surveyor to overcome the via Bluetooth® to a PDA or PC to enable graphs to
limitations of existing techniques used in evaluating the be generated.
effectiveness of cathodic protected pipes. This new
• Can be supplied with an accessory A-Frame, and
technology enables shorts caused by contact with other
used to pinpoint coating defects.
metallic structures and coating defects to be identified.
• Reduces operational and maintenance costs and
speeds up survey time.
PCM+ Transmitter
The PCM+ system’s specialized constant current high-
power transmitter allows for long range signal detection
of up to 30km (20 miles). Significantly fewer pipeline
connection points are needed thereby reducing the time
required to evaluate a section of pipeline.
The transmitter has three operating modes that enable
both distribution and transmission pipeline systems to be
effectively mapped.
Connecting the PCM+ is straightforward, and the
transmitter’s current reading LCD and power indicating
LEDs help the operator to choose the best settings for
the specific pipeline application.
For PCM+ Transmitter operating instructions, please refer
to Section 2.
PCM+ Receiver
The handheld receiver unit is used to locate the pipeline,
even in heavily congested areas. The receiver provides
the operator with a measurement of depth current
strength and direction of the near DC signal applied by
the system’s transmitter.
The receiver makes the required calculations and
instantaneously displays the results. This provides the
operator with an improved method that accurately
troubleshoots the CP system by pinpointing metallic
contacts and locating areas of coating defects.
For PCM+ receiver operating instructions, please refer
to Section 3.
6 2 7 1
Warning! If the pipeline being surveyed has coating 4. Connect the Green signal output lead to a
that is known to be in good condition, it is probable suitable anode cable.
that the voltage warning LED’s will illuminate as the
Note: If connections are reversed the current direction
current is increased.
arrow on the PCM Receiver will point in the wrong
If the 60V/80V/100V lights are illuminated, do not use direction.
excessive voltage or current, as this may result in high
Use an isolated low resistance ground such as a sacrificial
current density through small holidays and coating
magnesium anode or ground bed.
defects. This may cause minor corrosion if the transmitter
is left switched on for very long periods. When connecting to an electrical isolation joint the
other pipe section can often provide a suitable ground
connection.
2.5 Display
Care must be taken when using an earth stake as the
The 3 digit DISPLAY displays the 4Hz signal current in resistance is often not low enough. The stake must be
amps that is being delivered onto the pipe. positioned at least 45m (150 feet) from the pipe to ensure
an even current distribution.
Transmitter status indicated by the following LEDs:
Test Points
At some test points there are Isolation Joints with cables
to the surface.
Connect the PCM+ transmitter across the isolation joint.
Connect the white cable to the side of the pipeline that
you want to survey, and then the green cable to the other
side for the ground connection.
Sacrificial Anodes
You can use sacrificial anodes as a grounding point for
the PCM+ transmitter. This type of connection can be
used when there are no isolation joints.
Note: Some sacrificial anodes are connected directly to
the pipeline and not linked to test points. These can be
easily located as they cause large PCM+ current loss.
Disconnect the link wire from pipeline to sacrificial anode
Figure 2.6: PCM connection using sacrificial anode for grounding
in the test point.
Connect the white cable from the PCM+ transmitter to the
pipeline connection, and the green cable from the PCM+ 2.7 Power Supply Connections
transmitter to the anode.
Switch transmitter OFF before connecting to either:
Note: If the anode is heavily depleted it will be high • 230V (110V) AC supply
resistance, and the PCM+ transmitter signal lights will
indicate higher voltage. • 20-50V DC source
In this case it is advisable to use a series of long ground • 15-35V rectified source
stakes to provide low resistance grounding for the PCM+ • 230V (110V) AC Supply or Generator.
transmitter.
Warning! The equipment must be earthed through
Whatever grounding is used for the PCM+ transmitter, it
the plug.
should have a resistance of less than 20 Ohms to ensure
good current output from the transmitter. The transmitter is rated at 300W at 230V AC 50Hz (110V
AC 60Hz)
Using another pipeline as a ground for the PCM+
transmitter is an effective way of applying the signal. Connect the mains power lead to the rectifier, or use
230V (110V) generator that provides 300W or more for
Note: Make sure that the other pipeline runs in a the transmitter to operate at its maximum output capacity
different direction from the pipeline being surveyed.
Streams, drainage ditches, dykes, marshes, or any mass
of water can be used to ground the transmitter.
DC Supply
This allows the PCM+ transmitter to be powered from two
12V or one 24V-auto batteries.
This section provides operating instructions for the 7. Bar Graph: Displays signal strength.
PCM+ receiver. The handheld receiver unit is used to
8. Fault Find 8KFF or ACVG using the Radiodetection
locate the pipeline, even in heavily congested areas
A-frame.
such as conduits.
9. Antenna Display: Narrow Peak (twin horizontal
Note: Before you attempt any survey, set the PCM+ antenna), Null (vertical antenna).
receiver to match your country’s power distribution
frequency (50 or 60Hz) and your preferred units of 10. Battery Level: Displays battery level. No locate is
measurement. See Section 3.3 for instructions. possible at minimum (zero bars).
11. Depth or Current Display: Displays depth or current
as applicable.
3.1 Control panel and LCD features
12. Current Direction / Fault Find Arrows: Indicates the
1. On / Off Key. Momentary press to access menu direction along the pipe / utility to the measured
options and to set user settings. Holding down fault. In ELCD or LFCD mode they identify outgoing
the Function key on power up will display PCM+ current (4 / 8Hz) from the PCM transmitter.
software version and last calibration date.
13. Antenna Select Key. Press and release selects
2. Numeric Signal Display: Provides a numeric Peak or Null mode. Sustained key press initiates a
representation of the signal response in a 4Hz current measurement.
percentage.
14. Gain Controls / Accept or Reject 4Hz current
3. Frequency / Mode Indicator: Displays the selected measurement. Sustained hold of gain-up or gain-
frequency or operating mode. down in steps of 1dB increment / decrement.
4. Left / Right Arrows: Indicates direction of target 15. Function Key: Press and release to select the
line; available in Null mode only. required frequency / operating mode. Sustained
5. Numeric Display: Displays the current gain value. press toggles between depth measurement and
Also Log file index. locate current.
Warning! To avoid possible injury, always test the ELF Extra Low Frequency 128Hz/98Hz
audio level prior to using earphones. ELCD Extra Low Frequency and
2. BLUT. Bluetooth option menu. Select Off to Current Direction Arrows 128Hz/98Hz
switch Bluetooth radio off. Select Auto to switch LFCD Low Frequency and
Bluetooth on; note in Auto mode the Receiver will Current Direction Arrows 512Hz/640Hz
connect to a paired device. Select Pair to pair the
receiver to a compatible Bluetooth device. CPS Cathodic Protection Locate Signal 100Hz/120Hz
3. SEND: Sends logged data over a Bluetooth® 8kHz 8kHz locate Signal 8192Hz
connection into Radiodetection’s SurveyCERT
application. The PCM+ transmitter does not output an 8kHz signal.
This can be supplied using Radiodetection battery
4. DEL?: Erases the data log file.
powered transmitters.
5. BATT: Select either Alkaline or NiMh batteries.
6. PWR?: Selects the power mode frequency to Extra Locate Modes
either 50 or 60Hz. Power: Detects 50Hz/60Hz from power cables.
7. UNIT: Select either Metric or Imperial CPS: Detects 100Hz/120Hz ripple from CP transformer
measurements. rectifier.
8. SIGL: Select either NORM or LOW. NORM is
sufficient for most applications. Select LOW if Left/Right Indication
working in poor conditions.
Indicates direction to pipe centre in Null mode.
9. TIME: Selects time for the inactivity timer and can
This is useful for fast pipe tracing and checking for
be set to OFF, 5 mins, 10 mins or 20 mins.
interference.
For details of using Radiodetection’s PCM+ SurveyCERT™ • Scroll through the saved logs using the Up/Down
application go to www.radiodetection.com/pcm+. key. Once a particular log has been selected press
the Antenna key and the locator will revert to the
Erase All Stored Datalogs main screen. When a measurement is taken, the log
number selected to be overwritten will be displayed
The erase function can be used to completely erase all on the screen. Accepting the measurement will
stored logs within the PCM+. To erase all stored logs carry overwrite the selected log. If the measurement is
out the following: rejected the next measurement taken will be stored
• Momentarily press the On/Off key to enter the at the end of the log file and not the log that was
PCM+ menu. viewed before. Each time a log is required to be
overwritten the log must be selected using the
• Scroll through the menu options until DEL? is procedure above.
displayed.
• Momentarily press the On/Off key and you will
be given a choice, either NO or YES. To delete all
stored logs use the Up/Down key to select YES and
momentarily press the On/Off key.
If the PCM+ transmitter is connected and switched If the positions of the peak and the null pinpoints
on, locate using the ELF or LF frequency modes. If no correspond, it can be assumed that the pinpoint is
transmitter is connected use either 50/60Hz to detect precise. If the positions do not correspond, the pinpoint
power or CPS to locate 100/120Hz from CP system. is not precise. Note that both peak and null pinpoints will
show an error to the same side. True position will be close
Switch on the PCM+ receiver and use the Function key to
to peak position.
select operating frequency to locate the pipeline.
Accurate PCM+ results are only obtained when the Peak
and Null positions are within 15cm (6 inches) of each
4.1 Pinpointing a Target Line other.
Pinpointing defines the exact position and direction of Effects of interference from parallel pipes and valves on
a pipeline after it has been traced and its position is the Peak and Null positions.
approximately known. Pinpointing is important as the
If Peak and Null locates are different by more than 15cm
depth and current readings are affected by misalignment
(6 inches), assume that the magnetic field is distorted
errors.
and take PCM+ readings at a different position.
When searching for a service, ‘Tie-ins’ or ‘L’ then perform
4.2 Peak Procedure a box sweep of the area. Walk to the side of the pipe,
turn the gain up until a 50% reading is obtained.
Adjust the PCM+ Receiver sensitivity to half scale. If the
bar graph is full, press the down arrow; this will reduce When walking around the box remember to keep the
sensitivity and the bar graph to 60%. It may be necessary PCM+ Receiver in position so that the blade is never in
to adjust the gain during the procedure to keep the bar line with the pipe.
graph on scale.
1. Hold the detection blade near the ground and PEAK NULL
PIPE LINE
PIPE LINE
with the blade vertical.
2. Make traverses from side to side of the pipeline
and define the point of maximum response. 25 75 23 75 5 73
to the pipeline.
Note that positioning the PCM+ at angles other 90° may
result in inaccurate depth and current measurements.
mA mA
A/mA
4.7 Using dBmA for Pipeline
Current Mapping
The PCM+ Receiver displays current as mA, and when
results are saved to the internal datalogger, both mA and
dBmA are stored in memory. Distance
The AC signal current applied to a coated pipeline
in perfect condition will be lost by capacitance as Figure 4.6: mA fault graph
distance increases from the point where the signal is
applied. The PCM+ uses near DC signal (4Hz) for current
measurement, so capacitive losses are minimal. The
resulting graph drawn using mA will have an exponential
slope, because there is a greater current loss rate close
dBmA
to the transmitter.
Converting the exponential mA result to logarithmic
dBmA will show the same graph as a straight line slope.
Displaying the results using dBmA loss per distance
has the advantage that the resulting graph is easier
to analyse. Distance
Distance
Distance
62
Same level
60 A
B Different levels
58 C
56 D
54 E
1
2
52
50 3
4
48
46
0 200 400 600
Distance
Basic Technique
‘Tie-ins’ and ‘L’
The current will be split between the two lines.
i.e. 800 = 700 + 100
The pipeline with the greatest reading indicates where the Figure 5.2: Tie line 2
majority of current is flowing from and is the direction to
follow in order to locate the fault (short or poor coating).
The current will be split between the three lines.
i.e. 800 = 600 + 150 + 50
The pipeline with the greatest reading indicates where the
majority of current is flowing from and is the direction to
follow in order to locate the fault (short or poor coating).
Loops
If the current arrow changes direction it could indicate the
pipe has changed location. Use the PCM+ in locate mode
to relocate it.
Figure 5.3: Loop
Current flow within a Loop system
If all distances and coatings are equal, and the rate of loss
is constant, the current measured at Point A will be zero.
In practice, with pipes of different ages and coating the
points reading zero (0) could be anywhere. The respective
current readings will indicate the direction to follow.
In this case the old pipe had been shorted to the new
pipe. The poor coating on the old pipe provided a good
path for the PCM+ Transmitter current.
This is indicated by the locate being offset to one side and
the rapid decrease in current reading.
When plotted the graph illustrated this effect with the
bend indicating the position of the short or contact.
To verify the fault location the transmitter was repositioned Figure 6.2: Example 1 interpretation
to the other end of the pipeline and the following results
obtained.
The easiest path for the current to flow is down the old
discarded pipe. As this is in the opposite direction to the
flow on the new pipe it has a cancellation effect which
accounts for the sharp drop in reading.
The short would be at the point where the current drops Figure 6.3: Parallel Pipes Example 2
close to zero.
The graph in Figure 6.4 illustrates this effect.
Figure 6.5: Parallel Pipes Example 3 Figure 6.7: Angled Pipes Example 1
Example Example
This example (Figure 6.5) demonstrates a typical This example (Figure 6.7) demonstrates a survey on new
application where a short piece of parallel pipeline pipeline where the current on one side of the transmitter
interfered with the result. flowed away from the transmitter.
For ease of explanation the pipeline has been divided into The PCM+ Transmitter was connected and a 1 Amp
three parts A, B & C. current selected.
In this situation a 1 Amp signal was applied to the new A reading of 900mA was detected on one side with the
pipeline and the direction of maximum current flow arrows pointing towards the transmitter.
followed.
The other side gave a poor Peak and Null with the current
pointing away from the transmitter.
Section A Good Peak and Null locate and a steady rate
Another reading was taken further away from the
of decrease that indicated a good coating.
transmitter with the same result.
Section B Poor Peak and Null locate (outside 15cm
It was found that another service was shorted to the
(6 inches) requirement) and a significant
pipeline as shown and at some stage ran parallel to the
drop in current reading.
new pipeline. The current on the new pipeline had no
Section C Good Peak and Null locate with a rise in effect as it was so small compared to this other service.
current and then a steady rate of decrease.
Locating bonding cables between new and old pipelines
by moving PCM+ Transmitter to both ends of a new
Another service was found to be close to the new pipeline
transmission pipeline that had an older discarded pipeline
in Section B and had a small amount of current flowing
running parallel and about 3m (10’) away.
in the opposite direction. This had a cancellation effect,
which caused the current on the new pipeline to fall. The PCM+ Tx was connected at a rectifier and a current
measurement of 800 mA confirmed the direction to follow.
Figure 6.6 illustrates this effect.
This section provides an overview of interpreting Measurements at Ts, bends, abrupt changes in depth etc.
results generated by the PCM+ Receiver. should be avoided, as there will always be a degree of
field distortion at these points.
mA
effects from fault currents in the ground.
Distance
C
In practice, the results obtained require some
interpretation because sometimes the magnetic field TX fault
detected from the pipe may be affected by other signal pipe
paths in the ground, including around the position of
coating defects. Fault current opposite to pipe current Fault current same direction as pipe current
Current accuracy: ± 3% ± 0.01m (1") from 0.01m (1") to Size: 47 x 37 x 19cm (18.5 x 14.5 x 7.5 inch)
1m (3ft); Environmental: NEMA 3R and IP55 – lid open;
± 6% ± 0.01m (1") from 1m (3ft) to NEMA 6 and IP67 – lid closed
3m (10ft);
Approvals: CE
± 10% ± 0.01m (1") from 3m (10ft) to
5m (16.5ft)
Current Select
Locate accuracy: ± 2.5% of depth
The six position (current select) rotary switch selects
Weight: 3.3kg (7.2lb) the following 4Hz current settings:
Batteries: 2 D cells (Alkaline or NiMh) 100mA, 300mA, 600mA, 1A, 2A, 3A. When the PCM
Environmental: IP54 Transmitter is in operation, the selected current will
remain at a constant level, unless the input power
Approvals: CE, Bluetooth® compliant
supply limit is reached.
Radiodetection is a proud member Radiodetection equipment Radiodetection has a team of Product training for your
of the SPX group of companies, users have easy access to factory-trained service technicians operators and training personnel
which provide technical products technical support. A call to your and dedicated service facilities. is available on your site, or at
and service solutions worldwide. regional representative, or the Turnaround is fast, and costs are Radiodetection’s headquarters.
Radiodetection head office, will put very competitive. Training is with qualified
Radiodetection and its associated
you in contact with our team of instructors and each trainee
companies specialize in the design
field-experienced technical experts. receives a certificate to confirm
and manufacture of products for
they have received the training.
the location and maintenance of
underground pipes and cables. Our
aim is to be viewed as the supplier
of choice of ‘high performance’
quality equipment using advanced
product technologies. We are
also committed to both design
innovation and customer support.