THE MANGA GUIDE” TO ELECTRICITY KAZUHIRO FUJITAKI MATSUDA TREND-PRO CO,, LTD. OhmshaCONTENTS PREFACE, PROLOGUE FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY. 1 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Electricity and Everyday Life. Electrical Units miserentate “x ea Electricity in the Home nisi a a How Electricity Works ‘The True Nature of Electricity Current and Electrical Discharge. ‘Atomic Structure and Conductivity Static Electricity .. ‘The Triboelectric Series, Uses of Static Electricity Tags on Consumer Electric Products Voltage and Potential ‘Atoms and Electrons, Static Electricity Electrostatic Force The Triboelectric Series. Movement of Charge and Direction of Current. . 4 WHAT ARE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS?. Electric Circuits in Everyday Devices A Flashlight’ Circuit susie Parts of an Electric Circuit SRO Ohms Law and Methods of Connecting Electrical Components, Electric Circuits and Ohms Law Series and Parallel Connections Electrie Circuits and Current, Graphical Symbols Direct Current Circuit and Alternating Current Circuit Ohms Law _ Resistivity and Conductivity wasnt Effective Resistance xi 13 14 15 a9 25 26 30 34 36 40 43 45 46 49 51 St 55 56 1 59 61 67 68 69 B B 7 76 7 783 HOW DOES ELECTRICITY WORK?. Why Does Electricity Produce Heat? Electricity and Joule Heat How Is Heat Generated by Current?, Thermal Emission and Luminescence Current and Magnetic Fields. Fleming's Left-Hand Rule (For DC Motors) Fleming's Right-Hand Rule (For Generators) Joule Heat Thermal Vibration Electromagnetic Waves. Electricity and Magnetism Fleming Left-Hand Rule and Motors . Fleming’ Right-Hand Rule and Electric Generators - Electricity and Coils Coils and Electromagnetic Induction Coils and Inductance. Coils and Alternating Current Coils and Transformers. . Capacitors: Capacitors and Alternating Current. 4 HOW DO YOU CREATE ELECTRICITY? Generators How Does a Power Generator Create Electricity? Batteries and Other Sources of Electricity Chemical Cells ‘What Happens in a Dry Cell Battery?, Water and Fuel Cells ‘Anodes and Cathodes Creating Your Own Coin Battery Thermopiles, Electricity Created by a Power Plant. Thermal Power Generation... Nuclear Power Generation Hydroelectric Power Generation Wind Power Generation . Vill. CONTENTS 81 82 85 87 90 34 8 100 04 104, 106 107 109 110 a4 aaa a2 113 114 115 115 17 118 124 124 126 132 135 138 140 144 147 149 154 152 2. 154s HOW CAN YOU CONVENIENTLY USE ELECTRICITY? What are Semiconductors? Diodes and Transistors Diodes That Emit Light Transistors. Diodes. ‘Transistors Field-Effect Transistor. Converters and Inverters Sensors. ‘Temperature Sensors Optical Sensors. EPILOGUE INDEX 155 161 - 169 - 176 176 - 186 188 188 «189 - 190 190 +192 197 201PREFACE Our current lifestyle necessitates the use of electricity. Electric current is often explained by comparing it to flowing water, but since electricity cannot be seen by the naked eye, this. metaphor can be difficult to understand. What can we do to better understand electricity? Electricity is very helpful in almost every facet of our lives; it produces light, heat, and power. Even though we can see these benefits, we are usually unaware of electricity itself. However, if we simply learn the basics, we can get a clear picture of how electricity works. This book explains fundamental electrical concepts using a story told through manga followed by further explanations in written text. There are no complicated explanations— readers simply listen along with the heroine Rereko as her teacher Hikaru explains concepts. Even people who have had a hard time understanding electricity will find Hikaru’s explana- tions easy to comprehend. | am extremely grateful to Matsuda, who provided the artwork, and to everyone at TREND-PRO, who produced the book. | would also like to give my sincere thanks to Profes- ‘sor Masaaki Mitani for checking my work. | am also very thankful to Ohmsha, Ltd. for giving me the opportunity to write this book | hope that in reading this book you will learn about electricity and gain a familiarity with it. KAZUHIRO FUJITAKI DECEMBER 2006PROLOGUE: FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITYacon B= ELECTRONIC DEVICES ARE A [ l = f LITTLE BIT MORE ADVANCED B | THAN THEY ARE ON EARTH. [ed > Pe DO YOU KNOW WHY I CALLED WELL, I'VE NEVER BEEN VERY SMART... BUT 1 HONESTLY DON'T KNOW. THAT'S OKAY. YOU ALMOST HAVE THE RIGHT ANSWER.LET'S LOOK AT THIS TERM’S FINAL ELECTRICITY EXAM. THIS MAKES THREE CONSECUTIVE FAILING GRADES! BUT I'M DOING SO. WELL IN MY OTHER NEVERTHELESS, YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE TO GIVE UP YOUR SUMMER VACATION TO TAKE SOME EXTRA I’M IMPRESSED WITH YOUR POSITIVE DID YOU SAY GIVE UP SUMMER VACATIONIP je (7 DON'T WoRRy. 7 i IT'S NOT SO oitnee o DIFFERENT THERE. TO STUDY ON AND SINCE THE STUDY EARTH AND S OF ELECTRICITY IS START WITH THE SLOWER, ITLL BE FUNDAMENTALS! PERFECT FOR YOU! FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 38...B...BUT...IF I SUDDENLY B...B...BUT, BUT...MY PARENTS: GECW SE ITLL PROBABLY === HAVENT GIVEN PERMISSION TEACHER THERE. FOR ME TO GO YET, RIGHT? LT ALREADY SENT A LETTER, 50 ITLL BE FINE. YOU! A SMART WOMAN WHAT 1S IT? LIKE YOU NEVER MAKES A ROBOT? A MISTAKE, DO YOU? TAKE GOOD CARE OF HIM! YOU'LL ALSO USE HIM INSTEAD OF A PASSPORT WHEN GOING BACK AND FORTH TO EARTH. TAKE THIS WITH YOU FOR 4 PROLOGUE THEY SAID, "GO FOR IT!” 1s YONOSUKE, A TRANSDIMENSIONAL WALKIE-TALKIE ANDWHAT A SUDDEN DOWNPOUR... TLL JUST RUN... ah 8s 34 Su z= AO 2 I'M GOING TO GET SOAKED! I WISH ID BROUGHT AN UMBRELLA, FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 5OH. 15 THIS JAPAN? >.) 4 oe ARE YOU HIKARU SENSEI? IM REREKO! I CAME FOR SUMMER SCHOOLI! I’M A BONEHEAD...ABOUT ELECTRICITY...PLEASE... IM BEGGING YOU...WELL, I DO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY, SO I COULD DEFINITELY TEACH YOU ABOUT ELECTRICITY, BUT... WHO IN THE WORLD . ARE YOUP OH DEAR! DIDN'T YOU GET THE LETTER? By ANY CHANCE, COULD IT BE THIS? THAT REMINDS ME...L DID GET THAT SUSPICIOUS LETTER WITH NO POSTMARK... Dear FiKaRU Yano SENSE!, 71M SENDING MY STUDENT REREKO TO YOU FOR LESSONS, / HOPE THAT YOU WILL AGREE TO GIVE TAIS STUDENT SOME LECTURES. / TRUST THAT / Can Count On YOUR KINDNESS. SINCERELY, ceteKa Sense! Central ELECTRICAL cRAINING SCHOOL WELL, ARE YOU THE REREKO MENTIONED IN THIS FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 7OKAY! BUT...WHY ARE WE STANDING AROUND TALKING IN THE RAIN? CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME MORE DETAILS AT MY HOUSE? YES, CERTAINLY! I'M SORRY, BUT IT'S ALITTLE MESSY. TOWEL... A TOWEL... IS THAT ITP 3 PROLOGUETHIS 1S OUTRAGEOUS! +I COULD HAVE SWORN IT WAS AROUND HERE SOMEPLACE. THAT D...D...DOLL IS TALKINGIP WHAT DID YOU SAY? WHY DON’T YOU EXPLAIN IT TO ME FROM THE YONOSUKE IS A TRANSDIMENSIONAL WALKIE-TALKIE AND OBSERVATION ROBOT. FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 410 SO THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED. ELECTOPIA IS A LAND IN WHICH ELECTRICITY IS ALITTLE MORE ADVANCED THAN IT IS IN THIS WORLD. PROLOGUE YOU CAME HERE TO STUDY FROM ANOTHER WORLD. SINCE THE STUDY OF ELECTRICITY IS THOUGHT TO BE SO IMPORTANT, EVEN KIDS IN MY GRADE MUST KNOW THE BASICS. BUT ACTUALLY, I'M. WHAT CAN I SAY? I’M.. TETEKA SENSEI IS VERY KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT THIS WORLD. EXTRA CLASSES HERE, YOU'LL TRY TO MAKE UP FOR THE AMOUNT YOU'VE FALLEN BEHIND?HEREFORE, I’M SURE THAT YOU ARE WELL UALIFIED TO TEACH ME, SENSEI. I WOULDN'T BE 50 SURE ABOUT THAT... SINCE I GAVE UP MY SUMMER VACATION TO COME HERE, I WON'T BE ABLE TO RETURN UNLESS T FINISH THESE EXTRA eee WELL, HOW Se ee PLEASE, HIKARU SENSEI... WON'T YOU PLEASE TEACH ME THe BASICS OF ELECTRICIY? NOW BUT IVE GOT RESEARCH TO DO, AND... #S:YOU CAN ZEB AY ROOM IS A LITTLE MESSY, RIGHT? My it Hy Ki a J rit uire eae, OKAY? FROM ELECTOPIA, THE LAND OF ELECTRICITY 1WHILE TA ar THe UNIVERSITY, MAYBE YOU COULD SWEEP AND CLEAN UP AND PREPARE DINNER..2 | Y TNE JUST BEEN SO BUSY, I HAVEN'T HAD MUCH FREE TIME, <4 THINGS FOR ME, ID BE SAVED, AND... UM, WELL, 1 GUESS TLL GINE IT A TRY. I KNOW THAT! BUT SHORES OTA Be OME GIVE AND TAKE, RIGHT? LE iL ul ‘3 KAY! TLL DO My BEST! wobHia AH. WE COMPLETELY FORGOT ABOUT THOSE TOWELS! 12 PROLOGUE