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So, a pleasant afternoon po sa ating lahat, to maam eva and fellow

classmates na nakikinig ngayon. I am, the team leader and the first
discussant in this afternoon presentation – immune response. I know
you already have an insight on today’s topic since nadiscuss na sya
mostly ni maam. Nonetheless, let’s gets started. Let us see first the
outline of the whole discussion, at the end of the lesson, you will be
able to understand:
What is immune system or the immune response, the innate and
adaptive immune system, Clonal selection theory as it applies to B
cells, T lymphocytes, Transduction Pathways. Also, also, at the end of
the lesson, you have a chance to win a cellphone load from actively
participating in kahoot. We will leave 5 lang naman, 5 easy questions.
Just listen carefully lang and be observant baka nakahighlight lang
yung sagot sa tabi tabi. Also, meron tayong prizepool na P100 worth
of cellphone load. 1st place will get P50 load, 2 nd place, P30 load, 3rd
place, P20 load. I assure you na madali lang yung questions na
nakalagay don. So, moving on to the topic itself, let us define first what
is immune response.
Slide 1: The immune response is how your body recognizes and
defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear
foreign and harmful.
Hindi nyo lang or may alam nyo, pero yung body natin is engaged in a
never-ending battle. Literally, covered tayo ng maraming bacteria or
any foreign harmful microorganisms that are intent in using you, and
your body’s resources natin, to feed themselves, find shelter and
magmultiply as much as they want. And it is not our job to take actions
upon them, kasi nga they are microorganisms hindi natin sila nakikita.
So, our body has developed a three-part policy towards these harmful
microorganisms, and is handled by our immune system.
Slide 2: Itong system na to is different from any other system na
natackle natin so far, hindi sya tissue-organ-system type of sytem.
Instead, it involves a whole bunch of different tissue groups, organ
systems, and specialized but widely distributed defense cells.
Together, this league of extraordinary substances joins together to
perform all of the defense functions your body depends on to keep
you alive sa mundo ng mga microorganisms.
Slide 3: And the first line of this never-ending battle na sinasabi ko nga
kanina? That is our innate or nonspecific defense system. Like the
average front line soldier, prepared sya to immediately engage with
anyone suspicious, and it mostly include stuff we were born with, like
external barricades of your skin and mucous membrane, and internal
defenses like phagocytes, anti-microbial proteins, and other attack
cells. But some enemies must be fought with special forces. And here
your body can deploy the adaptive, or specific defense system, it
takes more time to call in but it is specially designed to go after
specific targets. But right now, we’re going to focus first on our innate
system, and look on how it uses an arsenal of physical or chemical
barriers, killer cells, and even fever, to keep you healthy. Proving that
sometimes, the symptoms na naassociate sa illness are good things
pala, and are actually the signs that we are healing.

Just because something is simple, does not mean it can’t be elegant. I

mean, yung katawan natin is capable of some incredibly so
sophisticated things, including, defending itself from infection. But
occasionally, there is something to be said for brute force.
And a lot of our innate defense system is hindi naman mahirap
intindihin. Example, your body’s very first line of defense is a simple
physical barrier. And it works like a wall around a fortress, our skin
does a fantastic job of keeping out all manner of malevolent
microorganisms. As long as that tough, keratinized epithelial
membrane doesn’t get torn open or busted up too much. Our mucous
membranes also provide a handy physical barrier. They line any cavity
that opens up into the germy outside world, including the respiratory,
digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts. And not only do your skin
and mucosa supply simple physical protection, they also pack some
serious chemical weaponry. May nakain ka na bang medyo panis na
pagkain? Medyo worry less kasi our stomach is filled with acid. Or
may makasalamuhang tao na may ubo. Medyo worry less din kasi our
nasal passages can whip sticky mucuos to help trap viruses before
they enter our lungs. We’ve also got bacteria-fighting enzymes in our
saliva and lacrimal eye fluid, and peptides called defensins in skin and
membranes para hindi mag ano yung bacteria and fungi, from setting
up around inflamed or scraped skin. Which, no matter how careful you
are, kahit na may defenses tayong ganito. There will be time na
mahiwa habang nagluluto, or you brushed your teeth too hard. So,
when you breached that first line of defense, it’s now time to call on
our second line of internal innate defenses. This is where your body
starts pulling a strategic maneuver like firing up a fever, releasing
chemical signals, causing inflammation, or any defensive tactics that
help identify and attack infectious invaders.

Some of the first defensive cells are the phagocytes, their name
literally means to eat and like pac-man, they indiscriminately chase
down intruders and gobble them up and they come in a few different
varieties:

Slide 4: first we’ve got neutrophils, which are the most abundant type
of your white blood cells, they kind of self-destruct after devouring a
pathogen, and in fact, you probably seen of their little dead bodies,
because that’s what pus is made of, yung nana.

But the bigger, tougher phagocytes are the macrophages. They’re

derived from monocyte white blood cells that have moved out of the
blood stream to occupy tissues. And some. And some are free types
that patrol tissues looking for foreign invaders, while other are fixed –
attached to specific organs, devouring anything suspicious that
passes by.
Slide 5: So, when a macrophage in, say, a finger I just cut, sees a new
bacterium coming along, it snares it using cytoplasmic extensions,
reels in it, completely engulfs it, and essentially, digest it and spits the
rest out. And unlike neutrophils, they can do it over and over again.

Slide 6: But not all cells are phagocytic, you’ve also got cells with what
is by far the awesomest name of any cell in the body – the natural
killer cells or the NK cells. These tiny assassins patrol your body and
lymph looking for abnormal cells and are unique that they can kill your
own cells if they are infected with viruses or have become cancerous.
How can they tell? A healthy normal cell, contains protein on its
surface called MCH1, or major histocompatibility complex. But if it is
infected, it stops making that protein, and if the NK detects a defective
cell, it doesn’t swallow it whole like a macrophage – instead it pokes it
with an enzyme that triggers apoptosis, or programmed cell death. So
those are some ways your innate immune cells handle their enemies,
but how do they know where to look in the first place? Diba, nasabi na
pwede nilang patayin or ingest yung foreign invaders natin. Pero
paano nila malalaman, anong magiging trigger point nila to take
action.

Slide 7: So, let’s talk strategy. Let’s say nadulas ka sa balat ng saging
and you scrape your knees. The outer fortress has been breached na,
and the pathogens are flooding. Now your body wants to contain the
spread of pathogens, clean up the mess, and get healing, as quickly
as possible, so ang mangyayari, it cues up your inflammatory
response. This is basically an internal fire alarm, only it uses
chemicals instead of sirens to get the message across, and instead of
smoke and fire, you sense redness, swelling, heat and pain. For
example, in the event of injury, specialized mast cells in your
connective tissue send out histamine molecules. And is great in calling
back-ups, if you ever of antihistamine, medicines na ginagamit to
relieve allergy, they suppress histamine, kaya nga antihistamine, if it is
triggering unwanted immune reaction. With that, we can say nga na
histamines are good for calling back-ups kapag may foreign material
sa katawan natin.

For one thing, it causes vasodilation (yung pagwiden ng blood

vessels), which creates redness and heat at the site of the injury.
Those signs might uhm kabahan tayo ng konti, but they are actually
signs of healing. The increased temperature, for example, pinapabilis
nya yung cell’s metabolic rates so they can repair themselves faster.
Meanwhile, histamines and other inflammatory chemicals also
increase the permeability of blood vessels, causing nearby capillaries
to reach protein-rich fluids. Yun naman yung causes swelling, which
again, is a good thing, because that leaked protein helps clot blood
and form scabs (yung balat nung sugat), while the lymphatic system
sucks up the filters that extra fluid, cleaning it up before putting it back
into your bloodstream. And of course, parang hungry sharks, an
inflamed knee is also going to attract a bunch of local phagocytes,
which find it easier to escape the capillaries – and lymphocytes that
are also flowing freely, helping to destroy the pathogens while also
cleaning up dead-cell. And don’t forget, during all this, neutrophils
have been doing their best, but they were the first wave to arrive, so
by this time, nag uumpisa na silang mamatay. They’re triggered when
the injured knee-skin cells release chemicals that begin leukocytosis –
the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow where they’re made
into the bloodstream.

Para attract yung neutrophils to the damaged area, inflamed

endothelial cells in the capillaries send out chemicals that act like
homing devices – and kapag dumating na yung neutrophils, they cling
to the capillary walls near the injury, flatten themselves and squeeze
through blood vessel walls to get to work. Your big monocytes naman
will eventually roll up to the battle and transform into hungry
macrophages (gutom mode ulit sya), replacing that first line of now-
dead neutrophils and just basically, eating up any lingering enemies
and cleaning it up.
Slide 10: Now all this work pretty well in most circumstances, but if
you have noticed if you have sustained a more major injury, or are
battling an especially nasty virus or infection, that sometimes your
local troop getoverrun or di nila mandle yung dami.
When white blood cells and macrophages run into more foreign
invaders than they can handle, they let loose pyrogen chemicals that
tap into hypothalamus and raise your body’s thermostat, calling in a
systemic fever to burn everything. The resulting temperature rise
increases the metabolism of your cells so they can heal faster, and it
also tells the liver and spleen to hold onto all their iron and zinc, bakit?
so those things can’t contribute to bacterial growth.
That is all about the immune response and innate system. For now,
you learned that your immune system’s responses begin with physical
barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and if they’re not enough,
there are your phagocytes, neutrophils and macrophages. You also
learned about the natural killer cells and the inflammatory response
and watched how all these elements saved the day as you sa
pagkadulas sa balat ng saging or pagkahiwa habang nagluluto.
Slide 11: I got this favorite line from my favorite character from my
favorite anime. I never got to think that I will be able to share it to you
like this. Tony Chopper: Pain is a signal to protect. Which is tama
naman. More importantly on the inflammation part and sa answer ni
joseph. They are able to locate where the infection is. If you don’t feel
anything does not mean everything is going fine. We don’t know pala
na our body is passively dying na. And thanks to these cells in our
immune system that our body are able to take actions.
But even then, sometimes, well sometimes you find yourself facing a
more ah mas mahirap kalaban. That’s when you call in the specialist –
your adaptive immune defenses. And to learn exactly how they save
us; let’s move over and listen to as she discusses more about these
so-called specialists.
So, that ends our discussion for this afternoon and before we move on
to the kahoot. Ah, let’s go back to the question na sinabi sa atin ni
maam from the previous topic no, since we are in lined with the topic,
might as well give my opinion to that. Yung about sa herd immunity,
can we achieve herd immunity? “With all of those vaccines, can we
achieve herd immunity? Is it possible for us to achieve herd immunity?
I made quick research about that and may share to you that yes but
very challgenging , in my own understanding. What is herd immunity
ng aba ulit? 'Herd immunity' ito yung the indirect protection from an
infectious disease that happens when a population is immune either
through vaccination or immunity developed through previous infection.
Herd immunity against COVID-19 should be and can be achieved by
protecting people through vaccination, not by exposing them to the
pathogen that causes the disease. To safely achieve herd immunity
against COVID-19, a substantial proportion of a population ay
kailangan mavaccinate, lowering the overall amount of virus na pwede
magspread in the whole population. One of the aims with working
towards herd immunity is to keep vulnerable groups who cannot get
vaccinated (or yung mga taong hindi mavaccinan due to health
conditions like allergic reactions to the vaccine). We have to keep
them safe and protected from the disease.
Ang challenge is: Yung percentage of people who need to be immune
in order to achieve herd immunity varies with each disease. And yung
proportion of the population that must be vaccinated against COVID-
19 to begin inducing herd immunity is not known, hindi pa natin alam.
Example sa measles, ang proportion ng population needed ay 95%,
and yung remaining 5% will be protected by the fact that measles will
not spread among those who are vaccinated. Ito yung important area
of research and will likely vary according to the community, the
vaccine, the populations prioritized for vaccination, and other factors.
Achieving herd immunity with safe and effective vaccines makes
diseases rarer and saves lives. #One’sSafety is everyone’s safety.